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Marattiales
Marattiaceae is the only family of extant (living) ferns in the order Marattiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiales is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. The family has six genera and about 110 species. Many are different in appearance from other ferns, having large fronds and fleshy rootstocks. Description The Marattiaceae diverged from other ferns very early in their evolutionary history and are quite different from many plants familiar to people in temperate zones. Many of them have massive, fleshy rootstocks and the largest known fronds of any fern. The Marattiaceae is one of two groups of ferns traditionally known as eusporangiate ferns, meaning that the sporangium is formed from a group of cells as opposed to a leptosporangium in which there is a single initial cell. The large fronds characteristic of the group are most readily found in the genus ''Angiopteris'', native to Australasia, Madagascar and Oceania. These f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fern
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except the lycopods, and differ from mosses and other bryophytes by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate ( Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter group including horsetails, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the classification of pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. In 2016, the group published a classification for extant pteridophytes, termed "PPG I". The paper had 94 authors (26 principal and 68 additional). PPG I A first classification, PPG I, was produced in 2016, covering only extant (living) pteridophytes. The classification was rank-based, using the ranks of class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily and genus. Phylogeny The classification was based on a consensus phylogeny, shown below to the level of order. The very large order Polypodiales was divided into two suborders, as well as families not placed in a suborder: Classification to subfamily level To the level of subfamily, the PPG I classification is as follows. *Class Lycopo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eusporangiate Fern
Eusporangiate ferns are vascular spore plants, whose sporangia arise from several epidermal cells and not from a single cell as in leptosporangiate ferns. Typically these ferns have reduced root systems and sporangia that produce large amounts of spores (up to 7000 spores per sporangium in '' Christensenia'') There are four extant eusporangiate fern families, distributed among three classes. Each family is assigned to its own order. *Class Psilotopsida **Order Psilotales, family Psilotaceae – Whisk ferns (2 genera, about 17 species) **Order Ophioglossales, family Ophioglossaceae – Adder's-tongues (5 genera, about 80 species) *Class Equisetopsida **Order Equisetales, family Equisetaceae – Horsetails (1 genus, about 15 species) *Class Marattiopsida **Order Marattiales, family Marattiaceae – Marattoid ferns (6 genera, about 500 species) The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic placement of eusporangiate fern classes within the vascular plants. Cladistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marattia
''Marattia'' is a small genus of primitive, large, fleshy eusporangiate ferns. It is the type genus of the family Marattiaceae, order Marattiales and class Marattiopsida. Formerly considered to be a much larger genus, genetic analysis has shown that ''Marattia'' in the broad sense was paraphyletic, and subsequently the genera '' Ptisana'' and ''Eupodium'' were split off. Except for one species in Hawaii, the genus is neotropical. The plants are large and terrestrial, with more or less erect rhizomes and fronds being 2-5 times pinnate. Sporangia are fused into synangia, and spores are monolete. Basal chromosome count is ''2n=80''. The type species is ''M. alata''. Species list *'' Marattia alata'' Sw. – Jamaica and Cuba *'' Marattia douglasii'' (C. Presl) Baker – pala, kapua ilio, or Hawaii potato fern; Hawaii *'' Marattia excavata'' Underw. – Mexico to Panama *'' Marattia interposita'' Christ – Guatemala to Panama *'' Marattia laxa'' Kunze – Mexico to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link
Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link (2 February 1767 – 1 January 1851) was a German natural history, naturalist and botanist. Biography Link was born at Hildesheim as a son of the minister August Heinrich Link (1738–1783), who taught him love of nature through collection of 'natural objects'. He studied medicine and natural sciences at the Hannoverschen Landesuniversität of Göttingen, and graduated as MD in 1789, promoting on his thesis ''"Flora der Felsgesteine rund um Göttingen"'' (Flora of the rocky beds around Göttingen). One of his teachers was the famous natural scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840). He became a private tutor (''Privatdozent'') in Göttingen. In 1792 he became the first professor of the new department of chemistry, zoology and botany at the University of Rostock. During his stay at Rostock, he became an early follower of the antiphlogistic theory of Lavoisier, teaching about the existence of oxygen instead of phlogiston. He was also a pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neotropics
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeography, the Neotropic or Neotropical realm is one of the eight terrestrial realms. This realm includes South America, Central America, the Caribbean islands, and southern North America. In Mexico, the Yucatán Peninsula and southern lowlands, and most of the east and west coastlines, including the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula are Neotropical. In the United States southern Florida and coastal Central Florida are considered Neotropical. The realm also includes temperate southern South America. In contrast, the Neotropical Floristic Kingdom excludes southernmost South America, which instead is placed in the Antarctic kingdom. The Neotropic is delimited by similarities in fauna or flora. Its fauna and flora are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slaves
Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perform some form of work while also having their location or residence dictated by the enslaver. Many historical cases of enslavement occurred as a result of breaking the law, becoming indebted, or suffering a military defeat; other forms of slavery were instituted along demographic lines such as race. Slaves may be kept in bondage for life or for a fixed period of time, after which they would be granted freedom. Although slavery is usually involuntary and involves coercion, there are also cases where people voluntarily enter into slavery to pay a debt or earn money due to poverty. In the course of human history, slavery was a typical feature of civilization, and was legal in most societies, but it is now outlawed in most countries of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castleton Botanical Garden
Castleton Botanical Garden is a horticultural site of interest established in 1862 and located 19 miles from Kingston, Jamaica Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ....Postcard, undated. Text "Greetings from Jamaica. Castleton Gardens, 19 miles from Kingston".Postcard, undated. Text "Castleton Gardens. Greetings from Jamaica.". Soon after their creation the gardens were "the most richly stocked in the Caribbean, boasting over 180 species of palm and at least 400 specimens of other flora". References External links * Botanical gardens in Jamaica Geography of Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica 1862 establishments in Jamaica {{garden-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eupodium
''Eupodium'' is a genus of ferns in the family Marattiaceae native to the Neotropics. Traditionally, many taxonomists have included ''Eupodium'' within the genus ''Marattia'' (along with ''Ptisana''). However, molecular phylogenetic studies and morphological studies of extant and fossil taxa support the recognition of ''Eupodium'' as a lineage distinct from ''Marattia''. Morphologically, ''Eupodium'' was thought to be distinct among the Marattiaceae in only having one frond at a time (occasionally two), bearing awns along veins, and having stalked synangia (clusters of sporangia that have become fused in development). However, recent phylogenetic work found that an additional species native to Brazil, '' Eupodium cicutifolium'', which lacks these characters, is also genetically in ''Eupodium'', making the genus challenging to distinguish morphologically. ''Eupodium cicutifolium'' does occasionally have short-stalked synangia, and has spinulose spores like the other ''Eupodium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pearl Barley
Pearl barley, or pearled barley, is barley that has been processed to remove its fibrous outer hull and polished to remove some or all of the bran layer. It is the most common form of barley for human consumption because it cooks faster and is less chewy than other, less-processed forms of the grainBarley from The Cook's Thesaurus (foodsubs.com) such as "hulled barley" (or "barley groats", also known as "pot barley" and "Scotch barley"). Fine barley flour is prepared from milled pearl barley. Pearl barley is similar to wheat in its caloric, protein, vitamin and mineral content, though some varieties are higher in |
Ptisana
Sori of ''Ptisana fraxinea'' ''Ptisana'' is a genus in the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, comprising species historically treated in the genus ''Marattia''. The establishment of this genus follows the 2008 work by Andrew G. Murdock, which supported recognition of this group on the basis of genetic analysis and morphology. ''Ptisana'' can be distinguished from ''Marattia'' by the presence of distinct sutures at the point of leaflet attachment, deeply cut synangia, and the absence of labiate sporangial apertures. The name ''Ptisana'' is derived from the Latin word for pearl barley, an allusion to the shape of the synangia. ''Ptisana'' has a palaeotropical distribution, with the westernmost extreme of the range in Ascension Island and extending eastward through tropical Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Ferns in this genus are generally quite large, with fronds often reaching 2-3 meters in length; the one known exception to this is ''Ptisana rolandi-principis'', a dwarf speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paleotropics
The Paleotropical Kingdom (Paleotropis) is a floristic kingdom comprising tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand), as proposed by Ronald Good and Armen Takhtajan. Part of its flora, inherited from the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana or exchanged later (e.g. Piperaceae with pantropical distribution and but few warm temperate representatives), is shared with the Neotropical Kingdom, comprising tropical areas of Central and South America. Moreover, the Paleotropical flora influenced the tropical flora of the Australian Kingdom. The Paleotropical Kingdom is subdivided into five floristic subkingdoms according to Takhtajan (or three, according to Good) and about 13 floristic regions. In this article the floristic subkingdoms and regions are given as delineated by Takhtajan. Origin A distinct community of vascular plants evolved millions of years ago, and are now found on several separate areas. Millions of years ago, the warmer and wetter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
