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Violaceae
Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus '' Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed the Violaceae in an order named after it, the Violales or the Parietales. However, molecular phylogeny studies place the family in the Malpighiales as reflected in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification, with 41 other families, where it is situated in the parietal clade of 11 families. Most of the species are found in three large genera, '' Viola'', '' Rinorea'' and '' Hybanthus''. The other genera are largely monotypic or oligotypic. The genera are grouped into four clades within the family. The species are largely tropical or subtropical but ''Viola'' has a number of species in temperate regions. Many genera have a very restricted distribution. Description Though the best-known genus, ''Viola'', is herbaceous, mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viola (plant)
''Viola'', commonly known as the violets, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Violaceae. It is the largest genus in the family, containing over 680 species. Most species are found in the temperateness, temperate Northern Hemisphere; however, some are also found in widely divergent areas such as Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes. Some ''Viola'' species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In horticulture, the term pansy is normally used for those multi-colored large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in bedding (horticulture), bedding. Description ''Viola'' species can be Annual plant, annual or Perennial plant, perennial, and can take the form of Herbaceous plant, herbs, shrubs or very rarely treelets. In acaulescent taxa the foliage and flowers appear to rise from the ground. The remain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malpighiales
The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest Order (biology), orders of flowering plants. The order is very diverse, with well-known members including willows, Viola (plant), violets, aspens and Populus, poplars, Euphorbia pulcherrima, poinsettia, Rafflesia arnoldii, corpse flower, Coca, coca plant, Manihot esculenta, cassava, Linum usitatissimum, flaxseed, Ricinus communis, castor bean, Hypericum perforatum, Saint John's wort, Passiflora edulis, passionfruit, Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen, and Hippomane mancinella, manchineel tree. The order is not part of any of the Systematics, classification systems based only on plant morphology and the relationships of its diverse members can be hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago (mya (unit), Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya. The Malpighiales contain about 36 families and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hybanthus
''Hybanthus'' (green-violet) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Violaceae. This genus name is Greek language, Greek for "humpback flower", referring to the drooping Pedicel (botany), pedicels of plants that are part of this genus. The genus is grossly polyphyletic and may contain up to nine different genera, of which ''Pombalia'' Vand., ''Cubelium'' Raf. and ''Pigea'' DC. have been previously recognised.G. A. Wahlert, T. Marcussen, J. Paula-Souza, Min Feng, and H. E. Ballard, Jr. A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification. Systematic Botany 39. 1. 239-252. 2014 Species ''Hybanthus'' contains the following species: *''Hybanthus attenuatus'' *''Hybanthus aurantiacus'' (George Bentham, Benth.) Ferdinand von Mueller, F.Muell. *''Hybanthus calycinus'' (Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, DC.) F.Muell. *''Hybanthus concolor'' *''Hybanthus cymulosus'' Charles Gardner (botanist) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Violales
Violales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants and takes its name from the included family Violaceae; it was proposed by Lindley (1853). The name has been used in several systems, although some systems used the name Parietales for similar groupings. In the 1981 version of the influential Cronquist system, order Violales was placed in subclass Dilleniidae with a circumscription consisting of the families listed below. Some classifications such as that of Dahlgren placed the Violales in the superorder Violiflorae (also called Violanae). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system does not recognize order Violales; Violaceae is placed in order Malpighiales and the other families are reassigned to various orders as indicated. * order Violales Perleb 1826 *: family Achariaceae → order Malpighiales *: family Ancistrocladaceae → order Caryophyllales *: family Begoniaceae → order Cucurbitales *: family Bixaceae → order Malvales *: family Caricaceae → order Br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rinorea
''Rinorea'' is a genus of flowering plants in family Violaceae. It includes 212 species native to the subtropics and tropics. Selected species 212 species are accepted. Selected species include: * '' Rinorea abbreviata'' * '' Rinorea acutidens'' * '' Rinorea antioquiensis'' * '' Rinorea bengalensis'' * '' Rinorea bicornuta'' * '' Rinorea brachythrix'' * ''Rinorea cordata ''Rinorea cordata'' is a species of plant in the Violaceae family. It is endemic to Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions ...'' * '' Rinorea dasyadena'' * '' Rinorea deflexa'' * '' Rinorea deflexiflora'' * '' Rinorea dentata'' * '' Rinorea endotricha'' * '' Rinorea fausteana'' * '' Rinorea guatemalensis'' * '' Rinorea haughtii'' * '' Rinorea hirsuta'' * '' Rinorea hummelii'' * '' Rinorea hymenosepala'' * '' Rinorea keayi'' * '' Rinorea laurifolia'' * '' Rinorea longist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronquist System
The Cronquist system is a list of systems of plant taxonomy, taxonomic classification system of angiosperms, flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) (''see'' #Bibliography, Bibliography). Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endosperm
The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization. It is triploid (meaning three chromosome sets per nucleus) in most species, which may be auxin-driven. It surrounds the Embryo#Plant embryos, embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain Vegetable oil, oils and protein. This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in animal diet. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread (the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour), while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer production. Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut "meat" and coconut "water", and Maize, corn. Some plants, such as certain orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds. Ancestral flowering plants have seeds with small embryos and abundant endosperm. In some modern flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Locule
A locule (: locules) or loculus (; : loculi) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usually refers to a chamber within an ovary (gynoecium or carpel) of the flower and fruits. Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruits can be classified as (uni-locular), , , or . The number of locules present in a gynoecium may be equal to or less than the number of carpels. The locules contain the ovules or seeds. The term may also refer to chambers within anthers containing pollen. In ascomycetous fungi, locules are chambers within the hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ... in which the perithecia develop. References Plant anatomy Plant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Floral Symmetry
Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spirally arranged. Actinomorphic Most flowers are actinomorphic ("star shaped", "radial"), meaning they can be divided into three or more identical sectors which are related to each other by rotation about the center of the flower. Typically, each sector might contain one tepal or one petal and one sepal and so on. It may or may not be possible to divide the flower into symmetrical halves by the same number of longitudinal planes passing through the axis: oleander is an example of a flower without such mirror planes. Actinomorphic flowers are also called radially symmetrical or regular flowers. Other examples of actinomorphic flowers are the lily (''Lilium'', Liliaceae) and the buttercup ('' Ranunculus'', Ranunculaceae). Zygomorphic Zy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout the year and more distinct seasonal changes compared to tropical climates, where such variations are often small; they usually differ only in the amount of precipitation. In temperate climates, not only do latitude, latitudinal positions influence temperature changes, but various sea currents, prevailing wind direction, continentality (how large a landmass is) and altitude also shape temperate climates. The Köppen climate classification defines a climate as "temperate" C, when the mean temperature is above but below in the coldest month to account for the persistence of frost. However, some adaptations of Köppen set the minimum at . Continental climate, Continental climates are classified as D and considered to be varie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Jussieu
De Jussieu, the name of a French family which came into prominence towards the close of the sixteenth century, and was known for a century and a half for the botanists it produced. The following are its more eminent members: *Antoine de Jussieu (1686–1758), born in Lyon on 6 July 1686, was the son of Christophe de Jussieu (or Dejussieu), an apothecary of some repute, who published a ''Nouveau traité de la thériaque'' (1708). Antoine studied at the University of Montpellier, and travelled with his brother Bernard through Spain, Portugal, and southern France. He went to Paris in 1708; J. P. de Tournefort, whom he succeeded at the Jardin des Plantes, dying in that year. His own original publications are not of marked importance, but he edited an edition of Tournefort's ''Institutiones rei herbariae'' (3 vols., 1719), and also a posthumous work of Jacques Barrelier, ''Plantae per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam observatae, &c.'' (1714). He practised medicine, chiefly devoting him ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leaves
A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system. In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue is the palisade mesophyll and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf, but in some species, including the mature foliage of ''Eucalyptus'', palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. The leaf is an integral part of the stem system, and most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper ( adaxial) and lower ( abaxial) surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of epicuticular wax, and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due to the presence of a compound called chlorop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
