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Laboulbeniales
The Laboulbeniales is an order of fungi within the class Laboulbeniomycetes. They are also known by the colloquial name beetle hangers or labouls. The order includes around 2,325 species of obligate insect ectoparasites that produce cellular thalli from two-celled ascospores. Of the described Laboulbeniales, Weir and Hammond 1997 find 80% to be from Coleoptera and the next largest group to be the 10% from Diptera. Recently, the genus '' Herpomyces'', traditionally considered a basal member of Laboulbeniales, was transferred to the order Herpomycetales based on molecular phylogenetic data. Laboulbeniales typically do not kill their hosts, although they may impair host fitness if the parasite density is high. Laboulbeniales form individual thalli, and lack vegetative hyphae. A thallus is attached to its host by a simple dark-colored foot cell, or a rhizoidal haustorium through which the fungus penetrates the exoskeleton of its host to draw nutrients from the hemolymph. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herpomycetales
The Herpomycetales is an order of fungi within the class Laboulbeniomycetes. The order includes a single dioecious genus, '' Herpomyces'', with 27 accepted species of obligate ectoparasites that are associated exclusively with cockroaches. Like the Laboulbeniales order, they produce cellular thalli. However, the thalli of ''Herpomyces'' are developmentally and morphologically unique. The order was described in 2019 based on the phylogenetic analysis of three gene regions. A more recent phylogeny found that Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales are not sister clades, which provides evidence for the idea that the thallus originated at least twice in the class Laboulbeniomycetes. This is in line with the fact that thalli of both orders are developmentally and morphologically different. The draft genome of '' Herpomyces periplanetae'' has been sequenced and assembled—the only one in the class thus far. ''Herpomyces periplanetae'' is a very widespread parasite on the antennae of adul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laboulbeniomycetes
The Laboulbeniomycetes are a unique group of fungi that are obligatorily associated with arthropods, either as external parasites ( Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales) or for dispersal ( Pyxidiophorales). Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales fungi are minute; their fruiting bodies, referred to as ''thalli'', commonly measure less than one millimeter. They live on the antennae, the mouthparts or other body regions of their arthropod hosts. Although several species of Laboulbeniomycetes have more or less extensive, root-like hyphal systems ( haustoria) inside their hosts, as a group these fungi are relatively harmless to their hosts. These fungi occur usually only on adult hosts; apparently immature arthropods eliminate them during ecdysis (adult arthropods no longer molt). Some thallus-forming species are dioecious Dioecy ( ; ; adj. dioecious, ) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roland Thaxter
Roland Thaxter (August 28, 1858 – April 22, 1932) was an American mycologist, plant pathologist, botanist, and entomologist, renowned for his contribution to the insect parasitic fungi—Laboulbeniales. His college education was completed at Harvard, where he dedicated forty years to mycological and botanical research. His five-volume series on fungi in the order Laboulbeniales laid a solid foundation of research on these insect ectoparasites. He also contributed to the field of Plant Pathology. Biography Roland Thaxter was born in Newtonville, Massachusetts, 1858, the third and youngest child in the family. His parents were Levi Thaxter and Celia Thaxter, Celia (née Laighton) Thaxter. He married Mabel Gray Thaxter in 1887. Thaxter's personality was influenced greatly by his literary family. His father was a lawyer and an authority who brought the works of the poet Robert Browning to the American public. His mother, Celia Thaxter, was a distinguished poet, most well known for he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herpomyces
''Herpomyces'' is a fungal genus in the order Herpomycetales (Laboulbeniomycetes), with species that are exclusively ectoparasites of members of the Blattodea order (cockroaches). As of 2020, 27 species of ''Herpomyces'' are formally described. Members of ''Herpomyces'' have been reported from all continents except Antarctica. See also * Laboulbeniomycetes The Laboulbeniomycetes are a unique group of fungi that are obligatorily associated with arthropods, either as external parasites ( Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales) or for dispersal ( Pyxidiophorales). Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales fungi ... References External links *A. Glenn Richards, Myrtle N. SmithInfection of Cockroaches with Herpomyces (Laboulbeniales) II. Histology and Histopathology . Ann Entomol Soc Am 2014; 49 (1): 85–93. doi: 10.1093/aesa/49.1.85 {{Taxonbar, from=Q10522478 Laboulbeniomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hesperomyces Virescens
''Hesperomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. The genus contains at least fifteen species, including the type species, the Green Beetle Hanger ('' Hesperomyces virescens''). ''H. virescens'' is a complex of species. It is an ectoparasite of an invasive species to Europe and the Americas, the harlequin ladybird (''Harmonia axyridis''). Laboratory bioassays pointed out that ''Hesperomyces''-infected ladybirds suffered increased mortality rates. The fungus completes its entire life cycle on the tough outer layer or integument of a living host where individual fruiting bodies or thalli are formed directly from ascospores. The thalli can form on any part of the insect, but spore germination likely only occurs once the host cuticle has hardened. The spores are believed to have a short life span. Due to the spores' sticky nature, they are not transmitted by contact with substrate or the air. Instead they are spread directly by host activities and it is sugge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laboulbeniaceae
The Laboulbeniaceae are a family of fungi in the order Laboulbeniales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, and are parasitic to various orders of insects Insects (from Latin ') are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed .... See also * List of Laboulbeniaceae genera References Laboulbeniomycetes genera {{Ascomycota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euceratomycetaceae
Euceratomycetaceae is a family of fungi in the order Laboulbeniales. These fungi, found mostly in temperate zones, tend to be parasitic or epibiotic on insect exoskeleton An exoskeleton () . is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs, in contrast to an internal endoskeleton (e.g. human skeleton, that ...s. References Laboulbeniales Ascomycota families {{Ascomycota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratomycetaceae
The Ceratomycetaceae are a family of fungi in the order Laboulbeniales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, and are epibiotic or parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The ent ... on insect cuticles. References Laboulbeniomycetes Ascomycota families {{Ascomycota-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascospore
In fungi, an ascospore is the sexual spore formed inside an ascus—the sac-like cell that defines the division Ascomycota, the largest and most diverse Division (botany), division of fungi. After two parental cell nucleus, nuclei fuse, the ascus undergoes meiosis (halving of genetic material) followed by a mitosis (cell division), ordinarily producing eight genetically distinct haploid spores; most yeasts stop at four ascospores, whereas some moulds carry out extra post-meiotic divisions to yield dozens. Many asci build turgor, internal pressure and shoot their spores clear of the calm boundary layer, thin layer of still air enveloping the fruit body, whereas subterranean truffles depend on animals for biological dispersal, dispersal. Ontogeny, Development shapes both form and endurance of ascospores. A hook-shaped crozier aligns the paired nuclei; a double-biological membrane, membrane system then parcels each daughter nucleus, and successive wall layers of β-glucan, chitosan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. ource for pronunciation./ref> It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthetic plants, and edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major revisions of the classification schemes. Researchers concerned m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Complex
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use. Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as plant variety (botany), varieties), which may be a complex ranking but it is not a species complex. In most cases, a specie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
