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A system of taxonomy of the
cryptogam A cryptogam (scientific name Cryptogamae) is a plant (in the wide sense of the word) or a plant-like organism that reproduces by spores, without flowers or seeds. The name ''Cryptogamae'' () means "hidden reproduction", referring to the fact ...
s, the Smith system was published in : Smith, G.M. (1938)
''Cryptogamic Botany'', vol. 1
Algae and fungi. McGraw-Hill, New York. :Smith, G.M. (1955)
''Cryptogamic Botany'', vol. 2
Bryophytes and pteridophytes. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.


Division Chlorophyta

*Class 1.
Chlorophyceae The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast A chlorop ...
::*Order 1.
Volvocales Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
::::*Family 1.
Chlamydomonadaceae Chlamydomonadaceae is a family of algae within the order Chlamydomonadales.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadaceae Data extracted from the Genera As accepted by WoRMS; * '' Agloë'' * '' Brachiomonas'' * '' Carteria'' * '' Cercidium' ...
::::*Family 2.
Volvocaceae The Volvocaceae are a family of unicellular or colonial biflagellates, including the typical genus ''Volvox''. The family was named by Ehrenberg in 1834,From p. 281: ''"VOLVOCINA Nova Familia."'' (Volvocina New Family.) ote: According to p. 1 ...
::*Order 2.
Tetrasporales The Tetrasporales are a formerly recognized order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae, now included in Chlamydomonadales. AlgaeBase AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of algae, both marine and fres ...
::*Order 3.
Ulotrichales Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis''): *''Trichosarcina ''Trichosarcina'' is a genus of green algae in ...
::::*Family 1.
Ulotrichaceae Ulotrichaceae is a family of green algae in the order Ulotrichales Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis' ...
::::*Family 2. Microsporaceae ::::*Family 3. Cylindrocapsaceae ::::*Family 4.
Chaetophoraceae Chaetophoraceae is a family of green algae in the order Chaetophorales. Genera * ''Arthrochaete'' * '' Caespitella'' * ''Cedercreutziella'' * ''Chaetomnion'' * ''Chaetonemopsis'' * '' Chaetophora'' * '' Chloroclonium'' * '' Chlorofilum'' * ' ...
::::*Family 5. Protococcaceae ::::*Family 6.
Coleochaetaceae Coleochaetaceae is a family of algae. It is the only family in the Coleochaetales, an order of parenchymous charophyte algae, that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants. They questionably include the fossil genus ...
::::*Family 7.
Trentepohliaceae Trentepohliaceae are a family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of ...
::*Order 4.
Ulvales Ulvales is an order of green alga The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( Embryophytes) ha ...
::::*Family 1.
Ulvaceae Ulvaceae () is a widely distributed family of thin green algae having either a flat or a hollow tubular thallus, reproducing by the conjugation of planogametes or of zoospores, and being classed among the Ulotrichales or now more commonly placed ...
::::*Family 2
Schizomeridaceae Schizomeridaceae is a family of algae in the order Chaetophorales Chaetophorales is an order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. Families * '' Aphanochaetaceae'' Oltmanns * '' Barrancaceae'' Caisová et al. * ''Chaetophoraceae ...
::*Order 5. Schizogoniales ::::*Family Schizogoniaceae ::*Order 6.
Cladophorales Cladophorales are an order of green algae The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( Embryoph ...
::::*Family 1.
Cladophoraceae Cladophoraceae are a family of green algae in the order the Cladophorales.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Cladophoraceae Data extracted from the This family includes notably the genus ''Chaetomorpha ''Chaetomorpha'' is a genus of green algae in ...
::::*Family 2.
Sphaeropleaceae Sphaeropleaceae is a family (biology), family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. References

Chlorophyceae families Sphaeropleales {{Chlorophyceae-stub ...
::*Order 7.
Oedogoniales The Oedogoniales are an order of filamentous freshwater green algae of the class Chlorophyceae. The order is well-defined and has several unique features, including asexual reproduction with zoospores that possess stephanokont flagella: numerous ...
::::*Family Oedogoniaceae ::*Order 8.
Zygnematales The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') ( gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. ...
::::*Family 1.
Zygnemataceae The Zygnemataceae are a family of Algae#Morphology, filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate (unbranched) green algae. The filaments are septum, septated and reproduction is by Sexual conjugation, conjugation; ''Spirogyra'' is commonly used in scho ...
::::*Family 2.
Mesotaeniaceae The Mesotaeniaceae are a small family of unicellular green algae known as the "saccoderm desmids". The Mesotaeniaceae appear to be sister or ancestral to the Zygnemataceae. The desmids are a deep branching group of Zygnemataceae. ''Spirotaenia ...
::::*Family 3.
Desmidiaceae The Desmidiaceae are one of four families of charophyte green algae in the order Desmidiales (desmids).See the NCBIbr>webpage on Desmidiaceae Data extracted from the Genera Genera accepted by AlgaeBase were: *'' Actinodontum'' – 3 spe ...
::*Order 9.
Chlorococcales Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales. Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Chl ...
::::*Family 1.
Chlorococcaceae Chlorococcaceae is a family of green algae, in the order Chlamydomonadales. List of genera * ''Apodochloris'' * ''Bracteacoccus'' * ''Chlorococcopsis'' * ''Chlorococcum'' * ''Chlorohippotes'' * ''Chlorotetraedron'' * ''Closteridium'' * ''Cocco ...
::::*Family 2. Endosphaeraceae ::::*Family 3.
Characiaceae Characiaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. Genera , AlgaeBase AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of algae, both marine and freshwater, as well as sea-grass. History AlgaeBase beg ...
::::*Family 4.
Protosiphonaceae Protosiphonaceae is a family of chlorophyte green algae, in the order Chlamydomonadales. Genera , AlgaeBase AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of algae, both marine and freshwater, as well as sea-grass. H ...
::::*Family 5.
Hydrodictyaceae Hydrodictyaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. Genera * ''Euastropsis'' * '' Helierella'' * ''Hydrodictyon'' * '' Lacunastrum'' * ''Monactinus'' * ''Parapediastrum'' * '' Pediastrum'' * ''Pseudopediastrum'' * ''Sorastr ...
::::*Family 6. Oöcystaceae ::::*Family 7.
Scenedesmaceae Scenedesmaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. ''Scenedesmus'' algae are commonly found in freshwater plankton. The former family Coelastraceae is considered a synonym of Scenedesmaceae. Genera Genera in this family ...
::*Order 10. Siphonales ::::*Family 1.
Bryopsidaceae Bryopsidaceae is a family of green algae, in the order Bryopsidales Bryopsidales is an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae. Characteristics The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocy ...
::::*Family 2.
Caulerpaceae Caulerpaceae is a family of green algae in the order Bryopsidales Bryopsidales is an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae. Characteristics The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocyti ...
::::*Family 3. Halicystaceae ::::*Family 4.
Codiaceae Codiaceae is a family of green algae in the order Bryopsidales. Genera * † '' Abacella'' Maslov * '' Appeninocodium'' O.Dragastan * '' Arabicodium'' G.F.Elliott * '' Bevocastria'' E.J.Garwood * '' Botryella'' V.P.Shuysky * '' Boueina'' F ...
::::*Family 5.
Derbesiaceae Derbesiaceae are a family of green algae The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) ...
::::*Family 6. Vaucheriaceae ::::*Family 7. Phyllosiphonaceae ::*Order 11. Siphonocladiales ::::*Family 1.
Valoniaceae Valoniaceae is a family of green algae in the order Cladophorales.See the NCBI The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of H ...
::::*Family 2.
Dasycladaceae The Dasycladaceae is one of the two extant families of green algae of the order Dasycladales. When found in Palaeozoic limestones, they typically indicate depositional depth of less than 5m.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Dasycladaceae Data extract ...
*Class 2.
Charophyceae Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be ...
::*Order
Charales Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (C ...
::::*Family
Characeae Characeae is a family of freshwater green algae in the order Charales, commonly known as stoneworts. They are also known as brittleworts or skunkweed, from the fragility of their lime-encrusted stems, and from the foul odor these produce when step ...


Division Euglenophyta

::*Order 1.
Euglenales Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida/Euglenoida, ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typical ...
::*Order 2. Colaciales ( Euglenocapsales)


Division Pyrrophyta

*Class 1.
Cryptophyceae The cryptophyceae are a class of algae, most of which have plastids. About 220 species are known, and they are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape, ...
*Class 2.
Desmokontae The Prorocentrales are a small order of dinoflagellates. They are distinguished by having their two flagella inserted apically, rather than ventrally as in other groups. One flagellum extends forward and the other circles its base, and there are ...
*Class 3.
Dinophyceae Dinophyceae is a class of dinoflagellates. Taxonomy * Class Dinophyceae Pascher 1914 eridinea Ehrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein; Blastodiniphyceae Fensome et al. 1993 orthog. emend.** Order Haplozoonales aplozooidea Poche 1913*** Family Ha ...
::*Order 1.
Gymnodiniales The Gymnodiniales are an order of dinoflagellates, of the class Dinophyceae. Members of the order are known as gymnodinioid or gymnodinoid (terms that can also refer to any organism of similar morphology). They are athecate, or lacking an armor ...
::*Order 2.
Peridiniales Peridiniales is an order of dinoflagellate The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος ''dinos'' "whirling" and Latin ''flagellum'' "whip, scourge") are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are u ...
::*Order 3. Dinophysidales ::*Order 4. Rhyzodiniales ::*Order 5. Dinocapsales ::*Order 6. Dinotrichales ::*Order 7. Dinococcales


Division Chrysophyta

*Class 1.
Xanthophyceae Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamen ...
( Heterokontae) ::*Order 1. Heterochloridales ::*Order 2. Rhizochloridales ::*Order 3. Heterocapsales ::*Order 4. Heterotrichales ::*Order 5. Heterococcales ::*Order 6. Heterosiphonales *Class 2.
Chrysophyceae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, '' Prymnesium parvum'', whic ...
::*Order 1. Chrysomonadales :::*Suborder 1. Cromulinae :::*Suborder 2. Isochrysidineae :::*Suborder 3. Ochromonadineae ::*Order 2. Rhizochrysidales ::*Order 3. Chrysocapsales ::*Order 4. Chrysotrichales ::*Order 5.
Chrysosphaerales Chrysosphaerales is an order of Chrysophyceae. References Heterokont orders Chrysophyceae {{Heterokont-stub ...
*Class 3.
Bacillariophyceae Bacillariophyceae is a group of pennate diatoms with a raphe (raphids). According to Ruggiero et al., 2015, the diatoms are treated as follows. This treatment largely reflects that used by Algaebase as at 2015, and is also reflected in the curren ...
::*Order 1.
Centrales The Coscinodiscophyceae are a class of diatoms. They are similar to the Centrales, a traditional, paraphyletic subdivision of the heterokont algae known as diatoms. The order is named for the shape of the cell walls (or valves or frustules) o ...
::*Order 2.
Pennales The order Pennales is a traditional subdivision of the heterokont algae known as diatoms. The order is named for the shape of the cell wall#Diatom cell walls, cell walls (or valves or frustules) of pennate diatoms, which are elongated in valve vi ...


Division Phaeophyta

*Class 1. Isogeneratae ::*Order 1.
Ectocarpales Ectocarpales is a very large order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The order includes families with pseudoparenchymatous ( Splachnidiaceae) or true parenchymatous ( Scytosiphonaceae) tissue. Pseudoparenchymatous refers to a filamento ...
::*Order 2.
Sphacelariales Sphacelariales is an order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potent ...
::*Order 3.
Tilopteridales Tilopteridales is an order of brown algae Brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Brown alga ...
::*Order 4. Cutleriales ::*Order 5.
Dictyotales Dictyotales is a large order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). Members of this order generally prefer warmer waters than other brown algae. One genus in this order is calcareous, '' Padina'', the only calcareous member of this phylum. ' ...
*Class 2. Heterogeneratae :*Subclass 1. Haplostichineae ::*Order 1.
Chordariales Ectocarpales is a very large order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The order includes families with pseudoparenchymatous (Splachnidiaceae) or true parenchymatous (Scytosiphonaceae) tissue. Pseudoparenchymatous refers to a filamentous ...
::*Order 2. Sporochnales ::*Order 3.
Desmarestiales Desmarestiales is an order in the brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Members of this order have terete or ligulate (flat) pinnately branched thalli attached by discoid holdfasts. They have a sporphytic thallus usually aggregated to form a pseudo-p ...
:*Subclass 2. Polystichineae ::*Order 1. Punctariales ::*Order 2. Dictyosiphonales ::*Order 3.
Laminariales Kelps are large brown algae seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera. Despite its appearance, kelp is not a plant - it is a heterokont, a completely unrelated group of organisms. Kelp grows in "underwate ...
*Class 3. Cyclosporeae ::*Order
Fucales The Fucales (fucoids) are an order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The list of families in the Fucales, as well as additional taxonomic information on algae, is publicly accessible at Algaebaseref name="Guiry and Guiry">Guiry, M.D. and ...


Division Cyanophyta

*Class
Myxophyceae Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, bl ...
(
Cyanophyceae Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blu ...
) ::*Order 1.
Chroococcales The Chroococcales () are an order of cyanobacteria in some classifications which includes the harmful algal bloom ''Microcystis aeruginosa''. Molecular data indicate that Chroococcales may be polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assembl ...
::*Order 2. Chamaesiphonales ::*Order 3.
Hormogonales The Nostocales are an order of cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly fo ...


Division Rhodophyta

*Class
Rhodophyceae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. The majority ...
:*Subclass 1. Bangioideae ::*Order
Bangiales Bangiales is an order of red algae in the class Class or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class ...
:*Subclass 2. Florideae ::*Order 1. Nemalionales ::*Order 2.
Gelidiales The Gelidiales is a small order of red algae containing ten genera, and approximately 130–160 species, many of which are used to make agar Agar ( or ), or agar-agar, is a jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides obtained from ...
::*Order 3.
Cryptonemiales The Cryptonemiales is a defunct algal order; it is synonymous with the Halymeniales and has significant overlap with the Nemastomatales. References Red algae orders Obsolete eukaryote taxa {{Rhodophyta-stub ...
::*Order 4.
Gigartinales Gigartinales is a red algae order in the class Florideophyceae. Systematics References

Gigartinales, Red algae orders {{red algae-stub ...
::*Order 5. Rhodymeniales ::*Order 6.
Ceramiales Ceramiales is an order of red algae. It was established by Friedrich Oltmanns in 1904. Families * Callithamniaceae Kützing, 1843 * Ceramiaceae Dumortier, 1822 * Choreocolacaceae Sturch * Dasyaceae Kützing, 1843 * Delesseriaceae The D ...


Division Myxothallophyta

*Class 1. Myxomycetae :*Subclass 1. Endosporeae :*Subclass 2. Exosporeae *Class 2. Phytomyxinae *Class 3.
Acrasieae The dictyostelids (Dictyostelia/Dictyostelea, ICZN, or Dictyosteliomycetes, ICBN) are a group of cellular slime molds, or social amoebae. Multicellular behavior When food (normally bacteria) is readily available dictyostelids behave as indiv ...


Division Eumycetae

*Class 1. Phycomycetae ::*Order 1.
Chytridiales Fungi of the order Chytridiales, like other members of its division, may either have a monocentric thallus or a polycentric rhizomycelium. When the ribosomal genes of members classified in this order were first examined using molecular techniqu ...
::::*Family 1. Rhizidiaceae ::::*Family 2.
Olpidiaceae Olpidiaceae is a fungal plant pathogen family of genera, that was placed in the order Olpidiales. Taxonomy Based on the work of Philippe Silar and "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Resea ...
::::*Family 3.
Synchytriaceae ''Synchytriaceae'' is a chytrid fungus family in the division Chytridiomycota. The family was described by German mycologist Joseph Schröter in 1892. The type genus, ''Synchytrium'', contains about 200 species of fungi that are parasitic on flow ...
::::*Family 4.
Cladochytriaceae The Cladochytriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cladochytriales. Taxonomy According to a 2008 estimate, the family contained 10 genera and 38 species. However, the 2022 taxonomy of fungi places only one genus, '' Cladochytrium'', making t ...
::::*Family 5. Woroninaceae ::*Order 2.
Blastocladiales Blastocladiomycota is one of the currently recognized phyla within the kingdom Fungi.Hibbett DS et al. 2007. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the fungi. Mycological Research 111:509–47. Blastocladiomycota was originally the order ...
::*Order 3.
Monoblepharidales Members of the Monoblepharidomycetes have a filamentous thallus that is either extensive or simple and unbranched. They frequently have a holdfast at the base. In contrast to other taxa in their phylum, some reproduce using autospores, although ...
::*Order 4. Ancylistales ::*Order 5.
Saprolegniales Saprolegniales is an order of freshwater mould. References Heterokont orders {{watermould-stub ...
::::*Family 1.
Saprolegniaceae Saprolegniaceae is a family of freshwater mould. James Ellis Humphrey (1861-1897), an American Mycologist did significant work on this family. Taxonomy Saprolegniaceae contains the following genera, species, and subspecies. * '' Achlya'' ** ...
::::*Family 2. Leptomitaceae ::::*Family 3.
Pythiaceae Pythiaceae is a family of water moulds. The family includes serious plant and animal pathogens in the genus ''Pythium''. The family was circumscribed by German mycologist Joseph Schröter in 1893. Lifecycle *Live on land (terrestrial), and in wa ...
::*Order 6.
Peronosporales The Peronosporales are an order of water moulds (class Oomycetes) which can be pathogenic. Many diseases of plants are sometimes classified under this order, but are sometimes considered members of order Pythiales. Some of these pathogenic pro ...
::*Order 7.
Mucorales The Mucorales is the largest and best studied order of zygomycete fungi. Members of this order are sometimes called pin molds. The term mucormycosis is now preferred for infections caused by molds belonging to the order Mucorales. Systematics ...
::*Order 8.
Entomophthorales The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, has recently been circumscribed for them. Most species of the Entomophthorales are pathogens of inse ...
*Class 2. Ascomycetae :*Subclass 1. Protoascomycetae :*Subclass 2. Euascomycetae ::*Order 1. Aspergillales ::*Order 2.
Erysiphales Erysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi. The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae. Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew. Systematics The order contains one family (Erysiphaceae), 28 genera and approximately 100 spec ...
::*Order 3.
Hysteriales The Hysteriales are an order of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes, subclass Pleosporomycetidae. It consists of a single family, Hysteriaceae The Hysteriaceae (also known as Dothideomycetes, Ascomycotina, Eumycota) are a taxonomic family of ...
::*Order 4. Phacidiales ::*Order 5.
Pezizales The Pezizales are an order of the subphylum Pezizomycotina within the phylum Ascomycota. The order contains 16 families, 199 genera, and 1683 species. It contains a number of species of economic importance, such as morels, the black and white ...
::*Order 6. Tuberales ::*Order 7. Helvellales ::*Order 8. Exoascales ::*Order 9.
Hypocreales The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, i ...
::*Order 10. Sphaeriales ::*Order 11. Dothidiales ::*Order 12.
Laboulbeniales The Laboulbeniales is an order of Fungi within the class Laboulbeniomycetes. They are also known by the colloquial name beetle hangers or labouls. The order includes around 2,325 species of obligate insect ectoparasites that produce cellular ...
*Class 3. Basidiomycetae :*Subclass 1. Eubasidii ::*Order 1.
Agaricales The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over 13,000 described species, a ...
( Hymenomyceatae) ::*Order 2.
Lycoperdales The Lycoperdales are a now outdated order of fungi. The order included some well-known types such as the giant puffball, the earthstars, and other tuberous fungi. They were defined as having epigeous basidiomes, a hymenium present, one to thre ...
( Gasteromycetae) ::*Order 3.
Dacryomycetales The Dacrymycetes are a class of fungi in the Basidiomycota. The class currently contains the single order Dacrymycetales, with a second proposed order Unilacrymales now treated at the family level. The order contains four families and has a cos ...
::*Order 4.
Tremellales The Tremellales are an order of fungi in the class Tremellomycetes. The order contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphic species in the Tremellales are parasites of other fungi, though t ...
::*Order 5.
Auriculariales The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the " heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on ...
:*Subclass 2. Hemibasidii ::*Order 1. Urediniales ::*Order 2.
Ustilaginales The Ustilaginales are an order of fungi within the class Ustilaginomycetes. The order contains 8 families, 49 genera, and 851 species. ''Ustinaginales'' is also known and classified as the smut fungi. They are serious plant pathogens, with only ...
::::*Family 1.
Ustilaginaceae The Ustilaginaceae are a family of smut fungi in the order Ustilaginomycetes. Collectively, the family contains 17 genera and 607 species. Biotechnological relevance Ustilaginaceae naturally produce a wide range of value-added chemicals (e.g. se ...
::::*Family 2.
Tilletiaceae The Tilletiales are an order of smut fungi in the class Exobasidiomycetes. It is a monotypic order, consisting of a single family, the Tilletiaceae, which contains seven genera. The roughly 150 species in the Tilletiales all infect hosts of the g ...
*Class 4.
Fungi imperfecti The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi, are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because th ...
*
Lichens A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Ascholichenes :*Subclass 2. Basidiolichenes


Division Bryophyta

*Class 1.
Hepaticae The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of ...
(liverworts) ::*Order 1.
Sphaerocarpales Sphaerocarpales is an order of plants within the liverworts. Approximately twenty species are in this order which is sub-divided into four families: Monocarpaceae, Sphaerocarpaceae and Riellaceae, as well as the extinct family Naiaditaceae. ...
::::*Family 1.
Sphaerocarpaceae Sphaerocarpaceae is a family of liverworts known as bottle liverworts. Approximately ten species are included in this family, most of them in the genus '' Sphaerocarpos'', but one additional species in the genus ''Geothallus''. Distribution ...
::::*Family 2.
Riellaceae Sphaerocarpales is an order of plants within the liverworts. Approximately twenty species are in this order which is sub-divided into four families: Monocarpaceae, Sphaerocarpaceae and Riellaceae, as well as the extinct family Naiaditaceae. ...
::*Order 2.
Marchantiales Marchantiales is an order of thallose liverworts (also known as "complex thalloid liverworts") that includes species like '' Marchantia polymorpha'', a widespread plant often found beside rivers, and ''Lunularia cruciata'', a common and often tro ...
::::*Family 1.
Ricciaceae Ricciaceae are a Family (biology), family of Marchantiophyta, liverworts in Order (biology), order Marchantiales, with two extant genera. * ''Riccia'' * ''Ricciocarpos'' References

Ricciaceae, Liverwort families Taxa named by Ludwig ...
::::*Family 2. Corsiniaceae ::::*Family 3.
Targioniaceae ''Targionia'' is a genus of liverworts in the order Marchantiales. It the only genus in the family Targioniaceae within that order. This genus has worldwide distribution in areas with a Mediterranean climate. That is, in regions with hot dry ...
::::*Family 4.
Monocleaceae ''Monoclea'' is a genus of liverwort that contains two species. It is the only genus in the family Monocleaceae. Species of this genus can be found in New Zealand, South and Central America as well as in the Caribbean. Classifications of the lat ...
::::*Family 5.
Marchantiaceae Marchantiaceae is a family of liverworts in order Marchantiales. It contains a single genus ''Marchantia''. Genera in Marchantiaceae Until recently, three genera were included in the Marchantiaceae: * '' Bucegia'' Radian 1903 * ''Marchantia'' ...
::*Order 3.
Jungermanniales Jungermanniales is the largest order of liverworts. They are distinctive among the liverworts for having thin leaf-like flaps on either side of the stem. Most other liverworts are thalloid, with no leaves. Due to their dorsiventral organization ...
:::*Suborder 1. Metzgerineae :::*Suborder 2. Jungermannineae ::*Order 4.
Calobryales Calobryales (formerly Haplomitriales) is an order of plants known as liverworts. This order contains one family, Haplomitriaceae, with a single extant genus ''Haplomitrium''. Taxonomy * Order Haplomitriales Buch ex Schljakov 1972 alobryales C ...
*Class 2. Anthocerotae (hornworts) ::*Order 1. Anthocerotales *Class 3.
Musci Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and horn ...
(mosses) :*Subclass 1. Sphagnobrya :*Subclass 2. Andreaeobrya :*Subclass 3. Eubrya


Division Psilophyta

*Class 1. Psilophytinae (psilophytes) ::*Order 1.
Psilophytales Psilophytopsida is a now obsolete class containing one order, Psilophytales, which was previously used to classify a number of extinct plants which are now placed elsewhere. The class was established in 1917, under the name Psilophyta, with only t ...
::::*Family 1.
Rhyniaceae The rhyniophytes are a group of extinct early vascular plants that are considered to be similar to the genus '' Rhynia'', found in the Early Devonian (around ). Sources vary in the name and rank used for this group, some treating it as the cla ...
::::*Family 2. Psilophytaceae ::::*Family 3. Pseudosporochnaceae ::::*Family 4. Zosterophyllaceae ::::*Family 5.
Asteroxylaceae ''Asteroxylon'' ("star-shaped xylem") is an extinct genus of vascular plants of the Division Lycopodiophyta known from anatomically preserved specimens described from the famous Early Devonian Rhynie chert and Windyfield chert in Aberdeenshire, ...
::*Order 2.
Psilotales Psilotaceae is a family of ferns (class Polypodiopsida) consisting of two genera, ''Psilotum'' and ''Tmesipteris'' with about a dozen species. It is the only family in the order Psilotales. Description Once thought to be descendants of early vas ...


Division Lepidophyta

*Class 1. Lycopodinae (lycopods) ::*Order 1.
Lycopodiales The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 16 accepted genera and about 400 known species. This family originated about 380 mi ...
::::*Family 1. Protolepidodendraceae ::::*Family 2.
Lycopodiaceae The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 16 accepted genera and about 400 known species. This family originated about 380 mi ...
::*Order 2.
Selaginellales ''Selaginella'' is the sole genus of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses. This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having ...
::::*Family 1.
Selaginellaceae ''Selaginella'' is the sole genus of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses. This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having ...
::::*Family 2. Miadesmiaceae ::*Order 3.
Lepidodendrales Lepidodendrales (from the Greek for "scale tree") were primitive, vascular, heterosporous, arborescent (tree-like) plants related to present day lycopsids. Members of Lepidodendrales are the best understood of the fossil lycopsids due to the vast ...
::::*Family 1. Lepidodendraceae ::::*Family 2. Lepidocarpaceae ::::*Family 3. Bothrodendraceae ::::*Family 4. Sigillariaceae ::*Order 4.
Isoetales Isoetales, sometimes also written Isoëtales, is an order of plants in the class Lycopodiopsida. There are about 140-150 living species, all of which are classified in the genus ''Isoetes'' (quillworts), with a cosmopolitan distribution, but o ...
::::*Family 1.
Pleuromeiaceae Pleuromeiaceae is an extinct family of plants related to living quillworts (''Isoetes''), in the order Isoetales Isoetales, sometimes also written Isoëtales, is an order of plants in the class Lycopodiopsida. There are about 140-150 living ...
::::*Family 2.
Isoetaceae Isoetaceae is a family including living quillworts (''Isoetes ''Isoetes'', commonly known as the quillworts, is the only extant genus of plants in the family Isoetaceae, which is in the class of lycopods. There are currently 192 recognized sp ...


Division Calamophyta

*Class 1. Equisetinae (horsetails) ::*Order 1. Hyeniales ::*Order 2.
Sphenophyllales Sphenophyllales is an extinct order of articulate land plants and a sister group to the present-day Equisetales ( horsetails). They are fossils dating from the Devonian to the Triassic. They were common during the Late Pennsylvanian to Early P ...
::*Order 3.
Equisetales Equisetales is an order of subclass Equisetidae with only one living family, Equisetaceae, containing the genus ''Equisetum'' (horsetails). Classification In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Equisetales, in its ...
::::*Family 1. Calamitaceae ::::*Family 2.
Equisetaceae Equisetaceae, sometimes called the horsetail family, is the only extant family of the order Equisetales, with one surviving genus, ''Equisetum'', which comprises about twenty species. Evolution and systematics Equisetaceae is the only survivi ...


Division Pterophyta

{{further, Pterophyta *Class 1.
Filicinae A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except ...
(ferns) :*Subclass 1. Primofilices (or Inversicatenales, Coenopterideae, Palaeopteridales) ::*Order 1. Protopteridales ::::*Family 1. Protopteridaceae ::::*Family 2. Cladoxylaceae ::*Order 2. Coenopteridales ::::*Family 1.
Zygopteridaceae Zygopteridaceae is a family of ferns or fern-like plants which lived from the Frasnian to the Berriasian (possibly as far as Cenomanian). It was first thought to have gone extinct during the Permian or the Triassic, but fossil wood assigned to Yu ...
::::*Family 2. Botryopteridaceae ::::*Family 3. Anachoropteridaceae ::*Order 3.
Archaeopteridales The Archaeopteridales are an extinct order of plants belonging to Progymnospermae The progymnosperms are an extinct group of woody, spore-bearing plants that is presumed to have evolved from the trimerophytes, and eventually gave rise to the g ...
:*Subclass 2. Eusporangitae ::*Order 1.
Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae, the adder's-tongue family, is a small family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only family in the order Ophioglossales, which together with the Psilotales is placed in the su ...
::*Order 2.
Marattiales Marattiaceae is the only family of extant (living) ferns in the order Marattiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiales is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. The family has six genera and about ...
:*Subclass 3.
Leptosporangiatae The Polypodiidae, commonly called leptosporangiate ferns, formerly Leptosporangiatae, are one of four subclasses of ferns, and the largest of these, being the largest group of living ferns, including some 11,000 species worldwide. The group has ...
::*Order 1. Filicales ::::*Family 1.
Osmundaceae Osmundaceae (royal fern family) is a family of ferns containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order Osmundales in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns) or in some classifications the only or ...
::::*Family 2.
Schizaeaceae Schizaeaceae is a family of ferns in the order Schizaeales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it includes only two genera. Alternatively, two families kept separate in PPG I, Lygodiaceae and Anemiaceae, may be i ...
::::*Family 3.
Gleicheniaceae The forked ferns are the family Gleicheniaceae, which includes six genera and about 160 known species. The formerly independent families Dicranopteridaceae and Stromatopteridaceae are generally included in the Gleicheniaceae, whereas the Dipterid ...
::::*Family 4.
Matoniaceae Matoniaceae is one of the three families of ferns in the Gleicheniales order of the Polypodiopsida class. Fossil records reveal that Matoniaceae ferns were abundant during the Mesozoic era (about 250-million to 66-million years ago), during which ...
::::*Family 5.
Dipteridaceae The Dipteridaceae is a family of ferns in the order Gleicheniales of the class Polypodiopsida. They are commonly known as umbrella ferns and contain two genera, ''Cheiropleuria'' and ''Dipteris'', with a total of nine species confined to Asia ...
::::*Family 6.
Hymenophyllaceae The Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy ferns and bristle ferns, are a family of two to nine genera (depending on classification system) and about 650 known species of ferns, with a subcosmopolitan distribution, but generally restricted to very damp pl ...
::::*Family 7.
Cyatheaceae The Cyatheaceae are a family of ferns, the scaly tree ferns, one of eight families in the order Cyatheales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may defined much more broadly (Cyatheaceae ' ...
::::*Family 8.
Dicksoniaceae Dicksoniaceae is a group of tropical, subtropical and warm temperate ferns, treated as a family in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), and counting 30-40 species. Alternatively, the family may be sunk into a very bro ...
::::*Family 9.
Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broade ...
::::*Family 10. Parkeriaceae ::*Order 2.
Marsileales The order Salviniales (formerly known as the Hydropteridales and including the former Marsileales) is an order of ferns in the class Polypodiopsida. Description Salviniales are all aquatic and differ from all other ferns in being heterosporous, ...
::*Order 3.
Salviniales The order Salviniales (formerly known as the Hydropteridales and including the former Marsileales) is an order of ferns in the class Polypodiopsida. Description Salviniales are all aquatic and differ from all other ferns in being heterosporous ...
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