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A coachbuilder or body-maker is someone who manufactures bodies for passenger-carrying vehicles.Construction has always been a skilled trade requiring a relatively lightweight product with sufficient strength. The manufacture of necessarily fragile, but satisfactory wheels by a separate trade, a wheelwright, held together by iron or steel tyres, was always most critical.
From about AD 1000 rough vehicle construction was carried out by a ''wainwright'', a wagon-builder. Later names include ''cartwright'' (a carpenter who makes carts, from 1587); ''coachwright''; and ''coachmaker'' (from 1599). Subtrades include ''wheelwright'', ''coachjoiner'', etc. The word ''coachbuilder'' first appeared in 1794. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' 2011 Coachwork is the body of an
A British trade association the Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers was incorporated in 1630. Some British coachmaking firms operating in the 20th century were established even earlier. Rippon was active in the time of Queen Elizabeth I,
The car manufacturer would offer for sale a chassis frame, drivetrain (consisting of an engine, gearbox, differential, axles, and wheels), brakes, suspension, steering system, lighting system, spare wheel(s), front and rear mudguards (vulnerable and so made of pressed steel for strength and easy repair) and (later) bumpers, scuttle (firewall) and dashboard. The very easily damaged
Larger car dealers or distributors would commonly preorder stock chassis and the bodies they thought most likely to sell and order them for sale off their showroom floor.
All luxury vehicles during the automobile's Golden Era before World War II were available as chassis only. For example, when Duesenberg introduced their Model J, it was offered as chassis only, for $8,500. Other examples include the Bugatti Type 57, Cadillac V-16, Packard Twelve, Ferrari 250, Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8, Hispano-Suiza J12, and all Rolls-Royces produced before World War II. Delahaye had no in-house coachworks, so all its chassis were bodied by independents, who created their designs on the Type 135. For the Delahaye, most were bodied by Chapron, Labourdette, Franay, Saoutchik, Figoni et Falaschi, or Pennock.
The practice continued after World War II waning dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s. Rolls-Royce debuted its first unibody model, their Silver Shadow, in 1965.
Independent coachbuilders survived for a time after the mid-20th century, making bodies for the chassis produced by low-production companies such as Rolls-Royce, Ferrari, and Bentley. Producing body dies is extremely expensive (a single door die can run to US$40,000), which is usually only considered practical when large numbers are involved—though that was the path taken by Rolls-Royce and Bentley after 1945 for their own in-house production. Because dies for pressing metal panels are so costly, from the mid 20th century, many vehicles, most notably the Chevrolet Corvette, were clothed with large panels of
File:Lancia Belna Cabriolet 1935 Pourtout.jpg,
A coachbuilder or body-maker is someone who manufactures bodies for passenger-carrying vehicles.Construction has always been a skilled trade requiring a relatively lightweight product with sufficient strength. The manufacture of necessarily fragile, but satisfactory wheels by a separate trade, a wheelwright, held together by iron or steel tyres, was always most critical. From about AD 1000 rough vehicle construction was carried out by a ''wainwright'', a wagon-builder. Later names include ''cartwright'' (a carpenter who makes carts, from 1587); ''coachwright''; and ''coachmaker'' (from 1599). Subtrades include ''wheelwright'', ''coachjoiner'', etc. The word ''coachbuilder'' first appeared in 1794. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' 2011 Coachwork is the body of an
automobile
A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods.
The year 1886 is regarded ...
, bus
A bus (contracted from omnibus, with variants multibus, motorbus, autobus, etc.) is a road vehicle that carries significantly more passengers than an average car or van. It is most commonly used in public transport, but is also in use for cha ...
, horse-drawn carriage, or railway carriage. The word "coach" was derived from the Hungarian town of Kocs.
Coachbuilt body is the British English name for the coachbuilder's product. ''Custom body'' is the standard term in North American English
North American English (NAmE, NAE) is the most generalized variety (linguistics), variety of the English language as spoken in the United States and Canada. Because of their related histories and cultures, plus the similarities between the pron ...
.
"Coachbuilt body" is also the British English name for mass-produced vehicles built on assembly lines using the same but simplified techniques until more durable all-steel bodies replaced them in the early 1950s.
Prior to the popularization of unibody construction in the 1960s, there were many independent coachbuilders who built bodies on chassis provided by a manufacturer, often for luxury or sports cars. Many manufacturers such as Ferrari outsourced all bodywork to coachbuilders such as Pininfarina. Coachbuilders also made custom bodies for individual customers.The coachbuilder craftsmen who might once have built bespoke or custom bodies continue to build bodies for short runs of specialized commercial vehicles such as luxury motor coaches or recreational vehicles or motor-home bodied upon a rolling chassis provided by an independent manufacturer. A 'conversion' is built inside an existing vehicle body.
Horse-drawn origins
A British trade association the Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers was incorporated in 1630. Some British coachmaking firms operating in the 20th century were established even earlier. Rippon was active in the time of Queen Elizabeth I, Barker
Barker may refer to:
Occupations
* Barker (occupation), a person who attempts to attract patrons to entertainment events
* Barker (coachbuilder), a builder of horse-drawn coaches and later of bodywork for prestige cars
* a person who strips tanbar ...
founded in 1710 by an officer in Queen Anne's Guards. Brewster
Brewster may refer to:
People
* Brewster (surname)
*Brewster Kahle (born 1960), American computer technologist
*Brewster H. Shaw (born 1945), American astronaut
Places
* Brewster Park (Enniskillen), Northern Ireland
*Brewster (crater), The Moon
...
, the oldest in the U.S., was formed in 1810.
Coach-building had reached a high degree of specialization in Britain by the middle of the 19th century. Separate branches of the trade dealt with the timber, iron, leather, brass and other materials used in their construction. And there were many minor specialists with each of these categories. The “body-makers” produced the body or vehicle itself, while the “carriage-makers” made the stronger timbers beneath and around the body. The timbers used included ash, beech, elm, oak, mahogany, cedar, pine, birch and larch. The tools and processes used were similar to those used in cabinet-making, plus other specific to coach-making. Making the curved woodwork alone called for considerable skill. Making the iron axles, springs and other metal used was the work of the “coach-smith,” one of the most highly paid classes of London workmen. The coating of the interior of the coach with leather and painting, trimming, and decorating the exterior called for specialist tradesmen with a high degree of skill. Building carts and wagons required similar skills, but of a coarser kind.
Automobiles
From the beginning of the automobile industry manufacturers offered complete cars assembled in their own factories commonly using entire bodies made by specialist people using different skills. Soon after the start of the twentieth century mass production coachbuilders developed such as Mulliners or Pressed Steel in Great Britain,Fisher Body
Fisher Body was an automobile coachbuilder founded by the Fisher brothers in 1908 in Detroit, Michigan. A division of General Motors for many years, in 1984 it was dissolved to form other General Motors divisions. Fisher & Company (originally All ...
, Budd
Budd may refer to:
People
* Budd (given name)
* Budd (surname)
Places
* Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, Antarctica
* Budd Creek, California
* Budd Peak (Enderby Land), Antarctica
* Budd Peak (Heard Island), Indian Ocean
** Budd Pass
* Budd Inlet, a ...
, Briggs in the U. S., or Ambi-Budd in Germany. Many other big businesses remain involved.
Specialist market sector
There remained a market for bodies to fit low production, short-run and luxury cars. Custom or bespoke bodies were made and fitted to another manufacturer's rolling chassis by the craftsmen who had previously built bodies for horse-drawn carriages. Bespoke bodies are made of hand-shaped sheet metal, often aluminum alloy. Pressed or hand-shaped the metal panels were fastened to a wooden frame of particularly light but strong types of wood. Later many of the more important structural features of the bespoke or custom body such as A, B and C pillars were cast alloy components. Some bodies such as those entirely alloy bodies fitted to some Pierce-Arrow cars contained little or no wood, and were mounted on a conventional steel chassis.
The car manufacturer would offer for sale a chassis frame, drivetrain (consisting of an engine, gearbox, differential, axles, and wheels), brakes, suspension, steering system, lighting system, spare wheel(s), front and rear mudguards (vulnerable and so made of pressed steel for strength and easy repair) and (later) bumpers, scuttle (firewall) and dashboard. The very easily damaged honeycomb radiator
A honeycomb is a mass of Triangular prismatic honeycomb#Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb, hexagonal prismatic Beeswax, wax cells built by honey bees in their beehive, nests to contain their larvae and stores of honey and pollen.
beekeeping, Beekee ...
, later enclosed and protected by a shell or even reduced to an air intake, was or held the visual element identifying the chassis' brand. To let car manufacturers maintain some level of control over the final product their warranties could be voided if coachbuilders fitted unapproved bodies.
As well as bespoke bodies the same coachbuilders also made short runs of more-or-less identical bodies to the order of dealers or the manufacturer of a chassis. The same body design might then be adjusted to suit different brands of chassis. Examples include Salmons & Sons' ''Tickford'' bodies with a patent device to raise or lower a convertible's roof, first used on their 19th-century carriages, or ''Wingham'' convertible bodies by Martin Walter.
Obsolescence
Separate coachbuilt bodies became obsolete when vehicle manufacturers found they could no longer meet their customers' demands by relying on a simple separate chassis (on which a custom or bespoke body could be built) mounted on leaf springs on beam axles. Unibody or monocoque combined chassis and body structures became standardised during the middle years of the 20th century to provide the rigidity required by improved suspension systems without incurring the heavy weight, and consequent fuel penalty of a truly rigid separate chassis. The improved more supple suspension systems gave vehicles better road-holding and much improved the ride experienced by passengers.Ultra-luxury vehicles
Larger car dealers or distributors would commonly preorder stock chassis and the bodies they thought most likely to sell and order them for sale off their showroom floor.
All luxury vehicles during the automobile's Golden Era before World War II were available as chassis only. For example, when Duesenberg introduced their Model J, it was offered as chassis only, for $8,500. Other examples include the Bugatti Type 57, Cadillac V-16, Packard Twelve, Ferrari 250, Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8, Hispano-Suiza J12, and all Rolls-Royces produced before World War II. Delahaye had no in-house coachworks, so all its chassis were bodied by independents, who created their designs on the Type 135. For the Delahaye, most were bodied by Chapron, Labourdette, Franay, Saoutchik, Figoni et Falaschi, or Pennock.
The practice continued after World War II waning dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s. Rolls-Royce debuted its first unibody model, their Silver Shadow, in 1965.
Unibody construction
Independent coachbuilders survived for a time after the mid-20th century, making bodies for the chassis produced by low-production companies such as Rolls-Royce, Ferrari, and Bentley. Producing body dies is extremely expensive (a single door die can run to US$40,000), which is usually only considered practical when large numbers are involved—though that was the path taken by Rolls-Royce and Bentley after 1945 for their own in-house production. Because dies for pressing metal panels are so costly, from the mid 20th century, many vehicles, most notably the Chevrolet Corvette, were clothed with large panels of fiberglass
Fiberglass (American English) or fibreglass (Commonwealth English) is a common type of fiber-reinforced plastic using glass fiber. The fibers may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet called a chopped strand mat, or woven into glass cl ...
-reinforced resin, which only require inexpensive molds. Glass has since been replaced by more sophisticated materials, if necessary hand-formed. Generally, these replace metal only where weight is of paramount importance.
The advent of unibody construction, where the car body is unified with and structurally integral to the chassis, made custom coachbuilding uneconomic. Many coachbuilders closed down, were bought by manufacturers, or changed their core business to other activities:
*Transforming into dedicated design or styling houses, subcontracting to automotive brands (e.g. Zagato
Zagato is an independent Coachbuilder, coachbuilding company and total design centre located northwest of Milan in Terrazzano, a small village near Rho, Lombardy, Italy. The company's premises occupies an area of 23,000 square metres (250,000 sq ...
, Frua, Bertone, Pininfarina)
*Transforming into general coachwork series manufacturers, subcontracting to automotive brands (e.g. Karmann, Bertone, Vignale, Pininfarina)
*Manufacturing runs of special coachworks for trucks, delivery vans, touring cars, ambulances, fire engines, public transport vehicles, etc. (e.g., Pennock, Van Hool, Plaxton, Heuliez)
*Becoming technical partners for the development of roof constructions (e.g., Karmann, Heuliez), for example, or producers of various (aftermarket) automotive parts (e.g., Giannini)
Gallery
Pourtout
Carrosserie Pourtout was a French coachbuilding company. Founded by Marcel Pourtout in 1925, the firm is best known for its work in the decades prior to World War II, when it created distinctive and prestigious bodies for cars from numerous Europe ...
drophead coupé on a Lancia Belna
Lancia () is an Italian car manufacturer and a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is currently a Stellantis division. The present legal entity of Lancia was formed in January 2007 when its corporate parent reorganised its businesses, but i ...
chassis 1935
File:Coys vintage car 501593 fh000035.jpg, Touring 2-seater body on a 1938 Alfa Romeo 6C 2300B chassis
File:Alfa Romeo 1900 SS Ghia.jpg, Fixed head coupé by Ghia 1954 on an Alfa Romeo 1900 SS chassis
File:VW Hebmüller-Cabriolet bicolor vl TCE.jpg, Hebmüller Cabriolet modifications upon a mass-produced Volkswagen platform chassis
List of coachbuilders
Austria
*Ambruster *KeiblBelgium
*D'Ieteren
D'Ieteren SA () is a company, based in Belgium that is engaged in automobile distribution and vehicle glass repair and replacement (VGRR).
Activities
D'Ieteren is a group of services to the motorist, founded in 1805.
D'Ieteren Auto distrib ...
*Grümmer (Bruxelles)
*Simons
* Vanden Plas
* Van Hool
Denmark
*Carsten Jakobsen
Karsten or Carsten is a both a given name and a surname. It is believed to be either derived from a Low German form of Christian, or "man from karst". Notable persons with the name include:
Given name
;Carsten:
* Carsten Charles Sabathia (born 1 ...
France
*Achard, Fontanel & Cie (Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
)
*Ailloud & Dumond (Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
)
*Alin & Liautard ( Courbevoie)
* Amiot ( Dinard, Dinan)
*Angé (Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania. The city is on t ...
)
*Ansart & Teisseire ( Neuilly)
* Antem ( Levallois)
*Arnault ( Garches)
*Arqué (Toulouse)
*Aubertin ( Levallois-Perret)
*Paul Audineau (Levallois)
*Augereau (Brou
Brou may refer to:
* Brou, Eure-et-Loir, a village and ''commune'' in France
* Brou-sur-Chantereine, a village and ''commune'' in Seine-et-Marne, France
* Brou people, a Khmer Loeu ethnic group in Cambodia
See also
* Royal Monastery of Brou, in Bo ...
)
* Autobineau ( Neuilly)
*Bail (Paris)
*Baqué (Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania. The city is on t ...
)
*Barbier ( Cannes)
*Bedel ( Trouville-sur-mer)
*Belvallette (Paris, Neuilly)
*Bergeon & Descoins (Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
)
*Berlioz & Gouillon (Paris)
*Berluteau ( Melun)
*Bernin (Tours
Tours ( , ) is one of the largest cities in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 inhabitants as of 2018 while the population of the whole metr ...
)
*Besset ( Annonay)
*Bigatti (Nice
Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...
)
*Billeter & Cartier (Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
)
* Binder (Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. ...
)
*Blanc & Barral (Paris)
*Blesser (Paris)
*Blois (Toulouse)
*Boneberge (Lyon)
*Bonneville & Chabrol (Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania. The city is on t ...
)
*Gustave Borde (Dijon
Dijon (, , ) (dated)
* it, Digione
* la, Diviō or
* lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920.
The earl ...
)
*Boré ( Saint-Lô)
*Boschet ( Saint-Brieuc)
*Bounet (Toulouse)
*Bouteiller ( Nantes)
*Brandone ( Cannes)
*Bruand ( Chaumont)
*Henri Bretonniere ( Nantes, Brittany)
*Gratien Calmettes (Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania. The city is on t ...
)
*Candelaresi (Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
)
*Carrier ( Argenteuil, Alençon)
*Chabrol (Toulouse)
*Candelarési (Lyon)
*Carde & fils (Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
)
* Chappe et Gessalin, (Brie-Comte-Robert
Brie-Comte-Robert () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Brie-Comte-Robert is on the edge of the plain of Brie and was formerly the capital of the ''Brie française''.
"Brie" ...
)
* Chapron (Levallois-Perret)
* Philippe Charbonneaux
*Chatellard (Toulouse)
*Chaussende (Lyon)
* Chausson ( Asnières, Gennevilliers)
*Chéreau ( Avranches)
*Chicot (Levallois)
*Chilbourg (Paris)
*Clabot ( Alfortville)
*Clochez (Paris)
*Cluzeau ( Bergerac)
*Cottard ( Bourg-en-Bresse)
*Crouzier frères ( Moulins)
* Currus (Paris)
* Darl'mat (Paris)
*Declerq & Cordonnier (Lille
Lille ( , ; nl, Rijsel ; pcd, Lile; vls, Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, in French Flanders. On the river Deûle, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the Nord ...
, Roubaix)
*DeCostier (Boulogne s/Seine)
*Decultil & Cie (Lyon)
*Victor Delassale (Paris)
*Delaroche & Turquet ( Le Mans)
*Delaugère ( Orléans)
*Deloche (Paris)
*Desouches, David & Cie ( Pantin)
*Desvaux ( Rueil)
*Di Rosa ( La Garenne-Colombes)
*Drouet & Gaucher (Courbevoie)
*Maurice Dumas (Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
)
*Louis Dubos (Neuilly)
*Dubos ( Puteaux)
*Duhamel et Compagnie (Paris)
*Duvivier (Levallois-Perret)
*Ehrler (Paris)
*Ehmgard et Delbenque (Paris)
*Esclassan – Tôlerie automobile et industrielle (Boulogne s/Seine)
* Facel-Métallon ( Dreux)
*Faget & Varnet (Levallois)
*Faurax (Paris since 1808, later Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
)
*Faurax & Chaussende (since 1920, Lyon)
*Felber frères (Puteaux)
* Fernandez & Darrin (Paris)
* Figoni et Falaschi (Boulogne s/Seine)
*Firmin (Paris)
*Fleury ( Thonon)
*Floquet (Saint-Amand)
*Forrler ( Strasbourg)
*Fournier (Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
)
*Fournier (Suresnes
Suresnes () is a Communes of France, commune in the western suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France. Located in Hauts-de-Seine, from the centre of Paris, it had a population of 49,145 as of 2016. The nearest communes are Nanterre, Puteaux, Rueil-Malmais ...
)
* Franay (Levallois-Perret)
*Frugier (Toulouse, Limoges)
* Gallé (Boulogne s/Seine)
*Gangloff (Colmar
Colmar (, ; Alsatian: ' ; German during 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: ') is a city and commune in the Haut-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. The third-largest commune in Alsace (after Strasbourg and Mulhouse), ...
)
*Garros (Toulouse)
*Gaudichet & Turquet ( Le Mans)
*Henri Gauthier ( Villeurbanne, Beaulieu-Audincourt)
*Gilotte (Courbevoie)
*Girardo frères ( Cannes)
*Grange frères (Valence-sur-Rhône)
*Gras (Dijon
Dijon (, , ) (dated)
* it, Digione
* la, Diviō or
* lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920.
The earl ...
)
*Gruau ( Laval)
*Grümmer (Clichy)
*Guérard (Nice
Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...
)
*Guetting (Paris)
* Guilloré (Courbevoie)
*Guilloux ( Châlon-sur-Saone)
*Guldener (Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fran ...
)
*Hamet ( Limoges)
*Léon Hanovre (Paris)
*Hénon ( Albert)
*Henry ( Nancy)
* Heuliez ( Cerizay)
* Hibbard & Darrin (Paris)
*Jamet (La Guerche, Berry)
*Jeanteaud (Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. ...
)
*L. Jean (Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, ...
)
*Jouan, carrosserie de cuirs (Clichy Clichy may refer to:
In Paris Region, France
* Canton of Clichy, an administrative division of the Hauts-de-Seine department, in northern France
* Clichy-sous-Bois, commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis ''département''
* Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, comm ...
)
*Jousse & Parsy ( Montargis)
*Justrobe (Toulouse)
*Kellner Kellner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ádám Kellner (born 1986), Hungarian tennis player
* Alex Kellner (1924–1996), baseball pitcher
* Alexander Kellner (born 1961), Brazilian paleontologist
* Birgit Kellner, Austria ...
(Paris)
*Kelsch
Kelsch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Mose Kelsch
Christian "Mose" Kelsch (January 31, 1897 – July 13, 1935) was an American football placekicker and running back in the National Football League (NFL). He was ...
(Levallois)
*Klapper (Toulouse)
*Kraemers fils (Paris)
*Labarre ( Evreux)
*Labbé ( Lamballe)
*Henri Labourdette Labourdette is a French surname derived from Gascon language
People with the surname Labourdette include:
* Elina Labourdette
Elina Labourdette (1919–2014) was a French film actress
An actor or actress is a person who portrays a charac ...
(Paris)
*La Carrosserie Industrielle ( Courbevoie)
*Lacoste frères (Toulouse)
*Lagache & Glaszmann ( Montrouge)
*Lagogué ( Alençon)
*Lamplugh & Cie (Levallois-Perret)
*Langütt ( Besançon)
*Laporte (Toulouse)
*Le Bastard ( Rouen)
*Leffondré ( Groslay)
* Letourneur et Marchand (Neuilly)
*Le Vieux (Paris)
*Lourtioux ( Montluçon)
*Mamy ( Besançon)
*Mandement (Toulouse)
* Manessius (Puteaux)
*Maron-Pot (Levallois-Perret)
*Massias (Toulouse)
*Mercier (Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania. The city is on t ...
)
*Meulemeester (Clichy Clichy may refer to:
In Paris Region, France
* Canton of Clichy, an administrative division of the Hauts-de-Seine department, in northern France
* Clichy-sous-Bois, commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis ''département''
* Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, comm ...
)
*Michel (Nice
Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...
, Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fran ...
)
*Mignot & Billebault (Boulogne s/Seine)
*Million Guiet
One million (1,000,000), or one thousand thousand, is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001. The word is derived from the early Italian ''millione'' (''milione'' in modern Italian), from ''mille'', "thousand", plus the aug ...
(Levallois)
*Léon Molon (Le Havre
Le Havre (, ; nrf, Lé Hâvre ) is a port city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the river Seine on the Channel southwest of the Pays de Caux, ver ...
)
*Mouche & Cie (Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
)
*Monjardet ( Besançon)
*Montel & fils (Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fran ...
)
*Morel (Paris)
*Morin ( Parthenay)
*Morin (Rennes
Rennes (; br, Roazhon ; Gallo: ''Resnn''; ) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the prefecture of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine departm ...
)
*Mühlbacher & fils (Puteaux)
*Nicolas ( Angoulême)
*Ottin (Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
)
*Philippe Mühlbacher (Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania. The city is on t ...
)
*Pelpel (Noyal s/Vilaine)
*Petitprez & Verschure ( Tourcoing)
*Pezet (Toulouse)
*Phaetonia ( Courbevoie)
*Société Phocéenne (Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fran ...
)
* Pichon-Parat ( Sens)
*Henri Pique (Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania. The city is on t ...
)
*Plante ( Pau)
*Poinsenet ( Epernay)
*Pourtout
Carrosserie Pourtout was a French coachbuilding company. Founded by Marcel Pourtout in 1925, the firm is best known for its work in the decades prior to World War II, when it created distinctive and prestigious bodies for cars from numerous Europe ...
( Rueil-Malmaison)
*Pralavorio Simon (Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
Montplaisir)
*Privat (Dijon
Dijon (, , ) (dated)
* it, Digione
* la, Diviō or
* lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920.
The earl ...
)
*Maurice Proux ( Courbevoie)
*Pruneville (Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
)
*Radovitch ( Reims)
*Rambert & fils ( Clermont-Ferrand, Courbevoie)
*Raquin ( Montrichard)
*Rasp (Paris)
*Ravistre & Martel ( Annonay)
*Repusseau & Cie (Levallois-Perret)
*Rétif ( Sancoins, Berry)
*Rheims & Auscher, La Carrosserie Industrielle (Levallois-Perret)
*Rieucros ( Cognac)
*Georges Rigier (Neuilly)
*Alexis Robert (Paris)
*Rothschild, later Rheims & Aucher (Levallois-Perret)
*Rotrou (Verneuil sur Avre Verneuil may refer to:
Places in France
*Verneuil, former municipality, now merged with Moussy-Verneuil, Aisne department
* Verneuil, Charente, in the Charente department
* Verneuil, Cher, in the Cher department
* Verneuil, Marne, in the Marne dep ...
)
*Rousseau ( Montargis)
*Rungette (Levallois-Perret)
* Saoutchik (Neuilly)
*Soulé (Toulouse)
*Spinnewyn ( Tourcoing)
*Surirey (Flers)
*Tassé ( Pontchâteau)
*Benjamin Thibaut (Toulouse)
*Baptiste Thomas (1820–1877, Paris)
*Tirbois ( Niort)
*Tizot & Viguier (Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fran ...
)
*Tremble ( Puteaux)
*Tual (Tredion)
*Vallas (St-Just en Chevalet)
*Van den Bussche (Lille
Lille ( , ; nl, Rijsel ; pcd, Lile; vls, Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, in French Flanders. On the river Deûle, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the Nord ...
)
*Van den Hende ( Roubaix)
* Vanvooren (Courbevoie)
*Vedrine & Cie (Courbevoie)
*Verplancke ( Roubaix)
*Veuillet (Fleurieu-sur-Seine)
*Vidal (Toulouse)
*de Villars (Courbevoie)
*Vilotte (Toulouse)
*Vinet (Neuilly)
*Visse & Haf (Levallois)
*Vivez (Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
)
*VOG ( Chartres, Neuilly)
*Wanaverbecq ( Lambersart)
*Wantz ( Meaux)
*Warengehm ( Levallois-Perret)
* Weymann (Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. ...
)
*Widerkehr (Colmar
Colmar (, ; Alsatian: ' ; German during 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: ') is a city and commune in the Haut-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. The third-largest commune in Alsace (after Strasbourg and Mulhouse), ...
)
*Willy van den Plas (Paris, Lille
Lille ( , ; nl, Rijsel ; pcd, Lile; vls, Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, in French Flanders. On the river Deûle, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the Nord ...
)
Germany
* Ambi-Budd *Auer *Autenrieth * Baur * Binz *Buhne * Deutsch *Dörr & Schreck *Drauz * Erdmann & Rossi *Friederich * Gläser *Glüer *Grümmer (Aachen) * Hebmüller *Ihle
The Ihle is a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. A former tributary of the Elbe, it discharges into the Elbe–Havel Canal (and its predecessor ''Ihlekanal'') since the 1860s.
See also
*List of rivers of Saxony-Anhalt
A list of rivers of Saxon ...
* Kässbohrer
* Karmann
* Kathe
*Keinath
Keinath Automobilbau was a car manufacturer based in Reutlingen, Germany owned and operated by Horst Keinath. The company began by producing a convertible variant of the Opel Monza, and the Vauxhall Cavalier Mark 2. Along with Hammond & Thiede and ...
*Kellner Kellner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ádám Kellner (born 1986), Hungarian tennis player
* Alex Kellner (1924–1996), baseball pitcher
* Alexander Kellner (born 1961), Brazilian paleontologist
* Birgit Kellner, Austria ...
*Konigsberg
*Kruse (Husum)
* Kühlstein
*Kühn
*Johann Michael Mayer ( München)
*Mengelbier ( Aachen)
* Neoplan
* Neuss
*Nowack
*Papler
*Plenikowski ( Hartha)
* Rembrandt
*Reutter Reuter or Reutter may refer to the following people:
Reuter
* Christian Reuter (1665 – 1712), writer
* Edzard Reuter (born 1928), former Daimler-Benz manager
* Émile Reuter (1874–1973), Luxembourgian politician
* Enzio Reuter (1867–1951), ...
*Rometsch
Karosserie Friedrich Rometsch, a German metallurgical- coachbuilding company based in Berlin-Halensee, manufactured, modified, and repaired coaches, trailers, bodies and chassis.
History
Founded in 1924 by Friedrich Rometsch, the company was ...
* Setra
*Spohn
*Styling Garage Styling Garage (also known as SGS) was a coachbuilder and tuner near Hamburg, Germany, which operated from 1979 until 1986. SGS made extravagant and expensive designs, mainly based on the Mercedes-Benz W126 (S-class). More than half of their buyer ...
*Szase
*Voll & Ruhrbeck
*Weinberger, Karl
*Weinberger, Ludwig
* Weinsberg
*Wendler
Indonesia
* Adi Putro * Laksana * Morodadi Prima * New Armada * TentremItaly
* * Allemano * Bertone * Bizzarrini * Boano * Boneschi * Castagna * Cecomp * Coggiola * Colli * De Simon * Farina * Fissore * Frua * Garavini * Giannini * Ghia * Giugiaro * I.DE.A * Italdesign * Lombardi *Maggiora
Maggiora is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about northwest of Novara.
Maggiora borders the following municipalities: Boca, Borgomanero, Cureggi ...
* Marazzi
* MAT
*Morelli Morelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*Anthony Morelli (born 1985), former American football quarterback
*Anthony Morelli (blogger), Anthony Morelli (born 1968), American blogger
*Antonio Morelli (1904-1974), orche ...
* Motto
* Nembo
* OSI
* Pininfarina
* Sala
* Scaglietti
* Sports Cars (Drogo)
*Studiotorino
Studiotorino is an Italian automotive design house, or The ''carrozzeria'', specializing in completely handmade sports car. The company was founded on 1 January 2005 in Rivoli by Alfredo and Maria Paola Stola with Marco Goffi.
The carrozz ...
* Touring
* Varesina
* Vignale
*Viotti
Giovanni Battista Viotti (12 May 1755 – 3 March 1824) was an Italian violinist whose virtuosity was famed and whose work as a composer featured a prominent violin and an appealing lyrical tunefulness. He was also a director of French and Italia ...
*Zagato
Zagato is an independent Coachbuilder, coachbuilding company and total design centre located northwest of Milan in Terrazzano, a small village near Rho, Lombardy, Italy. The company's premises occupies an area of 23,000 square metres (250,000 sq ...
Japan
* MitsuokaSpain
*Abadal
The Abadal was a Spanish car manufactured between 1912 and 1923, named after Francisco Abadal. Considered a fast luxury car, it was closely patterned on the Hispano-Suiza and offered in two models. One had a 3104 cc four-cylinder engine while the ...
* Ayats
*Bettla
*Blancou
* Capella
*Carrizo
*J Farré
*Forcada
*Fiol
*Galo Mateos
* Herrero
*Hijos de Labourdette
* Irizar
* Lucas
*Molist
*Reynés
*Roqueta
*Serra
*Vert
* Vidal
Sweden
*Hoflageribolaget * Nordberg * NorrmalmSwitzerland
*Beutler *Gangloff *Geismeister * Graber * Hermann Graber *Ramseier Ramseier is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Mikhail W. Ramseier (born 1964), Swiss writer
*Daniel Ramseier (born 1963), Swiss equestrian
*David Ramseier (born 1987), Swiss-French basketball player
*Doris Ramseier (born 1939), Swi ...
* Worblaufen
The Netherlands
*Akkermans * Bronkhorst * Bij 't Vuur *Dolk *Donderwinkel *Egbers
Tom Egbers (18 October 1957 in Almelo) is a Dutch journalist of Irish descent, writer and TV presenter (Studio Sport)Tom Egbers
on ...
*Garstman
*Gips & Jacobs
*on ...
Hermans Hermans is a Dutch patronymic surname, cognate with German Hermann and and the Scandinavian Hermansen. It is the 14th most common name in Belgium, with 12,794 people named Hermans in 2008. In the Netherlands, 10,641 people carried the name in 200 ...
*Hover & Tiwi
*Hulsman Hulsman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Cornelis Hulsman (born 1955), Dutch sociologist
* Johann Hulsman (1610–1652), German Baroque painter
* John Hulsman
John C. Hulsman (born 1967) is an American foreign policy expert ...
*Jac Met
*Kimman
*Lathouwers
*Van Leersum & Co
*De Ley
*Van Lijf & Co
*Mudde
* Muller
*Mijnhardt
*N.A.M. (Nederlandsche Auto-Maatschappij)
*Nederlandsche Carrosseriefabrieken
* Oostwoud
*Pennock
*Van Rijswijk & Zoon
* Roos
*Schutter & van Bakel
* Smulders
*Soudijn
*Spyker
*Jean Stegen
*Teulings
*W J Van Trigt & Zoon
* Vandenbrink Design
*Verheul Verheul is a Dutch toponymic surname.Verheul
at the Abbey *
Coachbuild.com: Encyclopedia of worldwide Coachbuilders from past to presentEncyclopedia of American CoachbuildersGoldarths: The Fine Art of Coachbuilding
by Peter M. Larsen and Ben Erickson. Details Jacques Kellner and George Paulin involvement in the French Resistance. {{Authority control
at the Abbey *
Abbott
Abbott may refer to:
People
*Abbott (surname)
*Abbott Handerson Thayer (1849–1921), American painter and naturalist
* Abbott and Costello, famous American vaudeville act
Places Argentina
* Abbott, Buenos Aires United States
* Abbott, Arkansas ...
* Alexander Dennis (formerly Walter Alexander Coachbuilders)
*Aston Martin
Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings PLC is an English manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers. Its predecessor was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. Steered from 1947 by David Brown, it became associated ...
*Barker
Barker may refer to:
Occupations
* Barker (occupation), a person who attempts to attract patrons to entertainment events
* Barker (coachbuilder), a builder of horse-drawn coaches and later of bodywork for prestige cars
* a person who strips tanbar ...
*Carbodies
The London Taxi Company was a taxi design and manufacturing company based in Coventry, England. It formerly traded as London Taxis International and Carbodies.
It operated a coachbuilding business on Holyhead Road, Coventry. After half a ...
* Carlton
* Crayford Engineering
* Charlesworth
* Corsica
* Croall
* Cunard
* Gordon England
*Flewitt
* Freestone and Webb
* Grose
* J Gurney Nutting & Co
*Harrington
Harrington (or Harington) may refer to:
People as a surname
* Harrington (surname)
People as a forename
* Arthur Raikes (Arthur Edward Harington Raikes, 1867–1915), British army officer
*Charles Harrington Elster, American writer
*Edward Josep ...
*John Hatchett (London)
*Holmes (London)
* Hooper
*Jarvis of Wimbledon
Jarvis & Sons Limited were South London-based motor dealers for Morris and MG, and latterly coachworks providing special bodies for various car chassis until after World War II.
Operations
Like many similar UK motor dealers and coachworks, ...
* Jensen
* John Charles
* Hoyal
*Lancefield
Lancefield is a town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges local government area in Victoria, Australia north of the state capital, Melbourne and had a population of 2,743 at the 2021 census.
History
The area was used by the indigenous aborigin ...
* Martin Walter
* Arthur Mulliner
* H. J. Mulliner & Co.
* Mulliner Park Ward
* Mulliners (Birmingham)
*Nu-Track
Wrightbus is a Northern Ireland based bus manufacturer and a pioneer of the low-floor bus. The company was established in 1946 by Robert Wright and was later run by his son William Wright, until it was acquired in 2019 by British businessman ...
* Optare
* Park Ward
* Harold Radford
* Rippon Bros
* Salmons
* Swallow
* Tickford
* Thrupp & Maberly
* Vanden Plas
* Vince & Son
* Walter Alexander Coachbuilders
*Wesleys Newport Pagnell
* Vincent of Reading
*Windovers
* Wingham Martin Walter
* Wrightbus
* James Young
United States
*Alex Madjaric Body Works * Abbot-Downing * Biddle and Smart (Amesbury) *Bohman & Schwartz
Bohman & Schwartz was a coach building business in Pasadena, California. It was established after the collapse of the Walter M Murphy Company
Walter M Murphy Company was a manufacturer of custom bodies for top quality car chassis which operate ...
*Brewster
Brewster may refer to:
People
* Brewster (surname)
*Brewster Kahle (born 1960), American computer technologist
*Brewster H. Shaw (born 1945), American astronaut
Places
* Brewster Park (Enniskillen), Northern Ireland
*Brewster (crater), The Moon
...
* Briggs
*Brunn Brunn or Brünn is a common German place-name or place-name element which originally references a well, fountain, or source of a stream. It may refer to:
Places
* Bad Fischau-Brunn, Lower Austria
* Brünn, the German form of the Moravian city Brno ...
*Budd
Budd may refer to:
People
* Budd (given name)
* Budd (surname)
Places
* Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, Antarctica
* Budd Creek, California
* Budd Peak (Enderby Land), Antarctica
* Budd Peak (Heard Island), Indian Ocean
** Budd Pass
* Budd Inlet, a ...
*Coachcraft
* Darrin of Paris
*Demarest
* Derham
*Dietrich Inc.
Dietrich Inc. was an American coachbuilder founded in 1925 by Raymond H. Dietrich (1894–1980), co-founder of LeBaron Incorporated in New York City. He was a close friend to Edsel Ford who supported him by talking the owner of the J W Murray Manu ...
* Earl Automobile Works
* Fisher
* Albert Fisher (Detroit)
* Fleetwood
* Holbrook
* Judkins
*KEM Motorworks
* LeBaron
*Locke
* Murphy
* Murray
* Rollson
* Rollston
*Rubay
* Studebaker
*Towson
* Walker
*Waterhouse Waterhouse may refer to:
People
*Waterhouse (surname)
Places
* Waterhouse, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
* Waterhouse Island (disambiguation)
* Waterhouse district of Kingston, Jamaica
** Waterhouse F.C., a football club based in the Waterho ...
*Widman
* Willoughby
* Wilson
Survivors of the unibody production-line system
*Coway *Jankel *Jubilee *MacNeillie *Overfinch
Overfinch is a company that customises Land Rover and Range Rover cars and is based in Leeds, England. In 2005, Overfinch won the Ford "Special Recognition for Outstanding Achievement in Design" award for the SuperSport styling package.
Hist ...
*Wilcox
*Woodall-Nicholson
See also
* Bus manufacturing * Carriage * Chassis * Unibody * WainwrightNotes
References
External links
Coachbuild.com: Encyclopedia of worldwide Coachbuilders from past to present
by Peter M. Larsen and Ben Erickson. Details Jacques Kellner and George Paulin involvement in the French Resistance. {{Authority control