The following is a partial list of the "D" codes for

Medical Subject Headings Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing Academic journal, journal articles and books in the Life science, life sciences. It serves as a thesaurus of index terms that facilitates searc ...

(MeSH), as defined by the

United States National Library of Medicine The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is an institute within the National Institutes of Health. I ...

(NLM). This list continues the information at

List of MeSH codes (D20) The following is a partial list of the "D" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (D13). Codes following these are ...

. Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (D25). For other MeSH codes, see

List of MeSH codes The following is a list of the codes for MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of index (publishing), indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. It is a product of the United States ...

. The source for this content is the set o
2006 MeSH Trees
from the NLM.

– biological factors

–
antigens In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. An ...

–
allergens An allergen is an otherwise harmless substance that triggers an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals by stimulating an immune response. In technical terms, an allergen is an antigen that is capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivi ...

–
antigen-antibody complex An immune complex, sometimes called an antigen-antibody complex or antigen-bound antibody, is a molecule formed from the binding of multiple antigens to antibodies. The bound antigen and antibody act as a unitary object, effectively an antigen of ...

– antigens, archaeal

– antigens, bacterial

* – adhesins, bacterial * – adhesins, escherichia coli * –

lepromin The lepromin skin test is used to determine what type of leprosy a person is infected with. It involves the injection of a standardized extract of the inactivated "''leprosy bacillus''" (''Mycobacterium leprae'' or "Hansen's bacillus") under the sk ...

* – polysaccharides, bacterial * – bacterial capsules * –

lipopolysaccharides Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), now more commonly known as endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, such as '' E. coli'' and ''Salmonella'' with a common structural archit ...

* –

lipid a Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also called endotoxin molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows ...

* – o antigens * –

peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. The sugar component consists of alternating ...

* –

teichoic acids Teichoic acids (''cf.'' Greek τεῖχος, ''teīkhos'', "wall", to be specific a fortification wall, as opposed to τοῖχος, ''toīkhos'', a regular wall) are bacterial copolymers of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate and carbohyd ...

* – staphylococcal protein a * –

tuberculin Tuberculin, also known as purified protein derivative, is a combination of proteins that are used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. This use is referred to as the tuberculin skin test and is recommended only for those at high risk. Reliable adm ...

– antigens, dermatophagoides

– antigens, fungal

* –

coccidioidin ''Coccidioides immitis'' is a pathogenic fungus that resides in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and a few other areas in the Western Hemisphere. Epidemiology ''C. immitis'', along with its relativ ...

* – histoplasmin * – trichophytin

– antigens, helminth

– antigens, heterophile

* – forssman antigen

– antigens, neoplasm

* – antigens, cd24 * – antigens, cd30 * – antigens, cd147 * – antigens, tumor-associated, carbohydrate * – antigens, cd15 * – ca-15-3 antigen * – ca-19-9 antigen * – ca-125 antigen * – antigens, viral, tumor * – adenovirus e1a proteins * – adenovirus e1b proteins * – antigens, polyomavirus transforming * –

carcinoembryonic antigen Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly-related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion. CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Consequently, CEA is us ...

* –

neprilysin Neprilysin (; also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MME'' ge ...

* – prostate-specific antigen * – tissue polypeptide antigen

– antigens, nuclear

* – epstein-barr virus nuclear antigens * – ki-67 antigen * –

proliferating cell nuclear antigen Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication. PCNA is a homotrimer and achieves its processivity by encircling the D ...

– antigens, plant

– antigens, protozoan

* – merozoite surface protein 1 * – variant surface glycoproteins, trypanosoma

– antigens, surface

* – antigens, differentiation * – antigens, cd * – activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule * – antigens, cd1 * – antigens, cd2 * – antigens, cd3 * – receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell * – antigens, cd4 * – antigens, cd5 * – antigens, cd7 * – antigens, cd8 * – antigens, cd11 * – antigens, cd11a * – antigens, cd11b * – antigens, cd11c * – lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 * – antigens, cd13 * – antigens, cd14 * – antigens, cd15 * – antigens, cd18 * – antigens, cd19 * – antigens, cd20 * – antigens, cd22 * – antigens, cd24 * – antigens, cd26 * – antigens, cd27 * – antigens, cd28 * – antigens, cd29 * – antigens, cd30 * – antigens, cd31 * – antigens, cd34 * – antigens, cd36 * – antigens, cd38 * – antigens, cd40 * – antigens, cd43 * – antigens, cd45 * – antigens, cd46 * – antigens, cd47 * – antigens, cd55 * – antigens, cd56 * – antigens, cd57 * – antigens, cd58 * – antigens, cd59 * – antigens, cd79 * – antigens, cd80 * – antigens, cd86 * – antigens, cd94 * – antigens, cd95 * – antigens, cd98 * – antigens, cd98 heavy chain * – antigens, cd98 light chains * –

large neutral amino acid-transporter 1 CD98 is a glycoprotein that is a heterodimer composed of SLC3A2 and SLC7A5 that forms the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1). LAT1 is a heterodimeric membrane transport protein that preferentially transports branched-chain (valine, l ...

* – antigens, cd146 * – antigens, cd147 * – antigens, cd164 * – antigens, thy-1 * –

cd40 ligand CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules. It binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects dependin ...

* – cytokine receptor gp130 * –

e-selectin E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E (CD62E), endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 (LECAM2), is a selectin cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endotheli ...

* – fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 * – integrin alpha1 * – integrin alpha2 * – integrin alpha3 * – integrin alpha4 * – integrin alpha5 * – integrin alpha6 * – integrin alphav * – integrin beta3 * – integrin beta4 * –

intercellular adhesion molecule-1 Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a subset of cell surface proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM), in a process called cell adhesion. In essence, CAMs help cells stick to each ...

* – kangai-1 protein * – lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 * – lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 * –

* –

5'-nucleotidase 5′-Nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) is an enzyme which catalyzes the phosphorylytic cleavage of 5′-nucleotides. Although originally found in snake venom, the activity of 5'nucleotidase has been described for bacteria and plant cells, and is widely d ...

* –

peptidyl-dipeptidase a Angiotensin-converting enzyme (), or ACE, is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. It converts the hormone angiotensin I to the active vasocon ...

* – platelet membrane glycoprotein iib * – proto-oncogene proteins c-kit * – receptor, anaphylatoxin c5a * – receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor * – receptors, complement 3b * – receptors, complement 3d * – receptors, ige * – receptors, igg * – receptors, interleukin-1 * – receptors, interleukin-2 * – receptors, interleukin-4 * – receptors, interleukin-6 * – receptors, interleukin-7 * – receptors, interleukin-8a * – receptors, lymphocyte homing * – antigens, cd44 * – integrin alpha4beta1 * – lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 * –

l-selectin L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on the cell surface of leukocytes, and the blastocyst. It is coded for in the human by the ''SELL'' gene. L-selectin belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize si ...

* – receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i * – receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type ii * –

p-selectin P-selectin is a type-1 transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the SELP gene. P-selectin functions as a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) on the surfaces of activated endothelial cells, which line the inner surface of blood vessels, and a ...

* –

vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VCAM1'' gene. VCAM-1 functions as a cell adhesion molecule. Str ...

* – antigens, differentiation, b-lymphocyte * – antigens, cd5 * – antigens, cd19 * – antigens, cd20 * – antigens, cd40 * – antigens, cd29 * – antigens, differentiation, t-lymphocyte * – antigens, cd1 * – antigens, cd2 * – antigens, cd3 * – receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell * – antigens, cd4 * – antigens, cd5 * – antigens, cd7 * – antigens, cd8 * – antigens, cd13 * – antigens, cd18 * – antigens, cd26 * – antigens, cd27 * – antigens, cd28 * – antigens, cd56 * – antigens, cd57 * – antigens, differentiation, myelomonocytic * – antigens, cd14 * – antigens, cd15 * – antigens, cd31 * – antigens, ly * – antigens, thy-1 * – receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i * –

arrestin Arrestins (abbreviated Arr) are a small family of proteins important for regulating signal transduction at G protein-coupled receptors. Arrestins were first discovered in the late '80s as a part of a conserved two-step mechanism for regulatin ...

* –

blood group antigens The term human blood group systems is defined by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or b ...

* – abo blood-group system * – duffy blood-group system * – i blood-group system * – kell blood-group system * – kidd blood-group system * –

lewis blood-group system The Lewis antigen system is a human blood group system. It is based upon two genes on chromosome 19: FUT3, or Lewis gene; and FUT2, or Secretor gene. Both genes are expressed in glandular epithelia. FUT2 has a dominant allele which codes for an e ...

* – ca-19-9 antigen * – lutheran blood-group system * – mnss blood-group system * – p blood-group system * – rh-hr blood-group system * –

cell adhesion molecules Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a subset of cell surface proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM), in a process called cell adhesion. In essence, CAMs help cells stick to each ...

* – antigens, cd22 * – antigens, cd24 * – antigens, cd31 * – antigens, cd146 * – antigens, cd164 * –

cadherins Cadherins (named for "calcium-dependent adhesion") are cell adhesion molecules important in forming adherens junctions that let cells adhere to each other. Cadherins are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins, and they depend on calcium (Ca2+) ...

* – desmosomal cadherins * – desmocollins * – desmogleins * –

desmoglein 1 Desmoglein-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DSG1'' gene. Desmoglein-1 is expressed everywhere in the skin epidermis, but mainly it is expressed in the superficial upper layers of the skin epidermis. Function Desmosomes are cel ...

* – desmoglein 2 * –

desmoglein 3 Desmoglein-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DSG3'' gene. In the skin epidermis Desmoglein-3 is expressed in the basal lower layers of the epidermis, and dominates in terms of expression on mucosal surfaces compared to Desmoglein-1 ...

* –

cd4 immunoadhesins CD4 immunoadhesin is a recombinant fusion protein consisting of a combination of CD4 and the fragment crystallizable region, similarly known as immunoglobulin. It belongs to the antibody (Ig) gene family. CD4 is a surface receptor for human immunod ...

* – cell adhesion molecules, neuronal * – cell adhesion molecules, neuron-glia * – activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule * – myelin p0 protein * –

neural cell adhesion molecules Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), also called CD56, is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle. Although CD56 is often considered a marker of neural lineage commitment due to its discover ...

* – antigens, cd56 * – neural cell adhesion molecule l1 * –

integrin alphaxbeta2 Macrophage-1 antigen (or integrin αMβ2 or macrophage integrin or Mac-1) is a complement receptor ("CR3") consisting of CD11b (integrin αM) and CD18 (integrin β2). The integrin α chain is noncovalently bound to the integrin β chain. It bind ...

* –

* – receptors, lymphocyte homing * – antigens, cd44 * – integrin alpha4beta1 * – lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 * –

* –

selectins The selectins (cluster of differentiation 62 or CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules (or CAMs). All selectins are single-chain transmembrane glycoproteins that share similar properties to C-type lectins due to a related amino terminus a ...

* –

histocompatibility antigens Histocompatibility, or tissue compatibility, is the property of having the same, or sufficiently similar, alleles of a set of genes called human leukocyte antigens (HLA), or major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Each individual expresses many uni ...

* – histocompatibility antigens class i * – h-2 antigens * –

HLA-A HLA-A is a group of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) that are encoded by the ''HLA-A'' locus (genetics), locus, which is located at human chromosome 6p21.3. HLA is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen specific to humans. HLA-A is one o ...

* –

HLA-A1 HLA-A1 (A1) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A "A" serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α1 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A1, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A allele group an ...

* –

HLA-A2 HLA-A*02 (A*02) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within the HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of the α2 domain of the HLA-A α-chain. For A*02, the α chain is encoded by the HLA-A*02 gene and the ...

* –

HLA-A3 HLA-A3 (A3) is a human leukocyte antigen ''serotype'' within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α3 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A3, the alpha, "A", chain are encoded by the HLA-A allele group and ...

* –

HLA-B HLA-B (major histocompatibility complex, class I, B) is a human gene that provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. HLA-B is part of a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) comp ...

* –

HLA-B7 HLA-B7 (B7) is an HLA- B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*07 gene products. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial) B7, previously HL-A7, was one of the first 'HL-A' antigens recognized, largely because of the f ...

* –

HLA-B8 HLA-B8 (B8) is an HLA- B serotype. The serotype identifies the HLA-B*08 gene products. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial) HLA-B8, previously known as HL-A8 was one of the first identified of the HLA antigens. It coined the "Su ...

* –

HLA-B27 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 (subtypes B*2701-2759) is a class I surface molecule encoded by the B locus in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 and presents antigenic peptides (derived from self and non-self antigens) ...

* –

HLA-B35 HLA-B35 (B35) is an HLA- B serotype A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or Cell (biology), cells are classified to ...

* –

HLA-C HLA-C (Human Leukocyte Antigen-C) belongs to the MHC class I heavy chain receptors. The C receptor is a heterodimer consisting of a HLA-C mature gene product and β2-microglobulin. The mature C chain is anchored in the membrane. MHC Class I mole ...

* – histocompatibility antigens class ii * – hla-d antigens * –

HLA-DP HLA-DP is a protein/peptide-antigen receptor and graft-versus-host disease antigen that is composed of 2 subunits, DPα and DPβ. DPα and DPβ are encoded by two loci, HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1, that are found in the MHC Class II (or HLA-D) regio ...

* –

HLA-DQ HLA-DQ (DQ) is a cell surface receptor protein found on antigen-presenting cells. It is an αβ heterodimer of type MHC class II. The α and β chains are encoded by two loci, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1, that are adjacent to each other on chro ...

* –

HLA-DR HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen – DR isotype) and peptide, generally between 9 and 30 amino acids in l ...

* –

HLA-DR1 HLA-DR1 (DR1) is a HLA- DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*01 gene products. It has been observed to be common among centenarians. Serology The serology for the most common DR1 alleles is excellent. The serology for alleles , , , , , , and ...

* –

HLA-DR2 HLA-DR2 (DR2) of the HLA- DR serotype system, is a broad antigen serotype that is now preferentially covered by HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR16 serotype group. This serotype primarily recognizes gene products of the HLA-DRB1*15 and HLA-DRB1*16 allele gro ...

* –

HLA-DR3 HLA-DR3 is composed of the HLA-DR17 and HLA-DR18 split 'antigens' serotypes. DR3 is a component gene-allele of the AH8.1 haplotype in Northern and Western Europeans. Genes between B8 and DR3 on this haplotype are frequently associated with au ...

* –

HLA-DR4 HLA-DR4 (DR4) is an HLA- DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*04 gene products. The DR4 serogroup is large and has a number of moderate frequency alleles spread over large regions of the world. Serology The serological identification of DR4 is ...

* –

HLA-DR5 HLA-DR5 (DR5) is a broad-antigen serotype that is further split into HLA-DR11 and HLA-DR12 antigen Serotype, serotypes. Serology Except for a few DRB1* Allele, alleles, the reactivity of DR5 is relatively poor. Disease associations DR5 is assoc ...

* –

HLA-DR6 HLA-DR6 (DR6) is a broad-antigen serotype that is further split into HLA-DR13 and HLA-DR14 antigen serotypes. Serology DR6 serological reactivity is relatively poor compared to other serological tests for DR antigens. Compare to DQ2 or DR7. ...

* –

HLA-DR7 HLA-DR7 (DR7) is a HLA- DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*0701 to *0705 gene products. Serology The serological reaction of DR7 is excellent for *0701. The serology of *0703 to *0705 to *0709, and *0711 to *0714 serotypes is unknown. DRB1*0 ...

* – hla antigens * – hla-a antigens * – hla-a1 antigen * – hla-a2 antigen * – hla-a3 antigen * – hla-b antigens * – hla-b7 antigen * – hla-b8 antigen * – hla-b27 antigen * – hla-b35 antigen * – hla-c antigens * – hla-d antigens * – hla-dp antigens * – hla-dq antigens * – hla-dr antigens * – hla-dr1 antigen * – hla-dr2 antigen * – hla-dr3 antigen * – hla-dr4 antigen * – hla-dr5 antigen * – hla-dr6 antigen * – hla-dr7 antigen * – minor histocompatibility antigens * –

h-y antigen H-Y antigen is a male tissue specific antigen. Originally thought to trigger the formation of testes (via Locus (genetics), loci, an Autosome, autosomal gene that Gene expression, generates the antigen and one that generates the Receptor (bioche ...

* – leukocyte l1 antigen complex * – calgranulin a * – calgranulin b * –

lymphocyte antigen 96 Lymphocyte antigen 96, also known as "Myeloid Differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)," is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LY96'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in binding lipopolysaccharide with Toll-Like Receptor (TLR ...

* – minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens * – variant surface glycoproteins, trypanosoma

– antigens, t-independent

– antigens, viral

* – adenovirus early proteins * – adenovirus e1 proteins * – adenovirus e2 proteins * – adenovirus e3 proteins * – adenovirus e4 proteins * – antigens, viral, tumor * – adenovirus e1a proteins * – adenovirus e1b proteins * – antigens, polyomavirus transforming * – deltaretrovirus antigens * – htlv-i antigens * – htlv-ii antigens * – epstein-barr virus nuclear antigens * – hemagglutinins, viral * – hn protein * – hepatitis antigens * – hepatitis a antigens * – hepatitis b antigens * – Hepatitis B core antigens * – hepatitis b e antigens * –

Hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its presence in blood indicates existing hepatitis B infection. Structure and function The viral envelope of an enveloped virus has different su ...

* – hepatitis c antigens * – hepatitis delta antigens * – hiv antigens * – hiv core protein p24 * – hiv envelope protein gp41 * – hiv envelope protein gp120

–
autoantigens In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease". ...

* –

centromere protein b Centromere protein B also known as major centromere autoantigen B is an autoantigen protein of the cell nucleus. In humans, centromere protein B is encoded by the CENPB gene. Function Centromere protein B is a highly conserved protein that f ...

* –

* – heymann nephritis antigenic complex * – ldl-receptor related protein 2 * – ldl-receptor related protein-associated protein

–
epitopes An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope. Although ep ...

* – antigens, tumor-associated, carbohydrate * – antigens, cd15 * – ca-15-3 antigen * – ca-19-9 antigen * – ca-125 antigen * – epitopes, b-lymphocyte * – epitopes, t-lymphocyte * –

haptens Haptens (derived from the Greek ''haptein'', meaning “to fasten”) are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response ...

* – p-azobenzenearsonate * – cardiolipins * – dinitrochlorobenzene * – nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate * –

picryl chloride Picryl chloride is an organic compound with the formula ClC6H2(NO2)3. It is a bright yellow solid that is highly explosive, as is typical for polynitro aromatics such as picric acid. Its detonation velocity is 7,200 m/s. Reactions The reactivity ...

* – immunodominant epitopes * – immunoglobulin idiotypes

– isoantigens

* – antigens, human platelet * –

* – abo blood-group system * – duffy blood-group system * – i blood-group system * – kell blood-group system * – kidd blood-group system * –

* – ca-19-9 antigen * – lutheran blood-group system * – mnss blood-group system * – p blood-group system * – rh-hr blood-group system * –

* – histocompatibility antigens class i * – h-2 antigens * – hla-a antigens * – hla-a1 antigen * – hla-a2 antigen * – hla-a3 antigen * – hla-b antigens * – hla-b7 antigen * – hla-b8 antigen * – hla-b27 antigen * – hla-b35 antigen * – hla-c antigens * – histocompatibility antigens class ii * – hla-d antigens * – hla-dp antigens * – hla-dq antigens * – hla-dr antigens * – hla-dr1 antigen * – hla-dr2 antigen * – hla-dr3 antigen * – hla-dr4 antigen * – hla-dr5 antigen * – hla-dr6 antigen * – hla-dr7 antigen * – hla antigens * – hla-a antigens * – hla-a1 antigen * – hla-a2 antigen * – hla-a3 antigen * – hla-b antigens * – hla-b7 antigen * – hla-b8 antigen * – hla-b27 antigen * – hla-b35 antigen * – hla-c antigens * – hla-d antigens * – hla-dp antigens * – hla-dq antigens * – hla-dr antigens * – hla-dr1 antigen * – hla-dr2 antigen * – hla-dr3 antigen * – hla-dr4 antigen * – hla-dr5 antigen * – hla-dr6 antigen * – hla-dr7 antigen * – minor histocompatibility antigens * –

–
superantigens Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically they cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. Superanti ...

* – minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens

– vaccines, synthetic

* – vaccines, conjugate * – vaccines, dna * – vaccines, edible * – vaccines, virosome

–
biological markers In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues to examine normal biological processes, p ...

– antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic

– antigens, differentiation

* – antigens, cd * – activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule * – antigens, cd1 * – antigens, cd2 * – antigens, cd3 * – receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell * – antigens, cd4 * – antigens, cd5 * – antigens, cd7 * – antigens, cd8 * – antigens, cd11 * – antigens, cd11a * – antigens, cd11b * – antigens, cd11c * – lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 * – antigens, cd13 * – antigens, cd14 * – antigens, cd15 * – antigens, cd18 * – antigens, cd19 * – antigens, cd20 * – antigens, cd22 * – antigens, cd24 * – antigens, cd26 * – antigens, cd27 * – antigens, cd28 * – antigens, cd29 * – antigens, cd30 * – antigens, cd31 * – antigens, cd34 * – antigens, cd36 * – antigens, cd38 * – antigens, cd40 * – antigens, cd43 * – antigens, cd45 * – antigens, cd46 * – antigens, cd47 * – antigens, cd55 * – antigens, cd56 * – antigens, cd57 * – antigens, cd58 * – antigens, cd59 * – antigens, cd79 * – antigens, cd80 * – antigens, cd86 * – antigens, cd94 * – antigens, cd95 * – antigens, cd98 * – antigens, cd98 heavy chain * – antigens, cd98 light chains * –

* – antigens, cd146 * – antigens, cd147 * – antigens, cd164 * – antigens, thy-1 * –

* – cytokine receptor gp130 * – fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 * – integrin alpha1 * – integrin alpha2 * – integrin alpha3 * – integrin alpha4 * – integrin alpha5 * – integrin alpha6 * – integrin alphav * – integrin beta3 * – integrin beta4 * –

* – kangai-1 protein * – lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 * – lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 * –

* –

* – receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type i * – receptors, tumor necrosis factor, type ii * –

* –

* – antigens, cd29 * – antigens, differentiation, b-lymphocyte * – antigens, cd5 * – antigens, cd19 * – antigens, cd20 * – antigens, cd40 * – antigens, differentiation, t-lymphocyte * – antigens, cd1 * – antigens, cd2 * – antigens, cd3 * – receptor-cd3 complex, antigen, t-cell * – antigens, cd4 * – antigens, cd5 * – antigens, cd7 * – antigens, cd8 * – antigens, cd13 * – antigens, cd18 * – antigens, cd26 * – antigens, cd27 * – antigens, cd28 * – antigens, cd56 * – antigens, cd57 * – antigens, differentiation, myelomonocytic * – antigens, cd14 * – antigens, cd15 * – antigens, cd31 * – antigens, ly * – antigens, thy-1

– chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human

–
fibrinopeptide a The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

–
genetic markers A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be ...

–
oligoclonal bands Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed. They are used in the diagnosis of various neurological and blood diseases. Oligoclonal bands are present in ...

– tumor markers, biological

* – alpha-fetoproteins * – antigens, cd30 * – antigens, tumor-associated, carbohydrate * – antigens, cd15 * – ca-15-3 antigen * – ca-19-9 antigen * – ca-125 antigen * – autocrine motility factor * –

* – chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human * – hormones, ectopic * – ki-67 antigen * –

* –

normetanephrine Normetanephrine, also called normetadrenaline, is a metabolite of norepinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on norepinephrine. It is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for catecholamine-secr ...

* –

* – prostate-specific antigen * – receptor, erbb-2 * – receptor, erbb-3 * –

synaptophysin Synaptophysin, also known as the major synaptic vesicle protein p38, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SYP'' gene. Gene The gene is located on the short arm of X chromosome (Xp11.23-p11.22). It is 12,406 bases in length and li ...

* – tissue kallikreins * – tissue polypeptide antigen

– blood coagulation factor inhibitors

–
antithrombin iii Antithrombin (AT) is a small glycoprotein that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. It is a 464-amino-acid protein produced by the liver. It contains three disulfide bonds and a total of four possible glycosylation sites. α-An ...

– lupus coagulation inhibitor

–
protein c Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, is a zymogen, that is, an inactive enzyme. The activated form plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, and cell death and maintaini ...

–
protein s Protein S (also known as PROS) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms: a free form and a complex form bound to complement protein C4b-binding protein (C4BP). In h ...

– blood coagulation factors

– beta-thromboglobulin

–
calcium Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to it ...

–
factor v Coagulation factor V (Factor V), also less commonly known as proaccelerin or labile factor, is a protein involved in coagulation, encoded, in humans, by ''F5'' gene. In contrast to most other coagulation factors, it is not enzymatically active b ...

* – factor va

–
factor vii Coagulation factor VII (, formerly known as proconvertin) is a protein involved in coagulation and, in humans, is encoded by gene ''F7''. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class. Once bound to tissue factor released from damaged tissues, ...

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factor viia Coagulation factor VII (, formerly known as proconvertin) is a protein involved in coagulation and, in humans, is encoded by gene ''F7''. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class. Once bound to tissue factor released from damaged tissues, ...

–
factor viii Coagulation factor VIII (Factor VIII, FVIII, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF)) is an essential blood clotting protein. In humans, it is encoded by ''F8'' gene. Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, an X-linked bleeding disorder ...

* – factor viiia

–
factor ix Factor IX (), also known as Christmas factor, is one of the serine proteases involved in coagulation; it belongs to peptidase family S1. Deficiency of this protein causes haemophilia B. It was discovered in 1952 after a young boy named Stephen ...

* – factor ixa

–
factor x Coagulation factor X (), or Stuart factor, is an enzyme of the coagulation cascade, encoded in humans by ''F10'' gene. It is a serine endopeptidase (protease group S1, PA clan). Factor X is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for i ...

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factor xa Coagulation factor X (), or Stuart factor, is an enzyme of the coagulation cascade, encoded in humans by ''F10'' gene. It is a serine endopeptidase (protease group S1, PA clan). Factor X is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for ...

–
factor xi Factor XI, or plasma thromboplastin antecedent, is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes involved in coagulation. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease. In humans, factor XI is encoded by ''F11'' gene. Fu ...

* – factor xia

–
factor xii Coagulation factor XII, also known as Hageman factor, is a plasma protein involved in coagulation. It is the zymogen form of factor XIIa (), an enzyme of the serine protease (or serine endopeptidase) class. In humans, factor XII is encoded by ' ...

* – factor xiia

–
factor xiii Factor XIII, or fibrin stabilizing factor, is a plasma protein and zymogen. It is activated by thrombin to factor XIIIa which crosslinks fibrin in coagulation. Deficiency of XIII worsens clot stability and increases bleeding tendency. Huma ...

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factor xiiia Coagulation factor XIII A chain, (FXIIIa) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''F13A1'' gene. Function This gene encodes the coagulation factor XIII A subunit. Coagulation factor XIII is the last zymogen to become activated in the ...

–
fibrinogen Fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) is a glycoprotein protein complex, complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates. During tissue and vascular injury, it is converted Enzyme, enzymatically by thrombin to fibrin ...

* – fibrinogens, abnormal

–
fibrinopeptide a The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

–
fibrinopeptide b The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

–
kallikreins Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases, enzymes capable of cleaving peptide bonds in proteins. In humans, plasma kallikrein (encoded by '' KLKB1 gene'') has no known paralogue, while tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (''KLKs'') encode ...

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prekallikrein Prekallikrein (PK), also known as Fletcher factor, is an 85,000 Mr serine protease that complexes with high-molecular-weight kininogen. PK is the precursor of plasma kallikrein, which is a serine protease that activates kinins. PK is cleaved to ...

–
kininogens Kininogens are precursor proteins for kinins, biologically active polypeptides involved in blood coagulation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammatory regulation, and the regulation of the cardiovascular and renal systems. Types ...

* – kininogen, high-molecular-weight * – kininogen, low-molecular-weight

– plasminogen activator inhibitor 1

– plasminogen activator inhibitor 2

– platelet activating factor

– platelet factor 3

–
platelet factor 4 Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation ...

–
prothrombin Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2-gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin. Thrombin (Factor IIa) (, fibrose, thrombase, throm ...

–
thrombin Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2-gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin. Thrombin (Factor IIa) (, fibrose, thrombase, throm ...

–
thromboplastin Thromboplastin (TPL) is derived from cell membranes and is a mixture of both phospholipids and tissue factor, neither of which are enzymes. Thromboplastin acts on and accelerates the activity of Factor Xa, also known as thrombokinase, aiding blood ...

–
tissue plasminogen activator Tissue-type plasminogen activator, short name tPA, is a protein that facilitates the breakdown of blood clots. It acts as an enzyme to convert plasminogen into its active form plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown. It is a s ...

–
von willebrand factor Von Willebrand factor (VWF) () is a blood glycoprotein that promotes primary hemostasis, specifically, platelet adhesion. It is deficient and/or defective in von Willebrand disease and is involved in many other diseases, including thrombotic thro ...

–
chemotactic factors Chemotaxis (from ''chemical substance, chemo-'' + ''taxis'') is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell organism, single-cell or multicellular organisms direct thei ...

–
chemokines Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addit ...

* – beta-thromboglobulin * – chemokines, c * – chemokines, cc * – chemokines, cxc * – chemokines, cx3c * –

interleukin-8 Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells store IL-8 in their storage ...

* – macrophage inflammatory proteins * – macrophage inflammatory protein-1 * – monocyte chemoattractant proteins * –

monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and small inducible cytokine A2. CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 tightly regulates cellular mecha ...

* –

platelet factor 4 Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation ...

* –

rantes Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also CCL5) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CCL5'' gene. The gene has been discovered in 1990 by ''in situ'' hybridisation and it is localised on 17q11.2-q12 chromosome. It is also known as RANTES ...

– chemotactic factors, eosinophil

* – n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine

– chemotactic factors, macrophage

– n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine

– growth substances

–
cyclins Cyclins are proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). Etymology Cyclins were originally discovered by R. Timothy Hunt in 1982 while studying the cell cycle of sea urch ...

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cyclin a Cyclin A is a member of the cyclin family, a group of proteins that function in regulating progression through the cell cycle. The stages that a cell passes through that culminate in its division and replication are collectively known as the cel ...

* –

cyclin b Cyclin B is a member of the cyclin family. Cyclin B is a mitotic cyclin. The amount of cyclin B (which binds to Cdk1) and the activity of the cyclin B-Cdk complex rise through the cell cycle until mitosis, where they fall abruptly due to degr ...

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cyclin d1 Cyclin D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCND1'' gene. Gene expression The CCND1 gene encodes the cyclin D1 protein. The human CCND1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (band 11q13). It is 13,388 base pairs lo ...

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cyclin e Cyclin E is a member of the cyclin family. Cyclin E binds to G1 phase Cdk2, which is required for the transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle that determines initiation of DNA duplication. The Cyclin E/CDK2 complex phosphorylates p27 ...

– epidermal growth factor

–
fibroblast growth factors Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by the macrophages. They are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in ...

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fibroblast growth factor 1 Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the ''FGF1'' gene. It is synthesized as a 155 amino acid polypeptide, whose mature form is a non-glycos ...

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fibroblast growth factor 2 Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-β, is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the ''FGF2'' gene. It binds to and exerts effects via specific fibroblast growth factor recept ...

* – fibroblast growth factor 3 * – fibroblast growth factor 4 * – fibroblast growth factor 5 * – fibroblast growth factor 6 * – fibroblast growth factor 7 * –

fibroblast growth factor 8 Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGF8'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF proteins are multifunctional signaling molecule ...

* – fibroblast growth factor 9 * – fibroblast growth factor 10

– growth inhibitors

* –

angiogenesis inhibitors An angiogenesis inhibitor is a substance that inhibits the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Some angiogenesis inhibitors are endogenous and a normal part of the body's control and others are obtained exogenously through pharmaceutical d ...

– hematopoietic cell growth factors

* –

colony-stimulating factors Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of committed progenitors in the bone marrow, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate ...

* – colony-stimulating factors, recombinant * – granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant * –

filgrastim Filgrastim, sold under the brand name Neupogen among others, is a medication used to treat low neutrophil count. Low neutrophil counts may occur with HIV/AIDS, following chemotherapy or radiation poisoning, or be of an unknown cause. It may ...

* – granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant * –

erythropoietin Erythropoietin (; EPO), also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis) in th ...

* – erythropoietin, recombinant * –

epoetin alfa Epoetin alfa, sold under the brand name Epogen among others, is a human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. Epoetin alfa is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. It stimulates erythropoiesis (increasing red ...

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granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF or GCSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF 3), is a glycoprotein that stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into the bloodstream. Function ...

* – granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant * –

* – granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor * – granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant * – interleukin-3 * –

macrophage colony-stimulating factor The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine which causes hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. Eukaryotic cells also ...

* –

thrombopoietin Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''THPO'' gene. Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the pro ...

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stem cell factor Stem cell factor (also known as SCF, KIT-ligand, KL, or steel factor) is a cytokine that binds to the c-KIT receptor (CD117). SCF can exist both as a transmembrane protein and a soluble protein. This cytokine plays an important role in hematopoie ...

– intercellular signaling peptides and proteins

* – angiogenic proteins * – angiopoietins * –

angiopoietin-1 Angiopoietin is part of a family of vascular growth factors that play a role in embryonic and postnatal angiogenesis. Angiopoietin signaling most directly corresponds with angiogenesis, the process by which new arteries and veins form from pree ...

* –

angiopoietin-2 Angiopoietin is part of a family of vascular growth factors that play a role in embryonic and postnatal angiogenesis. Angiopoietin signaling most directly corresponds with angiogenesis, the process by which new arteries and veins form from pree ...

* –

angiostatic proteins An angiogenesis inhibitor is a substance that inhibits the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Some angiogenesis inhibitors are endogenous and a normal part of the body's control and others are obtained exogenously through pharmaceutical d ...

* – angiostatins * – endostatins * –

* –

vascular endothelial growth factors Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, ), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors ...

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vascular endothelial growth factor a Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VEGFA'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and encod ...

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vascular endothelial growth factor b Vascular endothelial growth factor B also known as VEGF-B is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''VEGF-B'' gene. VEGF-B is a growth factor that belongs to the vascular endothelial growth factor family, of which VEGF-A is the best-kno ...

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vascular endothelial growth factor c Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is a protein that is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor / vascular endothelial growth factor (PDGF/VEGF) family. It is encoded in humans by the ''VEGFC'' gene, which is located on chromosom ...

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vascular endothelial growth factor d C-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF) (or vascular endothelial growth factor D, VEGF-D) is a vascular endothelial growth factor that in humans is encoded by the ''FIGF'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ...

* – vascular endothelial growth factor, endocrine-gland-derived * – ephrins * – ephrin-a1 * – ephrin-a2 * –

ephrin-a3 Ephrin A3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EFNA3'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and have been ...

* – ephrin-a4 * – ephrin-a5 * – ephrin-b1 * –

ephrin-b2 Ephrin-B2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EFNB2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases ...

* – ephrin-b3 * –

fibroblast growth factors Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by the macrophages. They are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in ...

* –

* – fibroblast growth factor 3 * – fibroblast growth factor 4 * – fibroblast growth factor 5 * – fibroblast growth factor 6 * – fibroblast growth factor 7 * –

* – fibroblast growth factor 9 * – fibroblast growth factor 10 * –

nerve growth factors Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it was o ...

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brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, is a protein found in the and the periphery. that, in humans, is encoded by the ''BDNF'' gene. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the can ...

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ciliary neurotrophic factor Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CNTF'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a polypeptide hormone and neurotrophic factor whose actions have mainly been studied in the nervous system where it pro ...

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glia maturation factor Glia maturation factor is a neurotrophic factor implicated in nervous system development, angiogenesis and immune function. In humans, the glia maturation factor beta and glia maturation factor gamma proteins are encoded by the ''GMFB'' and ''GM ...

* – glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors * –

glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''GDNF'' gene. GDNF is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons. It signals through GFRα receptors, particul ...

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neurturin Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the ''NRTN'' gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, which regulate the survival and function of neurons. Neur ...

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nerve growth factor Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it was ...

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neuregulins Neuregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins. These proteins have been shown to have diverse functions in the development of the nervous system and play multiple essential roles in ver ...

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neuregulin-1 Neuregulin 1, or NRG1, is a gene of the epidermal growth factor family that in humans is encoded by the ''NRG1'' gene. NRG1 is one of four proteins in the neuregulin family that act on the EGFR family of receptors. Neuregulin 1 is produced in nu ...

* – neurotrophin 3 * –

pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, also known as PACAP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ADCYAP1'' gene. PACAP is similar to vasoactive intestinal peptide. One of its effects is to stimulate enterochromaffin-like c ...

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parathyroid hormone-related protein Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a proteinaceous hormone and a member of the parathyroid hormone family secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells (for example, breast cancer, certain types of ...

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platelet-derived growth factor Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one among numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing bloo ...

* – proto-oncogene proteins c-sis * –

transforming growth factors Transforming growth factor (, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ. The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically ...

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transforming growth factor alpha Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, TGF-α is a mitogenic polypeptide. The protein becomes activated when binding to receptor ...

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transforming growth factor beta Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes three different mammalian isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 3, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3) and many other ...

* – wnt proteins * – wnt1 protein * – wnt2 protein

–
interleukins Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related ...

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interleukin-1 The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults. Discovery Discovery of these cytokines began with studies on t ...

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interleukin-2 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, which is a type of cytokine signaling molecule forming part of the immune system. It is a 15.5–16 kDa protein that regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes) ...

* – interleukin-3 * –

interleukin-4 The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells ( Th0 cells) to Th2 cells. Upon activation by IL-4, Th2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 ...

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interleukin-5 Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is an interleukin produced by type-2 T helper cells and mast cells. Function Through binding to the interleukin-5 receptor, interleukin 5 stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion—primarily Ig ...

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interleukin-6 Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. In humans, it is encoded by the ''IL6'' gene. In addition, osteoblasts secrete IL-6 to stimulate osteoclast formation. Smoo ...

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interleukin-7 Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL7'' gene. IL-7 is a hematopoietic growth factor secreted by stromal cells in the bone marrow and thymus. It is also produced by keratinocytes, follicular dendritic cells, hepa ...

* –

* – interleukin-9 * –

interleukin-10 Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti- inflammatory cytokine. In humans, interleukin 10 is encoded by the ''IL10'' gene. IL-10 signals through a receptor complex consisting of two IL- ...

* – interleukin-11 * –

interleukin-12 Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, helper T cells and human B- lymphoblastoid cells ( NC-37) in response to antigenic stimulation. IL-12 belongs to the family of i ...

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interleukin-13 Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL13'' gene. IL-13 was first cloned in 1993 and is located on chromosome 5q31.1 with a length of 1.4kb. It has a mass of 13 kDa and folds into 4 alpha helical bundles. The sec ...

* – interleukin-14 * – interleukin-15 * – interleukin-16 * –

interleukin-17 Interleukin 17 family (IL17 family) is a family of pro-inflammatory cystine knot cytokines. They are produced by a group of T helper cell known as T helper 17 cell in response to their stimulation with IL-23. Originally, Th17 was identifi ...

* – interleukin-18

–
maturation-promoting factor Maturation-promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis-promoting factor or M-Phase-promoting factor) is the cyclin–Cdk complex that was discovered first in frog eggs. It stimulates the mitotic and meiotic phases of the cell cycle. M ...

* – cdc2 protein kinase

–
nerve growth factors Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it was o ...

* –

* – glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors * –

* –

* – neurotrophin 3 * –

–
neuregulins Neuregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins. These proteins have been shown to have diverse functions in the development of the nervous system and play multiple essential roles in ver ...

* –

–
platelet-derived growth factor Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one among numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing bloo ...

* – proto-oncogene proteins c-sis

– somatomedins

* –

insulin-like growth factor i Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has anabolic effects in adults. In the 1950s IGF-1 was called "sulfat ...

* – insulin-like growth factor ii * – nonsuppressible insulin-like activity

–
transforming growth factors Transforming growth factor (, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ. The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically ...

* –

– inflammation mediators

– autacoids

* – angiotensins * –

angiotensin i Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adren ...

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angiotensin ii Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the ...

* – angiotensin amide * –

saralasin Saralasin is a competitive angiotensin II receptor antagonist with partial agonistic activity. The aminopeptide sequence for saralasin differs from angiotensin II at three sites: * At position 1, sarcosine replaces aspartic acid, thereby increasin ...

* – 1-sarcosine-8-isoleucine angiotensin ii * –

angiotensin iii Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adr ...

* –

eicosanoids Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, around 20 carbon units in length. Eicosanoids are a sub ...

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leukotrienes Leukotrienes are a family of eicosanoid inflammation, inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes by the redox, oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) and the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the enzyme arachidonate 5-lipoxyg ...

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leukotriene a4 Leukotriene A4 (LTA4) is a leukotriene Leukotrienes are a family of eicosanoid inflammation, inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes by the redox, oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) and the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid ...

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leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a leukotriene involved in inflammation. It has been shown to promote insulin resistance in obese mice. Biochemistry LTB4 is a leukotriene involved in inflammation. It is produced from leukocytes in response to inflammato ...

* – srs-a * –

leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is a leukotriene. LTC4 has been extensively studied in the context of allergy and asthma. In cells of myeloid origin such as mast cells, its biosynthesis is orchestrated by translocation to the nuclear envelope along with co ...

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leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is one of the leukotrienes. Its main function in the body is to induce the contraction of smooth muscle, resulting in bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction. It also increases vascular permeability. LTD4 is released b ...

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leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene involved in inflammation. It is known to be produced by several types of white blood cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, tissue macrophages, and basophils, and recently was also found to b ...

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prostaglandins Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are derive ...

* – prostaglandin endoperoxides * – prostaglandins g * –

prostaglandins h Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiology, physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every Tissue (biology), tissue in humans and ot ...

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prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), or prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), is a type of prostaglandin and a precursor for many other biologically significant molecules. It is synthesized from arachidonic acid in a reaction catalyzed by a cyclooxygenase enzyme. The con ...

* – 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid * –

prostaglandins a Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are derive ...

* – prostaglandins b * –

prostaglandins d Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are derive ...

* –

prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2 (or PGD2) is a prostaglandin that binds to the receptor PTGDR (DP1), as well as CRTH2 (DP2). It is a major prostaglandin produced by mast cells – recruits Th2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils. In mammalian organs, large a ...

* –

prostaglandins e Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are derive ...

* –

alprostadil Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a naturally occurring prostaglandin with various medical uses. Alprostadil and misoprostol are synthetic forms of prostaglandin E1 used as medications. Lubiprostone, a derivative of prostaglandin E1, is also used as ...

* –

dinoprostone Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), also known as dinoprostone, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin with oxytocic properties that is used as a medication. Dinoprostone is used in labor induction, bleeding after delivery, termination of pregnanc ...

* – prostaglandins f * – dinoprost * – 6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha * – prostaglandins i * –

epoprostenol Prostacyclin (also called prostaglandin I2 or PGI2) is a prostaglandin member of the eicosanoid family of lipid molecules. It inhibits platelet activation and is also an effective vasodilator. When used as a drug, it is also known as epoprosteno ...

* –

thromboxanes Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids. The two major thromboxanes are thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2. The distinguishing feature of thromboxanes is a 6-membered ether-containing ring. Thromboxane is named for it ...

* –

thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a type of thromboxane that is produced by activated platelets during hemostasis and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation. This is achieved by a ...

* –

thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) is an inactive metabolite/product of thromboxane A2. It is almost completely cleared in the urine. It itself is not involved in platelet activation and aggregation in case of a wound, but its precursor, thromboxane A2, is. T ...

* –

histamine Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses communication, as well as regulating physiological functions in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Discovered in 19 ...

* – kinins * –

bradykinin Bradykinin (BK) (from Greek ''brady-'' 'slow' + ''-kinin'', ''kīn(eîn)'' 'to move') is a peptide that promotes inflammation. It causes arterioles to dilate (enlarge) via the release of prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelium-derived hyperpo ...

* –

kallidin Kallidin belongs to the family kinins, which are the peptide hormones. Kallidin is a decapeptide whose sequence is H-Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg-OH. It can be converted to bradykinin by the aminopeptidase enzyme. Effects of Kinins K ...

* –

kininogens Kininogens are precursor proteins for kinins, biologically active polypeptides involved in blood coagulation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammatory regulation, and the regulation of the cardiovascular and renal systems. Types ...

* – kininogen, high-molecular-weight * – kininogen, low-molecular-weight * –

tachykinins Tachykinin peptides are one of the largest families of neuropeptides, found from amphibians to mammals. They were so named due to their ability to rapidly induce contraction of gut tissue. The tachykinin family is characterized by a common C-termi ...

* –

eledoisin Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides. It was first isolated from the posterior salivary glands of two mollusk species '' Eledone muschata'' and ''Eledone aldovandi'', which belong t ...

* –

kassinin Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog. It belongs to tachykinin family of neuropeptides. It is secreted as a defense response, and is involved in neuropeptide signalling. The amino acid sequence is H-Asp-Val-Pro-Lys-Ser-Asp-Gln-Phe- ...

* –

neurokinin a Neurokinin A (NKA), formerly known as Substance K, is a neurologically active peptide translated from the pre-protachykinin gene. Neurokinin A has many excitatory effects on mammalian nervous systems and is also influential on the mammalian inflam ...

* –

neurokinin b Neurokinin B (NKB) belongs in the family of tachykinin peptides. Neurokinin B is implicated in a variety of human functions and pathways such as the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Additionally, NKB is associated with pregnancy in fe ...

* – physalaemin * –

substance p Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) and a type of neuropeptide, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides. It acts as a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator. Substance P ...

* – urotensins * – platelet activating factor * –

serotonin Serotonin (), also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, ...

–
chemokines Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addit ...

* – beta-thromboglobulin * – chemokines, c * – chemokines, cc * – chemokines, cxc * – chemokines, cx3c * –

* – macrophage inflammatory proteins * – macrophage inflammatory protein-1 * – monocyte chemoattractant proteins * –

* –

– prostaglandins, synthetic

* –

iloprost Iloprost, sold under the brand name Ventavis among others, is a medication used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon, frostbite, and other conditions in which the blood vessels are constricted and b ...

* – prostaglandin endoperoxides, synthetic * – 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid * – prostaglandins a, synthetic * – prostaglandins e, synthetic * – arbaprostil * – 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 * –

enprostil Enprostil is a synthetic prostaglandin designed to resemble dinoprostone. Enprostil was found to be a highly potent inhibitor of gastric HCl secretion. It is an analog of prostaglandin E2 but unlike this prostaglandin, which binds to and activates ...

* –

misoprostol Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin medication used to prevent and treat stomach and duodenal ulcers, induce labor, cause an abortion, and treat postpartum bleeding due to poor contraction of the uterus. It is taken by mouth when used ...

* – rioprostil * – prostaglandins f, synthetic * –

carboprost Carboprost (International Nonproprietary Name, INN, trade names for the tromethamine salts Hemabate, Tham) is a synthetic prostaglandin analogue of Prostaglandin F2alpha, PGF2α (specifically, it is 15-methyl-PGF2α) with oxytocic properties. Ca ...

* –

cloprostenol Cloprostenol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). It is a potent luteolytic agent; this means that, within hours of administration, it causes the corpus luteum to stop production of progesterone, and to reduce in size over se ...

– natriuretic peptide, brain

– natriuretic peptide, c-type

–
pheromones A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavi ...

– pheromones, human

– sex attractants

– pigments, biological

–
adrenochrome Adrenochrome is a chemical compound produced by the oxidation of adrenaline (epinephrine). It was the subject of limited research from the 1950s through to the 1970s as a potential cause of schizophrenia. While it has no current medical applic ...

–
anthocyanins Anthocyanins (), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart named a chemical compound that gives flow ...

–
bile pigments Bilins, bilanes or bile pigments are biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins. Bilin (also called bilichrome) was named as a bile pigment of mammals, but can also be found in lower vertebrates, inve ...

* –

bilirubin Bilirubin (BR) (adopted from German, originally bili—bile—plus ruber—red—from Latin) is a red-orange compound that occurs in the normcomponent of the straw-yellow color in urine. Another breakdown product, stercobilin, causes the brown ...

* – biliverdine * –

urobilin Urobilin is the chemical primarily responsible for the yellow color of urine. It is a linear tetrapyrrole compound that, along with the related colorless compound urobilinogen, are degradation products of the cyclic tetrapyrrole heme. Metabolis ...

* –

urobilinogen Urobilinogen is a yellow by-product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by the bacterial enzyme bilirubin reductase. About half of the urobilinogen formed is reabsorbed and taken up via the portal vein to the liver, enters circu ...

–
carotenoids Carotenoids () are yellow, orange, and red organic compound, organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and Fungus, fungi. Carotenoids give the characteristic color to pumpkins, carrots, parsnips ...

* –

beta carotene Beta (, ; uppercase , lowercase , or cursive ; or ) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. In Ancient Greek, beta represented the voiced bilabial plosive . In Modern Greek, it represe ...

* –

retinoids The retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are natural derivatives of vitamin A or are chemically related to it. Synthetic retinoids are utilized in cosmetic formulations, clinical dermatology, and the treatment of some forms of cancer ...

* –

acitretin Acitretin, sold under the brand names Neotigason and Soriatane, is a second-generation retinoid. It is taken orally, and is typically used for psoriasis. Acitretin is an oral retinoid used in the treatment of severe resistant psoriasis. Becaus ...

* –

etretinate Etretinate (trade name Tegison) is a medication developed by Hoffmann–La Roche that was approved by the FDA in 1986 to treat severe psoriasis. It is a second-generation retinoid. It was subsequently removed from the Canadian market in 1996 and t ...

* –

fenretinide Fenretinide (''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide; 4-HPR) (INN) is a synthetic retinoid derivative. Retinoids are substances related to vitamin A. It has been investigated for potential use in the treatment of cancer, as well as in the treatment of c ...

* –

isotretinoin Isotretinoin, also known as 13-''cis''-retinoic acid and sold under the brand name Accutane among others, is a medication used to treat skin diseases like harlequin-type ichthyosis, and lamellar ichthyosis, and severe cystic acne or moderat ...

* –

retinaldehyde Retinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyene chromophore. Retinal, bound to proteins called opsins, is the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the light-detection stage of visual perception (vision). Some microorganisms use retin ...

* –

tretinoin Tretinoin, also known as all-''trans'' retinoic acid (ATRA), is a medication used for the treatment of acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. For acne, it is applied to the skin as a cream, gel or ointment. For acute promyelocytic leukemia, ...

* –

vitamin a Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is an essential nutrient. The term "vitamin A" encompasses a group of chemically related organic compounds that includes retinol, retinyl esters, and several provitamin (precursor) carotenoids, most not ...

* –

xanthophylls Xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. The name is from Greek: (), meaning "yellow", an ...

* –

canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. The chemical formula of canthaxanthin is C40H52O2. It was first isolated in edible mushrooms. It ...

* –

lutein Lutein (;"Lutein"

zeta carotene

– ceroid

–
flavins Flavins (from Latin ''flavus'', "yellow") refers generally to the class of organic compounds containing the tricyclic heterocycle isoalloxazine or its isomer alloxazine, and derivatives thereof. The biochemical source of flavin is the yellow B ...

* –

riboflavin Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in food and sold as a dietary supplement. It is essential to the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. These coenzymes are involved in ...

* – flavin-adenine dinucleotide * –

flavin mononucleotide Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as ...

–
hemocyanin Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins and abbreviated Hc) are proteins that transport oxygen throughout the bodies of some invertebrate animals. These metalloproteins contain two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O2 ...

–
lipofuscin Lipofuscin is the name given to fine yellow-brown pigment Granule (cell biology), granules composed of lipid-containing residues of Lysosome, lysosomal digestion. It is considered to be one of the aging or "wear-and-tear" pigments, found in the l ...

–
melanins Melanin (; ) is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms. Melanin pigments are produced in a specialized group of cells known as melanocytes. There are ...

–
phycocyanin Phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, along with allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin. It is an accessory pigment to chlorophyll. All phycobiliproteins are water-soluble, so they cannot exist ...

–
phycoerythrin Phycoerythrin (PE) is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, present in cyanobacteria, red algae and Cryptomonad, cryptophytes, accessory to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis.The ...

–
phytochrome Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor proteins found in plants, bacteria and fungi. They respond to light in the red and far-red regions of the visible spectrum and can be classed as either Type I, which are activated by far-red light, or ...

* – phytochrome a * – phytochrome b

–
porphyrins Porphyrins ( ) are heterocyclic, macrocyclic, organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (). In vertebrates, an essential member of the porphyrin group is heme, whi ...

* –

chlorophyll Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words (, "pale green") and (, "leaf"). Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb energy ...

* –

bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) are photosynthetic pigments that occur in various phototrophic bacteria. They were discovered by C. B. van Niel in 1932. They are related to chlorophylls, which are the primary pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacte ...

* – chlorophyllides * – pheophytins * –

protochlorophyllide Protochlorophyllide,KEGG compound database entr/ref> or monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll ''a''. It lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll and the reduced pyrrole in ring D. Protochlorophy ...

* – coproporphyrins * – deuteroporphyrins * – etioporphyrins * – hematoporphyrins * – hematoporphyrin derivative * – dihematoporphyrin ether * – mesoporphyrins * – metalloporphyrins * –

* –

* – chlorophyllides * –

* –

heme Heme (American English), or haem (Commonwealth English, both pronounced /Help:IPA/English, hi:m/ ), is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecule that commonly serves as a Ligand (biochemistry), ligand of various proteins, more notably as a Prostheti ...

* –

hemin Hemin (haemin; ferric chloride heme) is an iron-containing porphyrin with chlorine that can be formed from a heme group, such as heme B found in the hemoglobin of human blood. Chemistry Hemin is protoporphyrin IX containing a ferric iron (Fe ...

* – porphyrinogens * – coproporphyrinogens * –

uroporphyrinogens Uroporphyrinogens are cyclic tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups ("P" groups) and four acetic acid groups ("A" groups). There are four forms, which vary based upon the arrangements of the "P" and "A" groups (in clockwise order): * In the ...

* – protoporphyrins * – uroporphyrins

–
prodigiosin Prodigiosin is a red dye produced by many strains of the bacterium ''Serratia marcescens'', as well as other Gram-negative, gamma proteobacteria such as ''Vibrio psychroerythrus'' and ''Hahella chejuensis''. It is responsible for the pink tint occ ...

– pterins

* – xanthopterin

– pyocyanine

– retinal pigments

* –

opsin Animal opsins are G-protein-coupled receptors and a group of proteins made light-sensitive via a chromophore, typically retinal. When bound to retinal, opsins become retinylidene proteins, but are usually still called opsins regardless. Most pro ...

* –

rhodopsin Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the ''RHO'' gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a light-sensitive receptor protein that triggers visual phototransduction in rod cells. Rhodopsin mediates dim ...

– toxins, biological

–
bacterial toxins Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses. Many microbial toxins promote infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and by disabling the immune system. ...

* – botulinum toxins * – botulinum toxin type a * –

cholera toxin Cholera toxin (also known as choleragen, CTX, CTx and CT) is a potent enterotoxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae which causes severe watery diarrhea and dehydration that define cholera infections. The toxin is a member of the heat-l ...

* – cord factors * –

diphtheria toxin Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted mainly by '' Corynebacterium diphtheriae'' but also by ''Corynebacterium ulcerans'' and '' Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis'', the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. The toxin gene is enco ...

* – exfoliatins * – leukocidins * –

shiga toxins Shiga toxins are a family of related exotoxin, toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, expressed by genes considered to be part of the genome of Lambdavirus, lambdoid prophages. The toxins are named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first descri ...

* – shiga-like toxin i * – shiga-like toxin ii * –

shiga toxin Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, expressed by genes considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages. The toxins are named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial ori ...

* – streptolysins * –

tetanus toxin Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of '' Clostridium tetani'' in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It has no known function for clostridia in the soil environment where they are normal ...

* – virulence factors, bordetella * –

adenylate cyclase toxin Adenylate cyclase toxin is a virulence factor produced by some members of the genus ''Bordetella''. Together with the pertussis toxin it is the most important virulence factor of the causative agent of whooping cough, '' Bordetella pertussis''. '' ...

* –

pertussis toxin Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based AB5-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium '' Bordetella pertussis'', which causes whooping cough. PT is involved in the colonization of the respiratory tract and the establishment of infection. ...

–
endotoxins Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), now more commonly known as endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, such as '' E. coli'' and ''Salmonella'' with a common structural archit ...

* –

* – o antigens

–
enterotoxins An enterotoxin is a protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines. They can be chromosomally or plasmid encoded. They are heat labile (> 60 °C), of low molecular weight and water-soluble. Enterotoxins are frequently cy ...

* –

* – shiga-like toxin i * – shiga-like toxin ii * –

–
exotoxins An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, sim ...

* – exfoliatins * – streptolysins

– hypoglycins

– marine toxins

* –

ciguatoxins image:ciguatoxin.svg, 300px, class=skin-invert-image, Chemical structure of the ciguatoxin CTX1B Ciguatoxins are a class of toxic Polycyclic compound, polycyclic polyethers found in fish that cause ciguatera. There are several different chemi ...

* – cnidarian venoms * – fish venoms * – holothurin * – lyngbya toxins * – mollusk venoms * – conotoxins * – omega-conotoxins * – omega-conotoxin gvia * –

* –

saxitoxin Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin. Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of shellfish contaminated by toxic algal blooms, is responsible for the illness known as paralytic she ...

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tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin. Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an Order (biology), order that includes Tetraodontidae, pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Alt ...

–
mycotoxins A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης , "fungus" and τοξικός , "poisonous") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually r ...

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aflatoxins Aflatoxins are various poisonous carcinogens and mutagens that are produced by certain molds, especially ''Aspergillus'' species such as ''Aspergillus flavus'' and ''Aspergillus parasiticus''. According to the USDA, "They are probably the best ...

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aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1 is an aflatoxin produced by ''Aspergillus flavus'' and '' A. parasiticus''. It is a very potent carcinogen with a TD50 3.2 μg/kg/day in rats. This carcinogenic potency varies across species with some, such as rats and monkeys, see ...

* –

aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1 is a chemical compound of the aflatoxin class, a group of mycotoxins produced by three species of ''Aspergillus'' – ''Aspergillus flavus'', ''Aspergillus parasiticus'', and the rare '' Aspergillus nomius'' – which contaminate pla ...

* –

amanitins Amanitin may refer to several related amatoxins: * α-Amanitin * β-Amanitin * γ-Amanitin * ε-Amanitin See also * Amatoxin, a class of toxic compounds that include the amanitins * Amanin Amanin is a cyclic peptide. It is one of the amatox ...

* –

citrinin Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food. It is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates long-stored food and it can cause a variety of toxic effects, including kidney, liver and cell damage. Citrinin is mainly found ...

* –

cytochalasins Cytochalasins are fungal metabolites that have the ability to bind to actin filaments and block polymerization and the elongation of actin. As a result of the inhibition of actin polymerization, cytochalasins can change cellular morphology, inhibit ...

* –

cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B, the name of which comes from the Greek ''cytos'' (cell) and ''chalasis'' (relaxation), is a cell-permeable mycotoxin. It was found that substoichiometric concentrations of cytochalasin B (CB) strongly inhibit network formation by ac ...

* –

cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D is a member of the class of mycotoxins known as cytochalasins. Cytochalasin D is an alkaloid produced by '' Helminthosporium'' and other molds. Cytochalasin D is a cell-permeable and potent inhibitor of actin polymerization. It di ...

* –

fumonisins The fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins derived from ''Fusarium'' and their Liseola section. They have strong structural similarity to sphinganine, the backbone precursor of sphingolipids. More specifically, it can refer to: * Fumonisin B1 ...

* –

gliotoxin Gliotoxin is a sulfur-containing mycotoxin that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced by several species of fungi, especially those of marine origin. It is the most prominent member of the epipolythiopiperaz ...

* –

ibotenic acid Ibotenic acid or (''S'')-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)acetic acid, also referred to as ibotenate, is a naturally occurring alpha-amino acid found in certain ''Amanita'' mushrooms, that primarily acts as a potent glutamate receptor agonist ...

* –

muscimol Muscimol, also known as agarin or pantherine, as well as 5-(aminomethyl)-1,2-oxazol-3-ol, is the principal psychoactive constituent of ''Amanita muscaria'' and '' Amanita pantherina''. Muscimol is an isoxazole alkaloid and a potent and selectiv ...

* – ochratoxins * –

patulin Patulin is an organic compound classified as a polyketide. It is named after the fungus from which it was isolated, '' Penicillium patulum''. It is a white powder soluble in acidic water and in organic solvents. It is a lactone that is heat-stabl ...

* –

penicillic acid Penicillic acid is a mycotoxin that is produced by ''Aspergillus flavus'', '' Aspergillus ostianus'' and ''Penicillium roqueforti'' mold. It is not a product of acid degradation of penicillin. Its first practical synthesis was reported in 1947 by ...

* – phalloidine * – sporidesmins * – sterigmatocystin * – tenuazonic acid * –

trichothecenes Trichothecenes constitute a large group of chemically related mycotoxins. They are produced by Fungus, fungi of the genera ''Fusarium'', ''Myrothecium'', ''Trichoderma'', ''Podostroma'', ''Trichothecium'', ''Cephalosporium'', ', ''Stachybotrys'' ...

* –

t-2 toxin T-2 mycotoxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is a naturally occurring mold byproduct of ''Fusarium'' spp. fungus which is toxic to humans and other animals. The clinical condition it causes is ''alimentary toxic aleukia'' and a host of symptom ...

* – trichodermin * –

zearalenone Zearalenone (ZEN), also known as RAL and F-2 mycotoxin, is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some ''Fusarium'' and '' Gibberella'' species. Specifically, the '' Gibberella zeae'', the fungal species where zearalenone was initially detec ...

–
venoms Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a sti ...

* – amphibian venoms * – batrachotoxins * –

bombesin Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad (''Bombina bombina'') by Vittorio Erspamer ''et al.'' and named after its source. NIHMSID 45053. It has two known homologs in mammals call ...

* –

bufotenin Bufotenin, also known as dimethylserotonin or as 5-hydroxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (5-HO-DMT), is a serotonergic psychedelic of the tryptamine family. It is a derivative of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and of the neurotransmi ...

* – physalaemin * – arthropod venoms * – ant venoms * – bee venoms * –

apamin Apamin is an 18 amino acid globular peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin ( bee venom). Dry bee venom consists of 2–3% of apamin. Apamin selectively blocks SK channels, a type of Ca2+-activated K+ channel expressed in the central nervous syste ...

* – melitten * – scorpion venoms * –

charybdotoxin Charybdotoxin (ChTX) is a 37 amino acid neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion '' Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus'' (''deathstalker'') that blocks calcium-activated potassium channels. This blockade causes hyperexcitability of the nervous sys ...

* –

spider venoms Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight limbs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species div ...

* – omega-agatoxin iva * –

wasp venoms A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. Th ...

* – cnidarian venoms * – fish venoms * – mollusk venoms * – conotoxins * – omega-conotoxins * – omega-conotoxin gvia * –

* –

snake venoms Snake venom is a highly toxic saliva containing zootoxins that facilitates in the immobilization and digestion of prey. This also provides defense against threats. Snake venom is usually injected by unique fangs during a bite, though some speci ...

* – elapid venoms * – bungarotoxins * – cobra venoms * – cobra neurotoxins * – direct lytic factors * – hydrophid venoms * – erabutoxins * – viper venoms * – crotalid venoms * –

ancrod Ancrod (current brand name: Viprinex) is a defibrinogenating agent derived from the venom of the Malayan pit viper. Defibrinogenating blood produces an anticoagulant effect. Ancrod is not approved or marketed in any country. It is a thrombin-l ...

* –

batroxobin Batroxobin, also known as reptilase, is a snake venom Snake venom is a highly toxic saliva containing zootoxins that facilitates in the immobilization and digestion of prey. This also provides defense against threats. Snake venom is usually i ...

* – crotoxin

–
virulence factors Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in botany) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following: * co ...

* – virulence factors, bordetella * –

* –

---- The list continues at List of MeSH codes (D25). {{MeSH codes D23

– biological factors

– antigens In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. An ...

– allergens An allergen is an otherwise harmless substance that triggers an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals by stimulating an immune response. In technical terms, an allergen is an antigen that is capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivi ...

– antigen-antibody complex An immune complex, sometimes called an antigen-antibody complex or antigen-bound antibody, is a molecule formed from the binding of multiple antigens to antibodies. The bound antigen and antibody act as a unitary object, effectively an antigen of ...

– antigens, archaeal

– antigens, bacterial

– antigens, dermatophagoides

– antigens, fungal

– antigens, helminth

– antigens, heterophile

– antigens, neoplasm

– antigens, nuclear

– antigens, plant

– antigens, protozoan

– antigens, surface

– antigens, t-independent

– antigens, viral

– autoantigens In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease". ...

– epitopes An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope. Although ep ...

– isoantigens

– superantigens Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically they cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. Superanti ...

– vaccines, synthetic

– biological markers In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues to examine normal biological processes, p ...

– antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic

– antigens, differentiation

– chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human

– fibrinopeptide a The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

– genetic markers A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be ...

– oligoclonal bands Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed. They are used in the diagnosis of various neurological and blood diseases. Oligoclonal bands are present in ...

– tumor markers, biological

– blood coagulation factor inhibitors

– antithrombin iii Antithrombin (AT) is a small glycoprotein that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. It is a 464-amino-acid protein produced by the liver. It contains three disulfide bonds and a total of four possible glycosylation sites. α-An ...

– lupus coagulation inhibitor

– protein c Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, is a zymogen, that is, an inactive enzyme. The activated form plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, and cell death and maintaini ...

– protein s Protein S (also known as PROS) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms: a free form and a complex form bound to complement protein C4b-binding protein (C4BP). In h ...

– blood coagulation factors

– beta-thromboglobulin

– calcium Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to it ...

– factor v Coagulation factor V (Factor V), also less commonly known as proaccelerin or labile factor, is a protein involved in coagulation, encoded, in humans, by ''F5'' gene. In contrast to most other coagulation factors, it is not enzymatically active b ...

– factor vii Coagulation factor VII (, formerly known as proconvertin) is a protein involved in coagulation and, in humans, is encoded by gene ''F7''. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class. Once bound to tissue factor released from damaged tissues, ...

– factor viii Coagulation factor VIII (Factor VIII, FVIII, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF)) is an essential blood clotting protein. In humans, it is encoded by ''F8'' gene. Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, an X-linked bleeding disorder ...

– factor ix Factor IX (), also known as Christmas factor, is one of the serine proteases involved in coagulation; it belongs to peptidase family S1. Deficiency of this protein causes haemophilia B. It was discovered in 1952 after a young boy named Stephen ...

– factor x Coagulation factor X (), or Stuart factor, is an enzyme of the coagulation cascade, encoded in humans by ''F10'' gene. It is a serine endopeptidase (protease group S1, PA clan). Factor X is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for i ...

– factor xi Factor XI, or plasma thromboplastin antecedent, is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes involved in coagulation. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease. In humans, factor XI is encoded by ''F11'' gene. Fu ...

– factor xii Coagulation factor XII, also known as Hageman factor, is a plasma protein involved in coagulation. It is the zymogen form of factor XIIa (), an enzyme of the serine protease (or serine endopeptidase) class. In humans, factor XII is encoded by ' ...

– factor xiii Factor XIII, or fibrin stabilizing factor, is a plasma protein and zymogen. It is activated by thrombin to factor XIIIa which crosslinks fibrin in coagulation. Deficiency of XIII worsens clot stability and increases bleeding tendency. Huma ...

– fibrinogen Fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) is a glycoprotein protein complex, complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates. During tissue and vascular injury, it is converted Enzyme, enzymatically by thrombin to fibrin ...

– fibrinopeptide a The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

– fibrinopeptide b The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

– kallikreins Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases, enzymes capable of cleaving peptide bonds in proteins. In humans, plasma kallikrein (encoded by '' KLKB1 gene'') has no known paralogue, while tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (''KLKs'') encode ...

– kininogens Kininogens are precursor proteins for kinins, biologically active polypeptides involved in blood coagulation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammatory regulation, and the regulation of the cardiovascular and renal systems. Types ...

– plasminogen activator inhibitor 1

– plasminogen activator inhibitor 2

– platelet activating factor

– platelet factor 3

– platelet factor 4 Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation ...

– prothrombin Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2-gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin. Thrombin (Factor IIa) (, fibrose, thrombase, throm ...

– thrombin Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2-gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin. Thrombin (Factor IIa) (, fibrose, thrombase, throm ...

– thromboplastin Thromboplastin (TPL) is derived from cell membranes and is a mixture of both phospholipids and tissue factor, neither of which are enzymes. Thromboplastin acts on and accelerates the activity of Factor Xa, also known as thrombokinase, aiding blood ...

– tissue plasminogen activator Tissue-type plasminogen activator, short name tPA, is a protein that facilitates the breakdown of blood clots. It acts as an enzyme to convert plasminogen into its active form plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown. It is a s ...

– von willebrand factor Von Willebrand factor (VWF) () is a blood glycoprotein that promotes primary hemostasis, specifically, platelet adhesion. It is deficient and/or defective in von Willebrand disease and is involved in many other diseases, including thrombotic thro ...

– chemotactic factors Chemotaxis (from ''chemical substance, chemo-'' + ''taxis'') is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell organism, single-cell or multicellular organisms direct thei ...

– chemokines Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addit ...

– chemotactic factors, eosinophil

– chemotactic factors, macrophage

– n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine

– growth substances

– cyclins Cyclins are proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). Etymology Cyclins were originally discovered by R. Timothy Hunt in 1982 while studying the cell cycle of sea urch ...

– epidermal growth factor

– fibroblast growth factors Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by the macrophages. They are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in ...

– growth inhibitors

– hematopoietic cell growth factors

– intercellular signaling peptides and proteins

– interleukins Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related ...

– maturation-promoting factor Maturation-promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis-promoting factor or M-Phase-promoting factor) is the cyclin–Cdk complex that was discovered first in frog eggs. It stimulates the mitotic and meiotic phases of the cell cycle. M ...

– nerve growth factors Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it was o ...

– neuregulins Neuregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins. These proteins have been shown to have diverse functions in the development of the nervous system and play multiple essential roles in ver ...

– platelet-derived growth factor Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one among numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing bloo ...

– somatomedins

– transforming growth factors Transforming growth factor (, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ. The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically ...

–
antigens In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. An ...

–
allergens An allergen is an otherwise harmless substance that triggers an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals by stimulating an immune response. In technical terms, an allergen is an antigen that is capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivi ...

–
antigen-antibody complex An immune complex, sometimes called an antigen-antibody complex or antigen-bound antibody, is a molecule formed from the binding of multiple antigens to antibodies. The bound antigen and antibody act as a unitary object, effectively an antigen of ...

–
autoantigens In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease". ...

–
epitopes An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope. Although ep ...

–
superantigens Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically they cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. Superanti ...

–
biological markers In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues to examine normal biological processes, p ...

–
fibrinopeptide a The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

–
genetic markers A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be ...

–
oligoclonal bands Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed. They are used in the diagnosis of various neurological and blood diseases. Oligoclonal bands are present in ...

–
antithrombin iii Antithrombin (AT) is a small glycoprotein that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. It is a 464-amino-acid protein produced by the liver. It contains three disulfide bonds and a total of four possible glycosylation sites. α-An ...

–
protein c Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, is a zymogen, that is, an inactive enzyme. The activated form plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, and cell death and maintaini ...

–
protein s Protein S (also known as PROS) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms: a free form and a complex form bound to complement protein C4b-binding protein (C4BP). In h ...

–
calcium Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to it ...

–
factor v Coagulation factor V (Factor V), also less commonly known as proaccelerin or labile factor, is a protein involved in coagulation, encoded, in humans, by ''F5'' gene. In contrast to most other coagulation factors, it is not enzymatically active b ...

–
factor vii Coagulation factor VII (, formerly known as proconvertin) is a protein involved in coagulation and, in humans, is encoded by gene ''F7''. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class. Once bound to tissue factor released from damaged tissues, ...

–
factor viii Coagulation factor VIII (Factor VIII, FVIII, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF)) is an essential blood clotting protein. In humans, it is encoded by ''F8'' gene. Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, an X-linked bleeding disorder ...

–
factor ix Factor IX (), also known as Christmas factor, is one of the serine proteases involved in coagulation; it belongs to peptidase family S1. Deficiency of this protein causes haemophilia B. It was discovered in 1952 after a young boy named Stephen ...

–
factor x Coagulation factor X (), or Stuart factor, is an enzyme of the coagulation cascade, encoded in humans by ''F10'' gene. It is a serine endopeptidase (protease group S1, PA clan). Factor X is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for i ...

–
factor xi Factor XI, or plasma thromboplastin antecedent, is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes involved in coagulation. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease. In humans, factor XI is encoded by ''F11'' gene. Fu ...

–
factor xii Coagulation factor XII, also known as Hageman factor, is a plasma protein involved in coagulation. It is the zymogen form of factor XIIa (), an enzyme of the serine protease (or serine endopeptidase) class. In humans, factor XII is encoded by ' ...

–
factor xiii Factor XIII, or fibrin stabilizing factor, is a plasma protein and zymogen. It is activated by thrombin to factor XIIIa which crosslinks fibrin in coagulation. Deficiency of XIII worsens clot stability and increases bleeding tendency. Huma ...

–
fibrinogen Fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) is a glycoprotein protein complex, complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates. During tissue and vascular injury, it is converted Enzyme, enzymatically by thrombin to fibrin ...

–
fibrinopeptide a The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

–
fibrinopeptide b The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibr ...

–
kallikreins Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases, enzymes capable of cleaving peptide bonds in proteins. In humans, plasma kallikrein (encoded by '' KLKB1 gene'') has no known paralogue, while tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (''KLKs'') encode ...

–
kininogens Kininogens are precursor proteins for kinins, biologically active polypeptides involved in blood coagulation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammatory regulation, and the regulation of the cardiovascular and renal systems. Types ...

–
platelet factor 4 Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation ...

–
prothrombin Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2-gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin. Thrombin (Factor IIa) (, fibrose, thrombase, throm ...

–
thrombin Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2-gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin. Thrombin (Factor IIa) (, fibrose, thrombase, throm ...

–
thromboplastin Thromboplastin (TPL) is derived from cell membranes and is a mixture of both phospholipids and tissue factor, neither of which are enzymes. Thromboplastin acts on and accelerates the activity of Factor Xa, also known as thrombokinase, aiding blood ...

–
tissue plasminogen activator Tissue-type plasminogen activator, short name tPA, is a protein that facilitates the breakdown of blood clots. It acts as an enzyme to convert plasminogen into its active form plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown. It is a s ...

–
von willebrand factor Von Willebrand factor (VWF) () is a blood glycoprotein that promotes primary hemostasis, specifically, platelet adhesion. It is deficient and/or defective in von Willebrand disease and is involved in many other diseases, including thrombotic thro ...

–
chemotactic factors Chemotaxis (from ''chemical substance, chemo-'' + ''taxis'') is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell organism, single-cell or multicellular organisms direct thei ...

–
chemokines Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addit ...

–
cyclins Cyclins are proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). Etymology Cyclins were originally discovered by R. Timothy Hunt in 1982 while studying the cell cycle of sea urch ...

–
fibroblast growth factors Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by the macrophages. They are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in ...

–
interleukins Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related ...

–
maturation-promoting factor Maturation-promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis-promoting factor or M-Phase-promoting factor) is the cyclin–Cdk complex that was discovered first in frog eggs. It stimulates the mitotic and meiotic phases of the cell cycle. M ...

–
nerve growth factors Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons. It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it was o ...

–
neuregulins Neuregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins. These proteins have been shown to have diverse functions in the development of the nervous system and play multiple essential roles in ver ...

–
platelet-derived growth factor Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one among numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing bloo ...

–
transforming growth factors Transforming growth factor (, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ. The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically ...

–
chemokines Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addit ...

–
pheromones A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavi ...

–
adrenochrome Adrenochrome is a chemical compound produced by the oxidation of adrenaline (epinephrine). It was the subject of limited research from the 1950s through to the 1970s as a potential cause of schizophrenia. While it has no current medical applic ...

–
anthocyanins Anthocyanins (), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart named a chemical compound that gives flow ...

–
bile pigments Bilins, bilanes or bile pigments are biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins. Bilin (also called bilichrome) was named as a bile pigment of mammals, but can also be found in lower vertebrates, inve ...

–
carotenoids Carotenoids () are yellow, orange, and red organic compound, organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and Fungus, fungi. Carotenoids give the characteristic color to pumpkins, carrots, parsnips ...

–
flavins Flavins (from Latin ''flavus'', "yellow") refers generally to the class of organic compounds containing the tricyclic heterocycle isoalloxazine or its isomer alloxazine, and derivatives thereof. The biochemical source of flavin is the yellow B ...

–
hemocyanin Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins and abbreviated Hc) are proteins that transport oxygen throughout the bodies of some invertebrate animals. These metalloproteins contain two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O2 ...

–
lipofuscin Lipofuscin is the name given to fine yellow-brown pigment Granule (cell biology), granules composed of lipid-containing residues of Lysosome, lysosomal digestion. It is considered to be one of the aging or "wear-and-tear" pigments, found in the l ...

–
melanins Melanin (; ) is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms. Melanin pigments are produced in a specialized group of cells known as melanocytes. There are ...

–
phycocyanin Phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, along with allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin. It is an accessory pigment to chlorophyll. All phycobiliproteins are water-soluble, so they cannot exist ...

–
phycoerythrin Phycoerythrin (PE) is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, present in cyanobacteria, red algae and Cryptomonad, cryptophytes, accessory to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis.The ...

–
phytochrome Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor proteins found in plants, bacteria and fungi. They respond to light in the red and far-red regions of the visible spectrum and can be classed as either Type I, which are activated by far-red light, or ...

–
porphyrins Porphyrins ( ) are heterocyclic, macrocyclic, organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (). In vertebrates, an essential member of the porphyrin group is heme, whi ...

–
prodigiosin Prodigiosin is a red dye produced by many strains of the bacterium ''Serratia marcescens'', as well as other Gram-negative, gamma proteobacteria such as ''Vibrio psychroerythrus'' and ''Hahella chejuensis''. It is responsible for the pink tint occ ...

–
bacterial toxins Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses. Many microbial toxins promote infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and by disabling the immune system. ...

–
endotoxins Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), now more commonly known as endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, such as '' E. coli'' and ''Salmonella'' with a common structural archit ...

–
enterotoxins An enterotoxin is a protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines. They can be chromosomally or plasmid encoded. They are heat labile (> 60 °C), of low molecular weight and water-soluble. Enterotoxins are frequently cy ...

–
exotoxins An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, sim ...

–
mycotoxins A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης , "fungus" and τοξικός , "poisonous") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually r ...

–
venoms Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a sti ...

–
virulence factors Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in botany) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following: * co ...