The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioch ...

-based, system of plant taxonomy for

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor the APG III system was published in 2009, and 18 years after the first

APG system The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved ...

was published in 1998. In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately; the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one. Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders ( Boraginales, Dilleniales,

Icacinales Icacinales is an order of Angiosperms. The order did not exist in the 2009 APG III system, and was added in the 2016 APG IV system, including two families, Icacinaceae and Oncothecaceae ''Oncotheca'' is a genus of tree endemic to New Cal ...

Metteniusales Metteniusaceae are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the order Metteniusales. It consists of about 10 genera and 50 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was formerly restricted to just ''Metten ...

and Vahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.

Short version

Detailed version

Key to symbols used: :* = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since the APG III system of 2009 :† = the order has been added since the APG III system

Basal angiosperms

* Amborellales Melikyan et al. ** Amborellaceae Pichon, nom. cons. * Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Hydatellaceae U.Hamann ** Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons. **

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains nine genera with about 70 known species. Water ...

Salisb., nom. cons. * Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal ** Austrobaileyaceae Croizat, nom. cons. ** Trimeniaceae Gibbs, nom. cons. ** Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons.

Magnoliids

* Canellales Cronq. ** Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons. ** Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons. * Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Saururaceae Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons. **

Piperaceae The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 5 genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera: '' Piper'' ...

Giseke, nom. cons. **

Aristolochiaceae The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is '' Aristolochia'' L. Description They are mostly perennial, ...

Juss., nom. cons. * (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.) * Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Myristicaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Magnoliaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons. ** Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons. ** Eupomatiaceae Orb., nom. cons. ** Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons. ** Siparunaceae Schodde ** Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons. ** Atherospermataceae R.Br. ** Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons. ** Monimiaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Lauraceae Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur m ...

Juss., nom. cons.

Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade

* Chloranthales Mart. ** Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.

Monocots

* Acorales Mart. ** Acoraceae Martinov * Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Araceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Tofieldiaceae Takht. ** Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons. ** Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons. ** Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons. ** Aponogetonaceae Planch., nom. cons. ** Juncaginaceae Rich., nom. cons. * **

Maundiaceae ''Maundia '' is a genus of alismatid monocots, described in 1858. ''Maundia'' was formerly included in the family Juncaginaceae but is now considered to form a family of its own under the name Maundiaceae. It contains only one known species, ''Ma ...

Nakai * ** Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Potamogetonaceae The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over six genera. The largest genus in the family by far is ''Potamogeton'', w ...

Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons ** Posidoniaceae Vines, nom. cons. ** Ruppiaceae Horan., nom. cons. ** Cymodoceaceae Vines, nom. cons. * Petrosaviales Takht. ** Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons. * Dioscoreales Mart. ** Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon ** Burmanniaceae Blume, nom. cons. (not monophyletic.) ** Dioscoreaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons. **

Velloziaceae Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales. Relationships and evolution By contrast to o ...

J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons. ** Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons. ** Pandanaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * Liliales Perleb ** Campynemataceae Dumort. ** Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons. ** Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons. ** Petermanniaceae Hutch, nom. cons. ** Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons. ** Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford ** Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons. **

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a f ...

Juss., nom. cons. * Asparagales Link **

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Boryaceae M.W.Chase et al. ** Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford ** Asteliaceae Dumort. ** Lanariaceae H.Huber ex R.Dahlgren ** Hypoxidaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford ** Ixioliriaceae Nakai (as 'Ixiolirionaceae'; spelling corrected) **

Tecophilaeaceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 ...

Leyb., nom. cons. ** Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase et al. **

Asphodelaceae Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes abo ...

Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.) ** Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. **

Asparagaceae Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. Those who live in the temperate ...

Juss., nom. cons. *

Arecales Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes. Taxonomy The APG IV system of 2016 places Dasypog ...

Bromhead ** Dasypogonaceae Dumort. ** Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (=Palmae Juss., nom. cons.) * Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw ** Commelinaceae Mirb., nom. cons. **

Philydraceae Philydraceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera and a total of six known species. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does recogni ...

Link, nom. cons. ** Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons. ** Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons. *

Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morphol ...

Griseb. ** Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons. ** Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons. ** Heliconiaceae Vines **

Musaceae Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with about 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves w ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Costaceae Nakai **

Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...

Martinov, nom. cons. * Poales Small **

Typhaceae The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists. Description Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-ran ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Xyridaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Eriocaulaceae Martinov, nom. cons. ** Mayacaceae Kunth, nom. cons. ** Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons. ** Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus '' Carex'' ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Restionaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.) ** Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm. ** Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw ** Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)

Probable sister of eudicots

* Ceratophyllales Link ** Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons.

Eudicots

* Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Eupteleaceae ''Euptelea'' is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the monogeneric family Eupteleaceae. The genus is found from Assam east through China to Japan, and consists of shrubs or small trees: *''Euptelea pleiosperma'' *''Euptelea polyandra' ...

K.Wilh., nom. cons. ** Papaveraceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Circaeasteraceae Circaeasteraceae is a family of two species of herbaceous plants native to China and the Himalayas. The family has been recognized by many taxonomists. The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), recognizes it and plac ...

Hutch., nom. cons. ** Lardizabalaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Berberidaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons. ** Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons. ** Platanaceae T.Lestib., nom. cons. ** Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronq. ** Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons. * Buxales Takht. ex Reveal ** Buxaceae Dumort., nom. cons. * (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)

Core eudicots

* Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal ** Myrothamnaceae Nied., nom. cons. ** Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons. * Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl † ** Dilleniaceae Salisb., nom. cons.

Superrosids

* Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Peridiscaceae Kuhlm., nom. cons. ** Paeoniaceae Raf., nom. cons. **

Altingiaceae Altingiaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Altingiaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) consisting of ...

Lindl., nom. cons. ** Hamamelidaceae R.Br., nom. cons. **

Cercidiphyllaceae ''Cercidiphyllum'' is a genus containing two species of plants, both commonly called katsura. They are the sole members of the monotypic family Cercidiphyllaceae. The genus is native to Japan and China and unrelated to ''Cercis'' (redbuds). Desc ...

Engl., nom. cons. ** Daphniphyllaceae Müll.Arg., nom. cons. ** Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Grossulariaceae DC., nom. cons. **

Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae is a family of herbaceous perennial flowering plants, within the core eudicot order Saxifragales. The taxonomy of the family has been greatly revised and the scope much reduced in the era of molecular phylogenetic analysis. The ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. ** Aphanopetalaceae Doweld ** Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai ** Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britton, nom. cons. ** Haloragaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.

Rosids

* Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Zygophyllales Link ** Krameriaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Zygophyllaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * Fabales Bromhead ** Quillajaceae D.Don ** Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.) ** Surianaceae Arn., nom. cons. ** Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons. * Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Barbeyaceae ''Barbeya'' is the only genus in the family Barbeyaceae, and has only one species, ''Barbeya oleoides''. It is a small tree native to the mountains of Somalia, Ethiopia, and the Arabian Peninsula. It can be found locally abundant in the transitio ...

Rendle, nom. cons. ** Dirachmaceae Hutch. **

Elaeagnaceae The Elaeagnaceae are a plant family, the oleaster family, of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has about 60 species i ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Ulmaceae Mirb., nom. cons. **

Cannabaceae Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including '' Cannabis'' (hemp), '' Humulus'' ( hops) and ''Celtis'' (hackberries ...

Martinov, nom. cons. **

Moraceae The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however ...

Gaudich., nom. cons. ** Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons. *

Fagales The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best-known trees. The order name is derived from genus ''Fagus'', beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families and genera currently included are a ...

Engl. ** Nothofagaceae Kuprian. ** Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons. **

Juglandaceae The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family. They are trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia. The nine or ten genera in the family have ...

DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons. ** Casuarinaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Ticodendraceae Gomez-Laur. & L.D.Gomez **

Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of ...

Gray, nom. cons. * Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Apodanthaceae The family Apodanthaceae comprises about 10 species of endoparasitic herbs. They live in the branches or stems of their hosts (as filaments similar to a fungal mycelium), emerging only to flower and fruit. The plants produce no green parts and do ...

Tiegh. ex Takht. * ** Anisophylleaceae Ridl. **

Corynocarpaceae ''Corynocarpus'' is the only genus of plants in the family Corynocarpaceae and includes five species. It is native to New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. Species # '' Corynocarpus cribbianus'' (F. M. Bailey) L. S. S ...

Engl., nom. cons. ** Coriariaceae DC., nom. cons. ** Cucurbitaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw ** Datiscaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Begoniaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.

COM clade; placement uncertain

* Celastrales Link **

Lepidobotryaceae Lepidobotryaceae is a family of plants in the order Celastrales."Lepidobotryaceae" In: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below). It contains only two specie ...

J. Leonard, nom. cons. ** Celastraceae R.Br., nom. cons. * Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Huaceae A.Chev. ** Connaraceae R.Br., nom. cons. **

Oxalidaceae The Oxalidaceae, or wood sorrel family, are a small family of five genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees, with the great majority of the 570 species in the genus ''Oxalis'' (wood sorrels). Members of this family typically have divid ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Cunoniaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Elaeocarpaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Cephalotaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Brunelliaceae ''Brunellia'' is a genus of trees. They are distributed in the mountainous regions of southern Mexico, Central America, West Indies, and South America. ''Brunellia'' is the only genus in the family Brunelliaceae. As of 2001 there were about ...

Engl., nom. cons. *

Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinse ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. **

Irvingiaceae Irvingiaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 13 species in the 3 genera '' Allantospermum'', '' Irvingia'' and '' Klainedoxa''. ''Desbordesia'', formerly accepted is now included in ''Irvingia''. The family is named for the Scott ...

Exell & Mendonça, nom. cons. * (including Allantospermum Forman) **

Ctenolophonaceae ''Ctenolophon'' is the only genus in the flowering plant family Ctenolophonaceae. It has two recognized species: * '' Ctenolophon englerianus'' Mildbr. - central Africa (Nigeria, Gabon, Zaire, Angola) * '' Ctenolophon parvifolius'' Oliv. - New ...

Exell & Mendonça ** Rhizophoraceae Pers., nom. cons. ** Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons. ** Ochnaceae DC., nom. cons. ** Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai ** Clusiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.) ** Calophyllaceae J.Agardh ** Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons. ** Hypericaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons. **

Lophopyxidaceae ''Lophopyxis'' is a genus of flowering plants and the sole genus of the family Lophopyxidaceae. The group consists of 2 species of tendrillate lianas. They are found in the Sunda Islands The Sunda Islands ( id, Kepulauan Sunda) are a group ...

H.Pfeiff. ** Putranjivaceae Meisn. ** Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal ** Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Malpighiaceae Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. It comprises about 73 genera and 1315 species, all of which are native to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the genera and 90% of the species occur in the New Worl ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f., nom. cons. **

Trigoniaceae Trigoniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 28 species in five genera. It is a tropical family found in Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Central and South America.Stephens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website The Angiosp ...

A.Juss., nom. cons. ** Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons. **

Euphroniaceae ''Euphronia'' is a genus of three species of shrubs native to northern South America and is the only genus in the family Euphroniaceae. It was previously classified in the Vochysiaceae family and elsewhere due to its unique floral features, but ...

Marc.-Berti ** Chrysobalanaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. **

Achariaceae Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 32-33 genera with about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs ...

Harms, nom. cons. **

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed ...

Batsch, nom. cons. **

Goupiaceae ''Goupia'' is a neotropical genus of flowering plants and the sole genus included in the family Goupiaceae. There are three species, all found in tropical northern South America.Lacostea, J. F., & Alexandre, D. Y. (1991). Le goupi (Goupia glabra ...

Miers ** Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons. **

Lacistemataceae Lacistemataceae is a small flowering plant family. There are two genera: *''Lacistema'' (12 species) *''Lozania'' (5 species) They are small trees (to 15 metres tall) and shrubs (to 5 metres tall) that are native to the subtropical and tropi ...

Mart., nom. cons. ** Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons. ** Peraceae Klotzsch * **

Rafflesiaceae The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including '' Rafflesia arnoldii'', which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are ...

Dumort., nom. cons. **

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of a genus in the family. Most spurges, such as '' Euphorbia paralias'', are herbs, but some, ...

Juss., nom. cons. * ** Linaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons. **

Ixonanthaceae Ixonanthaceae is a pantropical flowering plant family of trees or shrubs, consisting of about 30 species in 3 or 4 genera. It is a broadleaf evergreen. References Malpighiales families Pantropical flora {{Malpighiales-stub ...

Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. * ** Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons. **

Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae is a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Malpighiales. It is most closely related to the family Picrodendraceae.Kenneth J. Wurdack and Charles C. Davis. 2009. "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the ...

Martinov, nom. cons.

Rosids continued

* Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Geraniaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Francoaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. * (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.) *

Myrtales The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants placed as a sister to the eurosids II clade as of the publishing of the ''Eucalyptus grandis'' genome in June 2014. The APG III system of classification for angiosperms still places it within the eur ...

Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Combretaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons. **

Onagraceae The Onagraceae are a family of flowering plants known as the willowherb family or evening primrose family. They include about 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees Vochysiaceae Vochysiaceae is a plant family belonging to the order of Myrtales. Description Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves; flowers are zygomorph 1-(3)-5 merous; ovary inferior or superior; one fertile stamen; fruits samara or capsules. Biogeograp ...

A.St.-Hil., nom. cons. ** Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Melastomataceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Crypteroniaceae The Crypteroniaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plant, flowering trees and shrubs. The family includes 13 species in three genus, genera, native to Indomalaya. Genera There are three genera of Crypteroniaceae, all native to Asi ...

A.DC., nom. cons. **

Alzateaceae ''Alzatea verticillata'' is a small flowering tree, native to the Neotropics. It inhabits moist submontane forests from Costa Rica and Panama in Central America south to Peru and Bolivia in tropical South America. It is the sole species of genus ...

S.A.Graham ** Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons. *

Crossosomatales The Crossosomatales are an order, first recognized as such by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG II. They are flowering plants included within the Rosids, Rosid eudicots. Description Species assigned to the Crossosomatales have in common flowers ...

Takht. ex Reveal ** Aphloiaceae Takht. ** Geissolomataceae A.DC., nom. cons. ** Strasburgeriaceae Tiegh., nom. cons. ** Staphyleaceae Martinov, nom. cons. **

Guamatelaceae ''Guamatela'' is a genus of flowering plants in the order Crossosomatales. ''Guamatela'' is the only genus in the family Guamatelaceae. The genus comprises a single species, the type species, ''Guamatela tuerckheimii'' Donn.Sm., an evergreen ...

S.H.Oh & D.Potter **

Stachyuraceae ''Stachyurus'' is the only genus in the flowering plant family Stachyuraceae, native to the Himalayas and eastern Asia. They are deciduous shrubs or small trees with pendent racemes of 4-petalled flowers which appear on the bare branches before t ...

J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Crossosomataceae Engl., nom. cons. * Picramniales Doweld ** Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn * Huerteales Doweld ** Gerrardinaceae M.H.Alford **

Petenaeaceae ''Petenaea cordata'' (from northern Central America) was first described in Elaeocarpaceae and later placed in Tiliaceae, but most authors have been uncertain about its familial affinities. It was considered a taxon ''incertae sedis'' in the Angi ...

Christenh. et al. * ** Tapisciaceae Takht. ** Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons. * Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl. ** Nitrariaceae Lindl. ** Kirkiaceae Takht. ** Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons. **

Anacardiaceae The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce ...

R.Br., nom. cons. ** Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as 'Xanthoceraceae') ** Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Simaroubaceae DC., nom. cons. ** Meliaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Cytinaceae A.Rich. **

Muntingiaceae The Muntingiaceae are a family of flowering plants, belonging to the rosid order Malvales. The family consists of three genera: ''Dicraspidia'', ''Muntingia'', and ''Neotessmannia'', each with a single species. They are woody plants of the tropi ...

C.Bayer et al. **

Neuradaceae The Neuradaceae are a family of flowering plant, comprising three genera — ''Grielum'', '' Neurada'' and '' Neuradopsis'' — totalling ten known species. These genera were formerly placed in order Rosales, and in one case even in family Rosa ...

Kostel., nom. cons. ** Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Sphaerosepalaceae The Sphaerosepalaceae are a family of flowering plants including 14 species of trees and shrubs in two genera, ''Dialyceras'' and ''Rhopalocarpus ''Rhopalocarpus'' is a genus of plants in the family Sphaerosepalaceae. Most species are tree ...

Bullock ** Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons. **

Cistaceae The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera that ar ...

Juss., nom. cons. * (including ''Pakaraimaea'' Maguire & P.S.Ashton) **

Sarcolaenaceae The Sarcolaenaceae are a family of flowering plants endemic to Madagascar. The family includes 79 species of mostly evergreen trees and shrubs in ten genera. Recent DNA studies indicate that the Sarcolaenaceae are a sibling taxon to the family ...

Caruel, nom. cons. ** Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons. * * Brassicales Bromhead ** Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons. ** Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons. ** Moringaceae Martinov, nom. cons. ** Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Setchellanthaceae Iltis ** Koeberliniaceae Engl., nom. cons. **

Bataceae ''Batis'' (turtleweed, saltwort, beachwort, or pickleweed) is a genus of two species of flowering plants, the only genus in the family Bataceae. They are halophytic (salt tolerant) plants, native to the coastal salt marshes of warm temperate ...

Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons. ** Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons. ** Emblingiaceae Airy Shaw ** Tovariaceae Pax, nom. cons. ** Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel ** Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. ** Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. * (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al., Stixidaceae Doweld as 'Stixaceae', ''Forchhammeria'' Liebm.) ** Capparaceae Juss., nom. cons. * ** Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl **

Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...

Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)

Superasterids The superasterids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing more than 122,000 species. The clade is divided into 20 orders as defined in APG IV system. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 146 fa ...

* Berberidopsidales Doweld **

Aextoxicaceae ''Aextoxicon punctatum'', the sole species of genus ''Aextoxicon'' and family Aextoxicaceae, is a dioecious tree native to southern Chile and Argentina. Commonly known as the ''olivillo'' or ''aceitunillo'', it is a large evergreen tree native to ...

Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. **

Berberidopsidaceae Berberidopsidaceae is a family of flowering plants. Such a family has only recently been recognized by more than a few taxonomists: the plants involved have often been treated as belonging to family Flacourtiaceae. The APG II system, of 2003 (un ...

Takht. * Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Olacaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic; including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons., Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.) ** Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons. ** Balanophoraceae Rich., nom. cons. ** Santalaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded; including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch) ** Misodendraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Schoepfiaceae Blume ** Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons. * Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons. ** Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons. ** Plumbaginaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons. **

Nepenthaceae ''Nepenthes'' () is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mos ...

Dumort, nom. cons. ** Drosophyllaceae Chrtek et al. ** Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons. ** Ancistrocladaceae Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons. ** Rhabdodendraceae Prance ** Simmondsiaceae Tiegh. ** Physenaceae Takht. ** Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland ** Macarthuriaceae Christenh. * ** Microteaceae Schäferhoff & Borsch * **

Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactace ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons. **

Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making i ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Stegnospermataceae Nakai ** Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal * ** Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal ** Kewaceae Christenh. * ** Barbeuiaceae Nakai ** Gisekiaceae Nakai ** Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons. ** Phytolaccaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * ** Petiveriaceae C.Agardh * (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh) ** Sarcobataceae Behnke ** Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Molluginaceae Bartl., nom. cons. * ** Montiaceae Raf. ** Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons. ** Basellaceae Raf., nom. cons. **

Halophytaceae ''Halophytum ameghinoi'' is a species of herbaceous plant endemic to Patagonia. It is the only species in the genus ''Halophytum''. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves. The plants are monoecious, with solitar ...

S.Soriano ** Talinaceae Doweld ** Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler ** Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons.

Asterids

* Cornales Link ** Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons. ** Hydrostachyaceae Engl., nom. cons. ** Hydrangeaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Loasaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Curtisiaceae Takht. ** Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons. ** Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. * Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Balsaminaceae A.Rich., nom. cons. ** Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. ** Tetrameristaceae Hutch. **

Fouquieriaceae ''Fouquieria'' is a genus of 11 species of desert plants, the sole genus in the Family (biology), family Fouquieriaceae. The genus includes the ocotillo (''Fouquieria splendens, F. splendens'') and the Boojum tree or cirio (''Fouquieria columnar ...

DC., nom. cons. ** Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Lecythidaceae The Lecythidaceae comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250–300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America, Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and Australia. The most important member of the family in world trade is the B ...

A.Rich., nom. cons. **

Sladeniaceae Sladeniaceae is a family of flowering plants containing tree species found in subtropical to tropical environments in East Africa ('' Ficalhoa''), Burma, Yunnan, and Thailand ('' Sladenia''). The family consists of trees with alternate, sim ...

Airy Shaw ** Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons. **

Sapotaceae 240px, '' Madhuca longifolia'' var. ''latifolia'' in Narsapur, Medak district, India The Sapotaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants belonging to the order (biology), order Ericales. The family includes about 800 species of ev ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Ebenaceae The Ebenaceae are a family of flowering plants belonging to order Ericales. The family includes ebony and persimmon among about 768 species of trees and shrubs. It is distributed across the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world. It ...

Gürke, nom. cons. ** Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons. ** Theaceae Mirb., nom. cons. ** Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons. ** Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. ** Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons. ** Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons. **

Roridulaceae ''Roridula'' (; from Latin ''roridus'' "dewy") is a genus of evergreen, insect-trapping shrubs, with two species, of about 1⅓–2 m (4–6⅔ ft). It is the only genus in the family Roridulaceae. It has thin, woody, shyly branching, upright, in ...

Martinov, nom. cons. ** Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons. ** Clethraceae Klotzsch, nom. cons. ** Cyrillaceae Lindl., nom. cons. ** Ericaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Mitrastemonaceae Makino, nom. cons. (placement in order unclear) *

Tiegh. † ** Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw ** Icacinaceae Miers, nom. cons. * *

Takht. † ** Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl. * * Garryales Mart. ** Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons. ** Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons. * Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons. **

Loganiaceae The Loganiaceae are a family of flowering plants classified in order Gentianales. The family includes up to 13 genera, distributed around the world's tropics. There are not any great morphological characteristics to distinguish these taxa from ...

R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons. ** Gelsemiaceae L.Struwe & V.A.Albert * (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt) **

Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of the ...

Juss., nom. cons. * Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl † ** Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger) * Vahliales Doweld † **

Vahliaceae :''The later homonym Vahlia Dahl is now known as Dombeya.'' ''Vahlia'' is a genus of herbs and subshrubs that grow in Africa and the Indian subcontinent. There are at least five species. The genus is placed alone in family ''Vahliaceae''. This ...

Dandy * Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **

Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several spec ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Solanaceae The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and o ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Montiniaceae Montiniaceae is a family of flowering plants. It includes two or three genera of shrubs and small trees, native to southwest Africa and tropical East Africa as well as Madagascar. The genera ''Grevea'' and ''Montinia'' are included in most c ...

Nakai, nom. cons. ** Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv., nom. cons. ** Hydroleaceae R.Br. * Lamiales Bromhead **

Plocospermataceae ''Plocosperma'' is the sole genus in the Plocospermataceae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)Plocospermataceae ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'', retrieved 2013-08-15 a family of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fru ...

Hutch. ** Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw **

Oleaceae Oleaceae, also known as the olive family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales, It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct.Peter S. Green. 2004. "Oleaceae". pages ...

Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons. ** Tetrachondraceae Wettst. ** Calceolariaceae Olmstead ** Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. * (the position of ''Peltanthera'' Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family) ** Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Stilbaceae Kunth, nom. cons. ** Linderniaceae Borsch et al. ** Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons. ** Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons. ** Pedaliaceae R.Br., nom. cons. **

Acanthaceae Acanthaceae is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in ...

Juss., nom. cons. **

Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpetvines.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: ...

Juss., nom. cons. ** Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons. ** Schlegeliaceae Reveal ** Thomandersiaceae Sreem. ** Verbenaceae J.St.Hil., nom. cons. **

Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savo ...

Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.) ** Mazaceae Reveal ** Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons. * ** Paulowniaceae Nakai ** Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. * (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal) * Aquifoliales Senft ** Stemonuraceae Kårehed ** Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons. ** Phyllonomaceae Small ** Helwingiaceae Decne. ** Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. * Asterales Link ** Rousseaceae DC. ** Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh, nom. cons. ** Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw ** Phellinaceae Takht. ** Argophyllaceae Takht. ** Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons. ** Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons. **

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...

Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.) * Escalloniales Link ** Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons. * Bruniales Dumort. ** Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons. ** Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons. * Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal **

Paracryphiaceae The Paracryphiaceae are a family of woody shrubs and trees native to Australia, southeast Asia, and New Caledonia. In the APG III system of 2009, the family is placed in its own order, Paracryphiales, in the campanulid clade of the asterids. In ...

Airy Shaw * Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Adoxaceae E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.) ** Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons. *

Apiales The Apiales are an order of flowering plants. The families are those recognized in the APG III system. This is typical of the newer classifications, though there is some slight variation and in particular, the Torriceliaceae may also be divid ...

Nakai ** Pennantiaceae J.Agardh ** Torricelliaceae Hu ** Griseliniaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop. ** Pittosporaceae R.Br., nom. cons. ** Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons. ** Myodocarpaceae Doweld ** Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)

Phylogeny

Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.

References

Bibliography

* * * * * {{List of systems of plant taxonomy APG 04 2016 in science 2016 introductions