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Fibroblast Growth Factors
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by the macrophages. They are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in their function will lead to a range of developmental defects. These growth factors typically act as a systemic or locally circulating molecules of extracellular origin that activate cell surface receptors. A defining property of FGFs is that they bind to heparin and to heparan sulfate. Thus, some are sequestered in the extracellular matrix of tissues that contains heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and released locally upon injury or tissue remodeling. Families In humans, 23 members of the FGF family have been identified, all of which are ''structurally'' related signaling molecules: * Members FGF1 through FGF10 all bind fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). FGF1 is also known as ''acidic fibroblast growth factor'', and FGF2 is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Signalling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, the receptor, and the effector. In biology, signals are mostly chemical in nature, but can also be physical cues such as pressure, voltage, temperature, or light. Chemical signals are molecules with the ability to bind and activate a specific receptor. These molecules, also referred to as ligands, are chemically diverse, including ions (e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.), lipids (e.g. steroid, prostaglandin), peptides (e.g. insulin, ACTH), carbohydrates, glycosylated proteins (proteoglycans), nucleic acids, etc. Peptide and lipid ligands are particularly important, as most hormones belong to these classes of chemicals. Peptides are usually polar, hydrophilic molecules ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGF14
Fibroblast growth factor 14 is a biologically active protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGF14'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth, and invasion. A mutation in this gene is associated with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. FGF14 is mainly expressed in the central nervous system and is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA27). FGF14 deficiency also impairs the maturation of cells in the hippocampus, which is possibly related to the development of schizophrenia. Relationship with Alzheimer's disease FGF14 levels are elevated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. FGF14 messenger RNA w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGFR4
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR-4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGFR4'' gene. FGFR4 has also been designated as CD334 (cluster of differentiation 334). The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein would consist of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. The genomic organization of this gene, compared to members 1-3, encompasses 18 exons rather than 19 or 20. Although alternative spli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGFR3
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGFR3'' gene. FGFR3 has also been designated as CD333 (cluster of differentiation 333). The gene, which is located on chromosome 4, location p16.3, is expressed in tissues such as the cartilage, brain, intestine, and kidneys. The FGFR3 gene produces various forms of the FGFR-3 protein; the location varies depending on the isoform of FGFR-3. Since the different forms are found within different tissues the protein is responsible for multiple growth factor interactions. Gain of function mutations in FGFR3 inhibits chondrocyte proliferation and underlies achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia. Function FGFR-3 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein wou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGFR2
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR-2) also known as CD332 (cluster of differentiation 332) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGFR2'' gene residing on chromosome 10. FGFR2 is a receptor for fibroblast growth factor. FGFR-2 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein consists of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin domains, a single hydrophone, hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and cellular differentiation, differentiation. This particular family member is a high-affinity receptor for acidic, basic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hormone
A hormone (from the Ancient Greek, Greek participle , "setting in motion") is a class of cell signaling, signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones are required for the normal development of animals, plants and fungi. Due to the broad definition of a hormone (as a signaling molecule that exerts its effects far from its site of production), numerous kinds of molecules can be classified as hormones. Among the substances that can be considered hormones, are eicosanoids (e.g. prostaglandins and thromboxanes), steroids (e.g. Estrogen, oestrogen and brassinosteroid), amino acid derivatives (e.g. epinephrine and auxin), protein or peptides (e.g. insulin and CLE peptides), and gases (e.g. ethylene and nitric oxide). Hormones are used to communicate between organ (anatomy), organs and Tissue (biology), tissues. In vertebrates, hormones are responsible for regulating ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGF21
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a protein that in mammals is encoded by the ''FGF21'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and specifically a member of the endocrine subfamily which includes FGF23 and FGF15/19. FGF21 is the primary endogenous agonist of the FGF21 receptor, which is composed of the co-receptors FGF receptor 1 and β-Klotho. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities and are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGFs act through a family of four FGF receptors. Binding is complicated and requires both interaction of the FGF molecule with an FGF receptor and binding to heparin through a heparin binding domain. Endocrine FGFs lack a heparin binding domain and thus can be released into the circulation. FGF21 is a hepatokine – i.e., a hormone secreted by the liv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGF15/19
FGF15/19 refers to two orthologous fibroblast growth factors which share 50% amino acid identity and have similar functions. FGF15 was described in the mouse; FGF19 was found in humans and other species. They share physiological functions and so are often referred to as FGF15/19 or as FGF15/FGF19. They were first described in developing fetal brain. They are now known to be produced in the ileum, and under certain circumstances in the liver and biliary tree. It is thought their principal function is in response to bile acid absorption occurring after meals. FGF15 and FGF19 have similar roles in regulating bile acid synthesis and also glucose metabolism Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula , which is often abbreviated as Glc. It is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and ... in the liver. References {{DEFAULTSORT:FGF15 19 Fibroblast grow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGF19
Fibroblast growth factor 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGF19'' gene. It functions as a hormone, regulating bile acid synthesis, with effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Reduced synthesis, and blood levels, may be a factor in chronic bile acid diarrhea and in certain metabolic disorders. Functions The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This growth factor is a high affinity, heparin dependent ligand for FGFR4. Expression of this gene was detected only in fetal but not adult brain tissue. Synergistic interaction of the chick homolog and Wnt-8c has been shown to be required for initiation of inner ear development. The orthologous protein in mouse is FGF15, which shares abo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGF23
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is a protein and member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family which participates in the regulation of phosphate in plasma and vitamin D metabolism. In humans it is encoded by the gene. FGF-23 decreases reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney. Mutations in ''FGF23'' can lead to its increased activity, resulting in autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets. Description Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the gene. FGF23 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family which participates in phosphate and vitamin D metabolism and regulation. Function FGF23´s main function is to regulate the phosphate concentration in plasma. It does this by decreasing reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney, which means phosphate is excreted in urine. FGF23 is secreted by osteocytes in response to increased calcitriol and phosphate. FGF23 acts on the kidneys by decreasing the expression of NPT2, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FGF15
Fibroblast growth factor 15 is a protein in mouse encoded by the ''Fgf15'' gene. It is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family but, like FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23, has endocrine functions. FGF19 is the orthologous protein in humans. They are often referred together as FGF15/19. Identification FGF15 was first described in developing mouse brain. There is no human FGF15. Structure The mouse ''Fgf15'' gene is syntenic with the human ''FGF19'' gene. FGF15 and FGF19 proteins share about 50% amino acid identity, are found in the same tissues, and have similar functions in mouse and humans. Functions FGF15 is found in the absorptive cells of the mouse ileum and plays an important role in feedback inhibition of hepatic bile acid synthesis. FGF15 (and FGF19 in humans) function as hormones produced in response to bile acid absorption acting on the farnesoid X receptor FXR, are secreted into the portal venous circulation and bind onto the liver membrane receptor F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
