The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, ...

-based, system of plant taxonomy for

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s (angiosperms) being developed by the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disc ...

(APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor the

APG III system The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a f ...

was published in 2009, and 18 years after the first

APG system The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved ...

was published in 1998. In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately; the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one. Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders ( Boraginales, Dilleniales,

Icacinales Icacinales is an order of flowering plants. The order did not exist in the 2009 APG III system, and was added in the 2016 APG IV system, including two families, Icacinaceae The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, are a family (b ...

Metteniusales Metteniusaceae are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the order Metteniusales. It consists of about 10 genera and 50 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was formerly restricted to just '' Mette ...

and Vahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.

Short version

Detailed version

Key to symbols used: :* = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since the

of 2009 :† = the order has been added since the APG III system

Basal angiosperms The basal angiosperms are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. In particular, the most basal angiosperms were called the ANITA grade, which is made up of ''Amborella'' (a single species of shrub f ...

Amborellales ''Amborella'' is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborella ...

Melikyan et al. ** Amborellaceae Pichon, nom. cons. *

Nymphaeales The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-divergin ...

Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Hydatellaceae ''Trithuria'' is a genus of small ephemeral aquatic herb that represent the only members of the family Hydatellaceae found in India, Australia, and New Zealand. Almost all described species of ''Trithuria'' are found in Australia, with the exce ...

U.Hamann ** Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons. **

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate climate, temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 know ...

Salisb., nom. cons. *

Austrobaileyales Austrobaileyales is an order of flowering plants consisting of about 100 species of woody plants growing as trees, shrubs and lianas. A well known example is '' Illicium verum'', commonly known as star anise. The order belongs to the group of b ...

Takht. ex Reveal **

Austrobaileyaceae ''Austrobaileya'' is the sole genus in the plant family Austrobaileyaceae – the family is thus 'monotypic' as it includes a single child taxon. It is one of the basal angiosperm families, the most ancient group of flowering plants. The genu ...

Croizat, nom. cons. **

Trimeniaceae Trimeniaceae is a family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, ...

Gibbs, nom. cons. ** Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons.

Magnoliids Magnoliids, Magnoliidae or Magnolianae are a clade of flowering plants. With more than 10,000 species, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree and many others, it is the third-largest group of angiospe ...

* Canellales Cronq. ** Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons. **

Winteraceae Winteraceae is a primitive family of tropical trees and shrubs including 93 species in five genera. It is of particular interest because it is such a primitive angiosperm family, distantly related to Magnoliaceae, though it has a much more south ...

R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons. * Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Saururaceae Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons. **

Piperaceae The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family (biology), family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in five genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two mai ...

Giseke, nom. cons. **

Aristolochiaceae The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is '' Aristolochia'' L. Description They are mostly perennial, her ...

Juss., nom. cons. * (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.) *

Magnoliales The Magnoliales are an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Magnoliales include: magnolias, Liriodendron, tulip trees, Annona squamosa, custard apples, Asimina triloba, American pawpaw, cherimoyas, Cananga odorata, ylang-ylang, Sours ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, '' Myristica fragr ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Magnoliaceae The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: '' Magnolia'' and ''Liriodendron'' (tulip trees). Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons. ** Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons. ** Eupomatiaceae Orb., nom. cons. **

Annonaceae The Annonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest ...

Juss., nom. cons. * Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons. ** Siparunaceae Schodde ** Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons. **

Atherospermataceae The Atherospermataceae, commonly known as the southern sassafrases, are a family (biology), family of broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs. The family includes 14 species in seven genus, genera. The atherosperms are today mostly distributed in th ...

R.Br. ** Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons. **

Monimiaceae The Monimiaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the magnoliid Order (biology), order Laurales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Gar ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Lauraceae Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant Family (biology), family that includes the bay laurel, true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genus (biology), genera worldwide. They are dicotyled ...

Juss., nom. cons.

Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade

Chloranthales Chloranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants (angiosperms), the only family in the order Chloranthales. It is not closely related to any other family of flowering plants, and is among the early-diverging lineages in the angiosperms. They a ...

Mart. **

Chloranthaceae Chloranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants (angiosperms), the only family in the order Chloranthales. It is not closely related to any other family of flowering plants, and is among the early-diverging lineages in the angiosperms. They a ...

R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.

Monocots Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants whose seeds contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. A monocot taxon has been in use for several decades, but with various ranks a ...

Acorales ''Acorus'' is a genus of monocot flowering plants. This genus was once placed within the family Araceae (aroids), but more recent classifications place it in its own family Acoraceae and order Acorales, of which it is the sole genus of the oldes ...

Mart. ** Acoraceae Martinov *

Alismatales The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats. Perhaps the most important food cro ...

R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Tofieldiaceae Tofieldiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . The famil ...

Takht. **

Alismataceae The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera (17 extant and 3 fossil) and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...

Vent., nom. cons. ** Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons. ** Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons. ** Aponogetonaceae Planch., nom. cons. ** Juncaginaceae Rich., nom. cons. * ** Maundiaceae Nakai * **

Zosteraceae Zosteraceae (one of the four seagrasses families, Kubitzki ed. 1998) is a family of marine perennial flowering plants found in temperate and subtropical coastal waters, with the highest diversity located around Korea and Japan. Most seagrasses ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Potamogetonaceae The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over five genera. The largest genus in the family by far is '' Potamogeton'', ...

Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons **

Posidoniaceae ''Posidonia'' is a genus of flowering plants. It contains nine species of marine plants (" seagrass"), found in the seas of the Mediterranean and around the south coast of Australia. The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) accept this ...

Vines, nom. cons. **

Ruppiaceae ''Ruppia'', also known as the widgeonweeds, ditch grasses or widgeon grass, is the only extant genus in the family Ruppiaceae, with 11 known species. These are aquatic plants widespread over much of the world. The genus name honours Heinrich Be ...

Horan., nom. cons. **

Cymodoceaceae Cymodoceaceae is a family of flowering plants, sometimes known as the "manatee-grass family", which includes only marine species. The 2016 APG IV does recognize Cymodoceaceae and places it in the order Alismatales, in the clade monocots. The ...

Vines, nom. cons. *

Petrosaviales Petrosaviaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants belonging to a monotypic order, Petrosaviales. Petrosaviales are monocots, and are grouped within the lilioid monocots. Petrosaviales is a very small order composed of one family, ...

Takht. **

Petrosaviaceae Petrosaviaceae is a family of flowering plants belonging to a monotypic order, Petrosaviales. Petrosaviales are monocots, and are grouped within the lilioid monocots. Petrosaviales is a very small order composed of one family, two genera and fou ...

Hutch., nom. cons. *

Dioscoreales The Dioscoreales are an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, organized under modern classification systems, such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group or the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. Among monocot plants, Dioscoreales are grouped with the ...

Mart. **

Nartheciaceae Nartheciaceae is a family of flowering plants. The APG III system places it in the order Dioscoreales, in the clade monocots. As circumscribed by APG IV (2016) it includes 35 species of herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that ha ...

Fr. ex Bjurzon **

Burmanniaceae Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera. Description These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this fam ...

Blume, nom. cons. (not monophyletic.) ** Dioscoreaceae R.Br., nom. cons. *

Pandanales Pandanales, the pandans or screw-pines, is an order of flowering plants placed in the monocot clade in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web systems. Within the monocots Pandanales are grouped in the lilioid monocots where ...

R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Triuridaceae Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, o ...

Gardner, nom. cons. **

Velloziaceae Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales. Relationships and evolution By contrast to oth ...

J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons. ** Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons. **

Pandanaceae Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa to the Pacific. It contains 982 known species in five genera, of which the type genus, ''Pandanus'', is the most important, with s ...

R.Br., nom. cons. *

Liliales Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...

Perleb ** Campynemataceae Dumort. ** Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons. **

Melanthiaceae Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plant, flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered member ...

Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons. ** Petermanniaceae Hutch, nom. cons. ** Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Colchicaceae Colchicaceae is a family of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; ...

DC., nom. cons. ** Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford ** Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons. **

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...

Juss., nom. cons. *

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...

Link **

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family (biology), family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan plants that ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Boryaceae M.W.Chase et al. ** Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford **

Asteliaceae Asteliaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the 1998 and 2003 versions) does recognize this ...

Dumort. ** Lanariaceae H.Huber ex R.Dahlgren ** Hypoxidaceae R.Br., nom. cons. **

Doryanthaceae ''Doryanthes'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant Family (biology), family Doryanthaceae. The genus consists of two species, ''Doryanthes excelsa, D. excelsa'' (gymea lily) and ''Doryanthes palmeri, D. palmeri'' (giant spear lily), both en ...

R.Dahlgren & Clifford ** Ixioliriaceae Nakai (as 'Ixiolirionaceae'; spelling corrected) **

Tecophilaeaceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (u ...

Leyb., nom. cons. **

Iridaceae Iridaceae () is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the Iris (plant), irises. It has a nearly global distribution, with 69 accepted genera with a total of about 2500 species. It includes a number of economically importan ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase et al. **

Asphodelaceae Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 4 ...

Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.) **

Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...

J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. **

Asparagaceae Asparagaceae (), known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. This family includes both ...

Juss., nom. cons. * Arecales Bromhead **

Dasypogonaceae Dasypogonaceae is a family of flowering plants based on the type genus '' Dasypogon'', one that has traditionally not been commonly recognized by taxonomists; the plants it contains were usually included in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae. If valid ...

Dumort. **

Arecaceae The Arecaceae () is a family (biology), family of perennial plant, perennial, flowering plants in the Monocotyledon, monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbing palm, climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly k ...

Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (=Palmae Juss., nom. cons.) * Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw **

Commelinaceae Commelinaceae is a family of flowering plants. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family. It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with about 731 kn ...

Mirb., nom. cons. ** Philydraceae Link, nom. cons. **

Pontederiaceae Pontederiaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the co ...

Kunth, nom. cons. ** Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons. *

Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morpholog ...

Griseb. **

Strelitziaceae The Strelitziaceae comprise a family (biology), family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, very similar in appearance and growth habit to members of the related families Heliconiaceae and Musaceae (banana family). The three genera with seven sp ...

Hutch., nom. cons. ** Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons. ** Heliconiaceae Vines **

Musaceae Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with about 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves w ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Costaceae Nakai **

Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...

Martinov, nom. cons. *

Poales The Poales are a large order (biology), order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the Poaceae, grasses, bromeliads, Juncaceae, rushes and Cyperaceae, sedges. 14 plant families are currently recogniz ...

Small **

Typhaceae The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists. Description Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-rank ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Bromeliaceae The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot flowering plants of about 80 genera and 3700 known species, native mainly to the tropical Americas, with several species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Rapateaceae The Rapateaceae are a family of flowering plants. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system of 2003 also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots. T ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Xyridaceae The Xyridaceae are a family of flowering plants. This family has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the yellow-eyed grass family. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, ...

C.Agardh, nom. cons. **

Eriocaulaceae The Eriocaulaceae are a family (biology), family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales, commonly known as the pipewort family. The family is large, with about 1207 known species described in seven genera. They are widely distri ...

Martinov, nom. cons. ** Mayacaceae Kunth, nom. cons. **

Thurniaceae The Thurniaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of two genera with four species. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales ...

Engl., nom. cons. **

Juncaceae Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae () are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as wikt:sedge, sedges. The family (biology), family is large; botanists have species description, described some 5,500 known species in about 90 ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Restionaceae The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family of flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 meters in height. Following the APG IV (2016): the family now includes the former famil ...

R.Br., nom. cons. * (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.) ** Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm. ** Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw **

Poaceae Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivate ...

Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)

Probable sister of eudicots

Ceratophyllales Ceratophyllaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants including one living genus commonly found in ponds, marshes, and quiet streams in tropical and in temperate regions. It is the only extant family in the order Ceratophyllales. Species ...

Link ** Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons.

Eudicots The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...

Ranunculales Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group k ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Eupteleaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons. **

Papaveraceae The Papaveraceae, informally known as the poppy family, are an economically important family (biology), family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales. The family is cosmopolitan dis ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons. **

Lardizabalaceae Lardizabalaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Berberidaceae The Berberidaceae are a family (biology), family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order (biology), order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae (, buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family (biology), family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 spec ...

Juss., nom. cons. *

Proteales Proteales is an order of flowering plants consisting of three (or four) families. The Proteales have been recognized by almost all taxonomists. The representatives of the Proteales can be very different from each other due to their very early d ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons. ** Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons. **

Platanaceae Platanaceae, the plane family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Proteales. The family consists of only a single extant taxon, extant genus ''Platanus'', with twelve known species. The plants are tall trees, native ...

T.Lestib., nom. cons. **

Proteaceae The Proteaceae form a family (biology), family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genus, genera with about 1,660 known species. Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentr ...

Juss., nom. cons. * Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronq. ** Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons. * Buxales Takht. ex Reveal **

Buxaceae The Buxaceae are a small family of six genera and about 123 known species of flowering plants. They are shrubs and small trees, with a cosmopolitan distribution. A seventh genus, sometimes accepted in the past (''Notobuxus''), has been shown by ...

Dumort., nom. cons. * (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)

Core eudicots The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...

* Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal **

Myrothamnaceae ''Myrothamnus'' is a genus of flowering plants, consisting of two species of small xerophytic shrubs, in the southern parts of tropical Africa and in Madagascar. ''Myrothamnus'' is recognized as the only genus in the family Myrothamnaceae. Myro ...

Nied., nom. cons. ** Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons. * Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl † **

Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species. It is known to gardeners for the genus '' Hibbertia'', which contains many commercially valuable garden species. Description and distribution The family is ...

Salisb., nom. cons.

Superrosids

Saxifragales Saxifragales is an order (biology), order of flowering plants in the Superrosids, superrosid clade of the eudicots. It contains 15 Families (biology), families and around 100 genera, with nearly 2,500 species. Well-known and economically import ...

Bercht. & J.Presl **

Peridiscaceae Peridiscaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the Order (biology), order Saxifragales.Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. "Peridiscaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External li ...

Kuhlm., nom. cons. **

Paeoniaceae The peony or paeony () is any flowering plant in the genus ''Paeonia'', the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae. Peonies are native to Asia, Europe, and Western North America. Scientists differ on the number of species that can be distinguishe ...

Raf., nom. cons. **

Altingiaceae Altingiaceae is a small Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the Order (biology), order Saxifragales,Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Altingiaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''Exter ...

Lindl., nom. cons. **

Hamamelidaceae Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., nom. cons. ** Daphniphyllaceae Müll.Arg., nom. cons. ** Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. **

Grossulariaceae ''Ribes'' () is a genus of about 200 known species of flowering plants, most of them native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The species may be known as various kinds of currants, such as redcurrants, blackcurrants, and whi ...

DC., nom. cons. **

Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae is a family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous Perennial plant, perennial flowering plants, within the core eudicot Order (biology), order Saxifragales. The Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of the family has been greatly revised and the ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (, from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the crassulas, the stonecrops or the orpine family, are a diverse Family (biology), family of dicotyledon angiosperms primarily characterized by succulent leaves and a form of phot ...

J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. ** Aphanopetalaceae Doweld ** Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai ** Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britton, nom. cons. **

Haloragaceae Haloragaceae (the watermilfoil family) is a eudicot flowering plant family in the order Saxifragales, based on the phylogenetic APG system. In the Cronquist system, it was included in the order Haloragales. Description The Haloragaceae ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.

Rosids The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 16 to 20 Order (biology), orders, depending upon Circu ...

* Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Vitaceae The Vitaceae are a family of flowering plants, with 14 genera and around 910 known species, including common plants such as Vitis, grapevines (''Vitis'' spp.) and Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia creeper (''Parthenocissus quinquefolia''). Th ...

Juss., nom. cons.

=Fabids

= * Zygophyllales Link **

Krameriaceae ''Krameria'' is the only genus in the Krameriaceae family, of which any of the approximately 18 species are commonly known as rhatany, ratany or rattany. Rhatany is also the name given to krameria root, a botanical remedy consisting of the dried ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera. Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habit ...

R.Br., nom. cons. *

Fabales Fabales is an order of flowering plants included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the families Fabaceae or legumes (including the s ...

Bromhead ** Quillajaceae D.Don **

Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...

Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.) **

Surianaceae The Surianaceae are a family of plants in the order Fabales with five genera and eight known species. It has an unusual distribution: the genus '' Recchia'' is native to Mexico, and the sole member of '' Suriana'', '' S. maritima'', is a c ...

Arn., nom. cons. ** Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons. *

Rosales Rosales (, ) are an order of flowering plants. Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) Well-known members of Rosales include: ...

Bercht. & J.Presl **

Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus '' Rosa''. The family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, but som ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Barbeyaceae Rendle, nom. cons. **

Dirachmaceae ''Dirachma'' is the sole genus of the family Dirachmaceae. The genus had been monotypic, its sole species being the woody plant '' Dirachma socotrana'', until a second, herbaceous, species, '' Dirachma somalensis'', was discovered in Somalia ...

Hutch. **

Elaeagnaceae The Elaeagnaceae are a plant family, the oleaster family, of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has about 60 species in ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Rhamnaceae The Rhamnaceae are a large Family (biology), family of flowering plants, mostly trees, shrubs, and some vines, commonly called the buckthorn family. Rhamnaceae is included in the order Rosales. The family contains about 55 genera and 950 specie ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Ulmaceae The Ulmaceae () are a family (biology), family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus ''Ulmus''), and the zelkovas (genus ''Zelkova''). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the Temperate, north temperate zone, and ha ...

Mirb., nom. cons. **

Cannabaceae Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including '' Cannabis'' (hemp), '' Humulus'' (hops) and '' Celtis'' (hackberri ...

Martinov, nom. cons. **

Moraceae Moraceae is a family of flowering plants comprising about 48 genera and over 1100 species, and is commonly known as the mulberry or fig family. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, their ...

Gaudich., nom. cons. **

Urticaceae The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus ''Urtica''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus ''Urtica'', ramie (''Boehmeria ...

Juss., nom. cons. *

Fagales The Fagales are an order of flowering plants in the rosid group of dicotyledons, including some of the best-known trees. Well-known members of Fagales include: beeches, chestnuts, oaks, walnut, pecan, hickory, birches, alders, hazels, hornb ...

Engl. **

Nothofagaceae ''Nothofagus'', also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere, found across southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guin ...

Kuprian. **

Fagaceae The Fagaceae (; ) are a family of flowering plants that includes beeches, chestnuts and oaks, and comprises eight genera with around 1,000 or more species. Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous, whereas in the tropics, many species ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Myricaceae Myricaceae is a small family of dicotyledonous shrubs and small trees in the order Fagales with its type genus ''Myrica'', the sweet gales. There are three genera in the family, although some botanists separate many species from Myrica into a fo ...

Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons. **

Juglandaceae The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family. They are trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia. The nine or ten genera in the family have ...

DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons. **

Casuarinaceae The Casuarinaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales, consisting of four genera and 91 species of trees and shrubs native to eastern Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, and the Pacific ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Ticodendraceae Gomez-Laur. & L.D.Gomez **

Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams, numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of ...

Gray, nom. cons. *

Cucurbitales The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropical and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, togeth ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Apodanthaceae Tiegh. ex Takht. * ** Anisophylleaceae Ridl. ** Corynocarpaceae Engl., nom. cons. ** Coriariaceae DC., nom. cons. **

Cucurbitaceae The Cucurbitaceae (), also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family (biology), family consisting of about 965 species in 101 genera.

Juss., nom. cons. **

Tetramelaceae The Tetramelaceae are a family of plants in the order Cucurbitales, containing two genera of mostly Asian, large trees, ''Octomeles'' and ''Tetrameles'', each with a single species. These genera were formerly placed in the Datiscaceae,van Steeni ...

Airy Shaw **

Datiscaceae The Datiscaceae are a family of dicotyledonous plants, containing two species of the genus ''Datisca''. Two other genera, ''Octomeles'' and ''Tetrameles'', are now classified in the family Tetramelaceae. Datiscaceae are large herbaceous plants, ...

Dumort., nom. cons. ** Begoniaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.

COM clade; placement uncertain

* Celastrales Link ** Lepidobotryaceae J. Leonard, nom. cons. **

Celastraceae The Celastraceae (staff-vine or bittersweet) are a family of 98 genera and 1,350 species of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales. The great majority of the genera are tropical, with only ''Celastrus'' (the staf ...

R.Br., nom. cons. * Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Huaceae A.Chev. **

Connaraceae Connaraceae is a pan-tropical plant family of 19 genera and more than 180 species of largely evergreen trees, woody shrubs and climbers. The family was first described by Robert Brown in 1816 and the name has been conserved. Distribution Connar ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Oxalidaceae The Oxalidaceae, or wood sorrel family, are a small family of five genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees, with the great majority of the 570 species in the genus ''Oxalis'' (wood sorrels). Members of this family typically have divid ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Cunoniaceae R.Br., nom. cons. **

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family contains approximately 615 species of trees and shrubs in 12 genera."Elaeocarpaceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki (ed.). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' vol. VI. Springer-Verlag: Ber ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Cephalotaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Brunelliaceae Engl., nom. cons. *

Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest Order (biology), orders of flowering plants. The order is very diverse, with well-known members including willows, Viola (plant), violets, aspens and Populus, poplars, Euphorbia pulcherrima, poinsett ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Pandaceae The family (biology), family Pandaceae consists of three genera that were formerly recognized in the Euphorbiaceae. Those are: *''Galearia'' (from tribe Galearieae, subfamily Acalyphoideae, family Euphorbiaceae) *''Microdesmis'' (from tribe Galea ...

Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. ** Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonça, nom. cons. * (including Allantospermum Forman) ** Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonça **

Rhizophoraceae The Rhizophoraceae is a family of tropical or subtropical flowering plants. It includes around 147 species distributed in 15 genera.Setoguchi, H., Kosuge, K., & Tobe, H. (1999). Molecular Phylogeny of Rhizophoraceae Based on rbcL Gene Sequences. ...

Pers., nom. cons. ** Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons. **

Ochnaceae Ochnaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the Order (biology), order Malpighiales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Can ...

DC., nom. cons. **

Bonnetiaceae Bonnetiaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 3 genera and 38 species. The family is Neotropical, with the exception of the genus '' Ploiarium'', which is found in Malesia. It is sister to the family Clusiaceae The Clusiaceae or ...

L.Beauvis. ex Nakai **

Clusiaceae The Clusiaceae or Guttiferae Juss. (1789) (''nom. alt. et cons.'' = alternative and valid name) are a family (biology), family of plants including 13 genera and ca 750 species. Several former members of Clusiacae are now placed in Calophyllaceae ...

Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.) ** Calophyllaceae J.Agardh **

Podostemaceae Podostemaceae (riverweed family), a family in the order Malpighiales, comprise about 50 genera and species of more or less thalloid aquatic herbs. Distribution and habitat They are found mostly in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide ...

Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons. **

Hypericaceae Hypericaceae is a plant family in the order Malpighiales, comprising six to nine genera and up to 700 species, and commonly known as the St. John's wort family. Members are found throughout the world apart from extremely cold or dry habitats. ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons. ** Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff. ** Putranjivaceae Meisn. ** Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal ** Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Malpighiaceae Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. It comprises about 73 genera and 1315 species, all of which are native to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the genera and 90% of the species occur in the New World ( ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f., nom. cons. ** Trigoniaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. ** Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons. ** Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti **

Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of trees and shrubs in 27 genera and about 700 species of pantropical distribution with a centre of diversity in the Amazon. Some of the species contain silica in their bodies for rig ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. **

Achariaceae Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees. The APG IV system has greatly expanded the scope of the family by including many genera previously classified in Flac ...

Harms, nom. cons. **

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus '' Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system plac ...

Batsch, nom. cons. ** Goupiaceae Miers ** Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons. ** Lacistemataceae Mart., nom. cons. **

Salicaceae The Salicaceae are the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') includes the willows, poplars. Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly expanded the circumsc ...

Mirb., nom. cons. ** Peraceae Klotzsch * **

Rafflesiaceae The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including ''Rafflesia arnoldii'', which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are e ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae (), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of Euphorbia, the type genus of the family. Most spurges, such as ''Euphorbia paralias'', ar ...

Juss., nom. cons. * **

Linaceae Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes about 250 species in 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: the Linoideae and Hugonioideae. Description The leaves of the Linaceae are always simple; arran ...

DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons. ** Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. * **

Picrodendraceae Picrodendraceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 80 speciesStephens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ in 25 genera. These are subtropical to Tropics, ...

Small, nom. cons. **

Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the eudicot Order (biology), order Malpighiales. It is most closely related to the family Picrodendraceae.Kenneth J. Wurdack and Charles C. Davis. 2009. "Malpighiales phylogeneti ...

Martinov, nom. cons.

=Malvids

= *

Geraniales Geraniales is a small order (biology), order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subclade of eudicots. The largest family (biology), family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes the smaller ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Geraniaceae Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus '' Geranium''. The family includes both the genus '' Geranium'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants call ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Francoaceae The Francoaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Geraniales, including the genera '' Francoa'', commonly known as bridal wreaths. The Francoaceae are recognized as a family under various classification schemes. Under the 2009 A ...

A.Juss., nom. cons. * (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.) * Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Combretaceae The Combretaceae, often called the white mangrove family, are a family of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, G ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Lythraceae Lythraceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, including 32 genus, genera, with about 620 species of Herbaceous plant, herbs, shrubs, and trees. The larger genera include ''Cuphea'' (275 spp.), ''Lagerstroemia'' (56), ''Nesaea (pl ...

J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. **

Onagraceae The Onagraceae are a family of flowering plants known as the willowherb family or evening primrose family. They include about 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees Vochysiaceae Vochysiaceae is a plant family belonging to the order Myrtales. Description Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves; flowers are zygomorph 1-(3)-5 merous; ovary inferior or superior; one fertile stamen; fruits samara or capsules. Biogeography ...

A.St.-Hil., nom. cons. **

Myrtaceae Myrtaceae (), the myrtle family, is a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, pōhutukawa, bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Melastomataceae Melastomataceae () is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two-thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 175 genera and c. 5115 known species. Melastomes are annual or perennial herbs ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Crypteroniaceae A.DC., nom. cons. ** Alzateaceae S.A.Graham ** Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons. * Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal ** Aphloiaceae Takht. ** Geissolomataceae A.DC., nom. cons. **

Strasburgeriaceae Strasburgeriaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Crossosomatales, only found in New Zealand and New Caledonia. It contains two Genus, genera, ''Strasburgeria'' and ''Ixerba''. Both genera have simple, evergreen, alternated lea ...

Tiegh., nom. cons. **

Staphyleaceae Staphyleaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Crossosomatales, native to Europe, temperate and tropical Asia and the Americas. The largest genus ''Staphylea'', which gives the family its name, contains the "bladdernut" trees. ...

Martinov, nom. cons. ** Guamatelaceae S.H.Oh & D.Potter ** Stachyuraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. **

Crossosomataceae Crossosomataceae is a small plant family, consisting of four genera of shrubs found only in the dry parts of the American southwest and Mexico. This family has included up to ten species in the past, although as of 2021 six species are still rec ...

Engl., nom. cons. * Picramniales Doweld ** Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn * Huerteales Doweld ** Gerrardinaceae M.H.Alford ** Petenaeaceae Christenh. et al. * ** Tapisciaceae Takht. ** Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons. *

Sapindales Sapindales is an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Sapindales include citrus; maples, horse-chestnuts, lychees and rambutans; mangos and cashews; frankincense and myrrh; mahogany and neem. The APG III system of 2009 includ ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl. ** Nitrariaceae Lindl. ** Kirkiaceae Takht. **

Burseraceae The Burseraceae are a moderate-sized family of 17-19 genera and about 540 species of woody flowering plants. The actual numbers given in taxonomic sources differ according to taxonomic revision at the time of writing. The Burseraceae are also ...

Kunth, nom. cons. **

Anacardiaceae The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family. It contains 138 genera and 1,858 accepted species. Examples include Aesculus, horse chestnut, maples, ackee and lychee. The ...

Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as 'Xanthoceraceae') **

Rutaceae The Rutaceae () is a family (biology), family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in Bo ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Simaroubaceae The Simaroubaceae, also known as the quassia family, are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phyloge ...

DC., nom. cons. **

Meliaceae Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales. They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarp ...

Juss., nom. cons. *

Malvales The Malvales are an Order (biology), order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within nine Family (biology), families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, w ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Cytinaceae A.Rich. ** Muntingiaceae C.Bayer et al. ** Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons. **

Malvaceae Malvaceae (), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include Theobroma cacao, cacao, Cola (plant), cola, cotton, okra, Hibiscus sabdariffa, ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Sphaerosepalaceae Bullock **

Thymelaeaceae The Thymelaeaceae are a cosmopolitan family (biology), family of flowering plants composed of 50 genera (listed below) and 898 species.Zachary S. Rogers (2009 onwards)A World Checklist of Thymelaeaceae (version 1) Missouri Botanical Garden Webs ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Bixaceae The Bixaceae are a family of dicotyledonous plants commonly called the achiote family. Under the Cronquist system, the family was traditionally placed in the order Violales. However, newer arrangements move it, with some other families previousl ...

Kunth, nom. cons. **

Cistaceae The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in eight genera that are ...

Juss., nom. cons. * (including ''Pakaraimaea'' Maguire & P.S.Ashton) ** Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons. **

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants with 22 genera and about 695 known species of mainly lowland tropical forest trees. Their distribution is pantropical, from northern South America to Africa, the Seychelles, India ...

Blume, nom. cons. * *

Brassicales The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order (biology), order of flowering plants, belonging to the malvid group of eudicotyledons under the APG IV system. Well-known members of Brassicales include cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprout, broccoli, ...

Bromhead ** Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons. ** Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons. ** Moringaceae Martinov, nom. cons. ** Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Setchellanthaceae Iltis ** Koeberliniaceae Engl., nom. cons. ** Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons. ** Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons. ** Emblingiaceae Airy Shaw **

Tovariaceae ''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, ''Tovaria pendula'' and ''Tovaria diffusa''. The genus is the only one in the family Tovariaceae. References

* http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/A ...

Pax, nom. cons. ** Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel ** Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. ** Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. * (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al., Stixidaceae Doweld as 'Stixaceae', ''Forchhammeria'' Liebm.) **

Capparaceae The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 15 genera and about 430 species. The largest genera are ''Capparis'' (about 1 ...

Juss., nom. cons. * ** Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl **

Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older but equally valid) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important Family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous pla ...

Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)

Superasterids

* Berberidopsidales Doweld ** Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. ** Berberidopsidaceae Takht. *

Santalales The Santalales are an order (biology), order of flowering plants in the dicotyledons. Well-known members of the Santalales include Santalum, sandalwoods and the many species of mistletoes. The order has a cosmopolitan distribution, but is heavily ...

R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Olacaceae Olacaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Santalales. They are woody plants, native throughout the tropical regions of the world. , the circumscription of the family varies; some sources maintain a broad family, others split it int ...

R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic; including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons., Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.) ** Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons. **

Balanophoraceae The Balanophoraceae are a subtropical to tropical family of obligate parasitic flowering plants, notable for their unusual development and formerly obscure affinities. In the broadest circumscription, the family consists of 16 genera. Alterna ...

Rich., nom. cons. **

Santalaceae The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of flowering plants (including small trees, shrubs, perennial plants, perennial herbs, and epiphyte, epiphytic climbersHewson & George t al.'Santalaceae'' taxonomy, 1984, pp. 191-1 ...

R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded; including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch) **

Misodendraceae ''Misodendrum'' is a genus of hemiparasites which grow as mistletoes on various species of ''Nothofagus''. Its species are all restricted to South America. The name of the genus is incorrectly spelt in a number of ways, including ''Misodendron'' ...

J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Schoepfiaceae Blume **

Loranthaceae Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are '' Nuytsia floribunda'' (the ...

Juss., nom. cons. *

Caryophyllales Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants with well-known members including cacti, carnations, beets, quinoa, spinach, amaranths, pigfaces and ice plants, oraches and saltbushes, goosefoots, sundews, Venu ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons. ** Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons. **

Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial plant, perennial h ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants known Common name, informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The Botanical name, name is Basionym, based on the genus ''Polygonum'', ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Droseraceae Droseraceae is a family of carnivorous flowering plants, also known as the sundew family. It consists of approximately 180 species in three extant genera, the vast majority being in the sundew genus '' Drosera''. The family also contains the wel ...

Salisb., nom. cons. ** Nepenthaceae Dumort, nom. cons. ** Drosophyllaceae Chrtek et al. ** Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons. **

Ancistrocladaceae ''Ancistrocladus'' is a genus of woody lianas in the Monotypic taxon, monotypic family ''Ancistrocladaceae''. The branches climb by twining other stems or by scrambling with hooked tips. They are found in the tropics of the Old World. Classific ...

Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons. **

Rhabdodendraceae ''Rhabdodendron'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Rhabdodendraceae. It comprises three species of Tropics, tropical South American trees. It is placed in its own family (biology), family, Rhabdodendraceae, which has only been recogni ...

Prance ** Simmondsiaceae Tiegh. ** Physenaceae Takht. ** Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland **

Macarthuriaceae Macarthuriaceae is a family of plants in the order Caryophyllales and consists of a single genus, '' Macarthuria''. Description Macarthuriaceae are rigid or wiry, rush-like herbs or subshrubs with green stems and reduced leaves. The small flower ...

Christenh. * **

Microteaceae ''Microtea'', the jumby peppers, are a genus of flowering plants in the family Microteaceae, native to the Caribbean islands, Central America, and tropical South America. Species Ten species are currently accepted. *''Microtea bahiensis'' *''M ...

Schäferhoff & Borsch * **

Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranth ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons. **

Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, maki ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Stegnospermataceae ''Stegnosperma'' is a genus of flowering plants, consisting of three species of woody plants, native to the Caribbean, Central America, and the Sonoran Desert. These are shrubs or lianas, with anomalous secondary thickening in mature stems, by su ...

Nakai **

Limeaceae ''Limeum'' is a genus of flowering plants. It includes 25 species. The genus ''Limeum'' was traditionally recognized as belonging to the family Molluginaceae, but is now treated as the sole genus in the monotypic family Limeaceae. The family is ...

Shipunov ex Reveal * **

Lophiocarpaceae The Lophiocarpaceae are a family of flowering plants comprising mostly succulent subshrubs and herbaceous species native to tropical to southern sub-Saharan Africa to western India. It includes the genera '' Corbichonia'' and '' Lophiocarpus''.An ...

Doweld & Reveal **

Kewaceae ''Kewa'' is a genus of flowering plants, consisting of eight species of succulent sub-woody plants, native to eastern and southern Africa, including Saint Helena and Madagascar. These are small shrubs or herbs that form cushions and have edible, ...

Christenh. * ** Barbeuiaceae Nakai ** Gisekiaceae Nakai **

Aizoaceae The Aizoaceae (), or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly known as 'ice plants' or 'carpet weeds'. The Aizoaceae are also referred to a ...

Martinov, nom. cons. **

Phytolaccaceae Phytolaccaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. Though almost universally recognized by Taxonomy (biology), taxonomists, its circumscription has varied. It is also known as the Pokeweed family. The APG II system, of 2003 (unch ...

R.Br., nom. cons. * **

Petiveriaceae Petiveriaceae is a family of flowering plants formerly included as subfamily Rivinoideae in Phytolaccaceae. The family comprises nine genera, with about 20 known species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in whi ...

C.Agardh * (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh) ** Sarcobataceae Behnke ** Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Molluginaceae The Molluginaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants recognized by several taxonomists. It was previously included in the larger family Aizoaceae. The APG III system of 2009 made no change in the status of the family as compared ...

Bartl., nom. cons. * **

Montiaceae Montiaceae are a family of flowering plants, comprising about 14 genera with about 230 known species, ranging from small herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution. The family Montiaceae was newly adopted in the APG ...

Raf. ** Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons. **

Basellaceae Basellaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family comprises 19 known species of herbaceous plants in four genera: * ''An ...

Raf., nom. cons. **

Halophytaceae ''Halophytum ameghinoi'' is a species of herbaceous plant endemic to Patagonia. It is the only species in the genus ''Halophytum''. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves. The plants are monoecious, with solitary f ...

S.Soriano **

Talinaceae Talinaceae is a family of two genera and 28 species of flowering plants comprising shrubs, lianas, and herbaceous species native to the Americas, Africa and Madagascar. The family is newly recognized through research by the Angiosperm Phylogeny ...

Doweld ** Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Anacampserotaceae The Anacampserotaceae are a family of plants proposed in the February 2010 issue of the journal ''Taxon''. The family was described by Urs Eggli and Reto Nyffeler in their analysis of the polyphyly in the suborder Portulacineae (order Caryophy ...

Eggli & Nyffeler **

Cactaceae A cactus (: cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae (), a family of the order Caryophyllales comprising about 127 genera with some 1,750 known species. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, ...

Juss., nom. cons.

Asterids Asterids are a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 Order_(biology), orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked cl ...

* Cornales Link ** Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons. ** Hydrostachyaceae Engl., nom. cons. **

Hydrangeaceae Hydrangeaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Cornales, with a wide distribution in Asia and North America, and locally in southeastern Europe. Description The genera are characterised by leaves in opposite pairs (rarely whorled or ...

Dumort., nom. cons. ** Loasaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Curtisiaceae Takht. ** Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons. **

Cornaceae The Cornaceae are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants in the order Cornales. The family contains approximately 85 species in two genera, '' Alangium'' and '' Cornus''. They are mostly trees and shrubs, which may be deciduous or evergreen, ...

Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. *

Ericales The Ericales are a large and diverse order of flowering plants in the asterid group of the eudicots. Well-known and economically important members of this order include tea and ornamental camellias, persimmon, ebony, blueberry, cranberry, l ...

Bercht. & J.Presl **

Balsaminaceae The Balsaminaceae (commonly known as the balsam family) are a family of dicotyledonous plants, comprising two genera: ''Impatiens'', which consists of over 1000 species, and '' Hydrocera'', consisting of 1 species. The flowering plants may be an ...

A.Rich., nom. cons. **

Marcgraviaceae The Marcgraviaceae are a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales. The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes, and lianas, with alternate, pinnately nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accom ...

Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. **

Tetrameristaceae Tetrameristaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family consists of three species, of trees or shrubs, in three genera: * '' Pelliciera'' in Central and South America * '' Pentamerista'' in the Guyanas * '' Tetramerista'' in Southeast Asia ...

Hutch. ** Fouquieriaceae DC., nom. cons. ** Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Lecythidaceae The Lecythidaceae ( ) comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250–300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America, Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and Australia. Well known members of the family include the cannonball tree ...

A.Rich., nom. cons. ** Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw ** Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons. **

Sapotaceae 240px, '' Madhuca longifolia'' var. ''latifolia'' in Narsapur, Medak district, India The Sapotaceae are a family of flowering plants belonging to the order (biology)">order Ericales">family (biology)">family of flowering plants belonging to th ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Ebenaceae Gürke, nom. cons. **

Primulaceae The Primulaceae ( ), commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the Onagraceae, evening primrose family), are a family (biology), family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden pla ...

Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons. **

Theaceae Theaceae (), the tea family, is a family of flowering plants comprising shrubs and trees, including the economically important tea plant, and the ornamental camellias. It can be described as having from seven to 40 genera, depending on the sour ...

Mirb., nom. cons. **

Symplocaceae Symplocaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Ericales The Ericales are a large and diverse order of flowering plants in the asterid group of the eudicots. Well-known and economically important members of this order include tea ...

Desf., nom. cons. **

Diapensiaceae Diapensiaceae is a small family of flowering plants, which includes 15 species in 6 genera. The genera include '' Berneuxia'' Decne. (1 species), '' Diapensia'' L. (5 species), '' Galax'' Sims (1 species), '' Pyxidanthera'' Michx. (2 species), '' ...

Lindl., nom. cons. **

Styracaceae The Styracaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, containing 12 genera and about 160 species of trees and shrubs. The family occurs in warm temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The family is ...

DC. & Spreng., nom. cons. ** Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Roridulaceae Martinov, nom. cons. **

Actinidiaceae The Actinidiaceae are a small family (biology), family of flowering plants. The family has three genus, genera and about 360 species and is a member of the order Ericales. Distribution They are temperate and subtropical woody plant, woody vines, ...

Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons. **

Clethraceae The Clethraceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, composed of two genera, '' Clethra'' and '' Purdiaea'', with approximately 75 species. They are native to warm temperate to tropical regions of Asia and the Americas, w ...

Klotzsch, nom. cons. **

Cyrillaceae The Cyrillaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas. The family comprises two genera, '' Cliftonia'' and '' Cyrilla'', each containing a single species, ''Clif ...

Lindl., nom. cons. **

Ericaceae The Ericaceae () are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread acros ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Mitrastemonaceae ''Mitrastemon'' is a genus of two widely disjunct species of parasitic plants. It is the only genus within the family Mitrastemonaceae. ''Mitrastemon'' species are root endoparasites, which grow on Fagaceae. It is also a non-photosynthetic plant ...

Makino, nom. cons. (placement in order unclear)

=Lamiids

= *

Tiegh. † ** Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw **

Icacinaceae The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, are a family (biology), family of flowering plants,"Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see ''External links'' below). consisting of trees, shrub ...

Miers, nom. cons. * *

Takht. † **

Metteniusaceae Metteniusaceae are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the order Metteniusales. It consists of about 10 genera and 50 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was formerly restricted to just '' Mette ...

H.Karst. ex Schnizl. * * Garryales Mart. ** Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons. ** Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons. * Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Rubiaceae Rubiaceae () is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with Petiole ( ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Gentianaceae Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 105 genera and about 1600 species. Etymology The family takes its name from the genus ''Gentiana'', named after the Illyrian king Gentius. Distribution Distribution is cosmopolitan (species), cosm ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons. **

Gelsemiaceae Gelsemiaceae is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the Order (biology), order Gentianales. The family contains only three genera: ''Gelsemium'', ''Mostuea'' and ''Pteleocarpa''. ''Gelsemium'' has three species, one native to Southeast Asi ...

L.Struwe & V.A.Albert * (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt) **

Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (, from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison. Notable mem ...

Juss., nom. cons. * Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl † **

Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the Borago, borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in 146 to 154 genus, genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single famil ...

Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger) * Vahliales Doweld † **

Vahliaceae ''Vahlia'' is a genus of herbs and subshrubs that grow in Africa and the Indian subcontinent. There are at least five species. The genus is placed alone in family Vahliaceae. This family had previously been placed in the order Saxifragales, an ...

Dandy * Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweed, bindweeds or morning glory, morning glories, is a Family (biology), family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, sh ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Solanaceae Solanaceae (), commonly known as the nightshades, is a family of flowering plants in the order Solanales. It contains approximately 2,700 species, several of which are used as agricultural crops, medicinal plants, and ornamental plants. Many me ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Montiniaceae Nakai, nom. cons. ** Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv., nom. cons. ** Hydroleaceae R.Br. *

Lamiales The Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order of flowering plants in the asterids clade of the Eudicots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification the order consists of 24 families, and includes about 23,810 species ...

Bromhead **

Plocospermataceae ''Plocosperma'' is the sole genus in the Plocospermataceae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)Plocospermataceae ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'', retrieved 2013-08-15 a family of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fr ...

Hutch. ** Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw **

Oleaceae Oleaceae, also known as the olive family or sometimes the lilac family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales. It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct.Peter S. Gree ...

Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons. ** Tetrachondraceae Wettst. ** Calceolariaceae Olmstead **

Gesneriaceae Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (almost all Didymocarpoideae) and the New World (most Ges ...

Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. * (the position of ''Peltanthera'' Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family) **

Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family or veronica family, is a large, diverse family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as Antirrhinum, snapdragon and Digitalis, foxglove. It is unrelated ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Stilbaceae Kunth, nom. cons. ** Linderniaceae Borsch et al. ** Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons. ** Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons. **

Pedaliaceae Pedaliaceae, the pedalium family or sesame family, is a flowering plant family classified in the order (biology), order Lamiales. The family includes sesame (''Sesamum indicum''), the source of sesame seeds. It comprises 13 genera and approx ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Acanthaceae Acanthaceae () is a Family (biology), family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are Tropics, tropical Herbaceous plant, herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epip ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae () is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the Order (biology), order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpet vines.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons. ** Schlegeliaceae Reveal ** Thomandersiaceae Sreem. **

Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell. T ...

J.St.Hil., nom. cons. **

Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle, or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil (herb), ba ...

Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.) ** Mazaceae Reveal **

Phrymaceae Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Phrymaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Websi ...

Schauer, nom. cons. * **

Paulowniaceae Paulowniaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants within the Lamiales. They are a monophyletic and monogeneric family of trees with currently 7 confirmed species. They were formerly placed within Scrophulariaceae ''sensu lato'', or ...

Nakai **

Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family (biology), family of mostly parasitic plants of the order (biology), order Lamiales, with about 90 genus, genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera (e.g., ''Pedicularis'', ''Rhinanthus'', ...

Vent., nom. cons. * (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal)

=Campanulids

= *

Aquifoliales The Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including the Aquifoliaceae (holly) family, and also the Helwingiaceae (2-5 species of temperate Asian shrubs) and the Phyllonomaceae (4 species of Central American trees and shrubs). In 2001, ...

Senft ** Stemonuraceae Kårehed **

Cardiopteridaceae Cardiopteridaceae is a eudicot Family (biology), family of flowering plants. It consists of about 43 species of trees, shrubs, and Woody plant, woody vines, mostly of the tropics, but with a few in Temperateness, temperate regions.Vernon H. Heywo ...

Blume, nom. cons. ** Phyllonomaceae Small **

Helwingiaceae The genus ''Helwingia'' consists of shrubs or rarely small trees native to eastern Asia, the Himalayas, and northern Indochina. It is the only genus in the family Helwingiaceae. Description The plants have alternate, evergreen or deciduous leave ...

Decne. ** Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. *

Asterales Asterales ( ) is an Order (biology), order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large Family (biology), family Asteraceae (or Compositae) known for composite flowers made of Floret#floret, florets, and ten families related to th ...

Link ** Rousseaceae DC. **

Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants bel ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw ** Phellinaceae Takht. **

Argophyllaceae Argophyllaceae is a family (biology), family of shrubs or small trees belonging to the order (biology), order Asterales. The family includes c. 24 species in two genus, genera, ''Argophyllum'' and ''Corokia''. Members of the family are native to ...

Takht. **

Menyanthaceae Menyanthaceae is a family of aquatic and wetland plants in the order Asterales. There are approximately 60-70 species in six genera distributed worldwide. The simple or compound leaves arise alternately from a creeping rhizome. In the submers ...

Dumort., nom. cons. ** Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons. **

Asteraceae Asteraceae () is a large family (biology), family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the Order (biology), order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchi ...

Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.) *

Escalloniales Escalloniaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 130 species in eight genera. In the APG II system it is one of eight families in the euasterids II clade (campanulids) that are unplaced as to order. More recent research has prov ...

Link **

Escalloniaceae Escalloniaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 130 species in eight genera. In the APG II system it is one of eight families in the euasterids II clade (campanulids) that are unplaced as to order. More recent research has pro ...

R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons. * Bruniales Dumort. ** Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons. ** Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons. *

Paracryphiales The Paracryphiaceae are a family of woody shrubs and trees native to Australia, southeast Asia, and New Caledonia. In the APG III system of 2009, the family is placed in its own order, Paracryphiales, in the campanulid clade of the asterids. In ...

Takht. ex Reveal ** Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw *

Dipsacales The Dipsacales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons. In the APG III system of 2009, the order includes only two families, Adoxaceae and a broadly defined Caprifoliaceae. Some well-known members of ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Adoxaceae Adoxaceae, commonly known as moschatel family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Dipsacales, now consisting of five genera and about 150–200 species. They are characterised by opposite toothed leaves, small five- or, more rar ...

E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.) **

Caprifoliaceae The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of about 860 species in 33 to 42 genera, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and easte ...

Juss., nom. cons. * Apiales Nakai **

Pennantiaceae ''Pennantia'' is the sole genus in the plant family Pennantiaceae. In older classifications, it was placed in the family Icacinaceae. Most authorities have recognised three or four species, depending on whether they recognised '' Pennantia bayli ...

J.Agardh ** Torricelliaceae Hu ** Griseliniaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop. **

Pittosporaceae Pittosporaceae is a family of flowering plants that consists of 200–240 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in 9 genera. Habitats range from tropical to temperate climates of the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, Oceanian, and Australasian r ...

R.Br., nom. cons. **

Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants commonly called the ginseng family. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Myodocarpaceae Myodocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants which contains 2 genera (''Delarbrea'', ''Myodocarpus'') and 15 species. The family is accepted under the APG IV system and placed in the order Apiales. In earlier systems the two genera were inclu ...

Doweld **

Apiaceae Apiaceae () or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus ''Apium,'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering p ...

Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)

Phylogeny

Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a

phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. In ...

for the angiosperms, as shown below.

References

Bibliography

* * * * * {{List of systems of plant taxonomy APG 04 2016 in science 2016 introductions