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Rhynchodeminae
Rhynchodeminae is a subfamily of land planarians with a worldwide distribution. Phylogeny and systematics Based on morphological evidence, especially the presence of a single pair of eyes, the subfamily Rhynchodeminae initially encompassed only the species in the current tribe Rhynchodemini and was considered the sister group of subfamily Microplaninae.Ogren, R. E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1988). ''Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Rhynchodeminae.'' Bulletin of Fujis Women's College. 26: 39-91. The remaining tribes were considered closely related to the subfamily Geoplaninae due to the presence of multiple eyes along the body. However, molecular studies revealed that this classification was artificial and that the Rhynchodeminae were closely related to Caenoplaninae. Therefore, recent classification puts the former Rhynchodeminae as a tribe, Rynchodemini, inside an expanded subfamily Rhynchodeminae that also contains the tri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Planarians
Geoplanidae is a family of flatworms known commonly as land planarians or land flatworms. These flatworms are mainly predators of other invertebrates, which they hunt, attack and capture using physical force and the adhesive and digestive properties of their mucus. They lack water-retaining mechanisms and are therefore very sensitive to humidity variations of their environment. Because of their strict ecological requirements, some species have been proposed as indicators of the conservation state of their habitats. They are generally animals with low vagility (dispersal ability) and with very specific habitat requirements, so they can be also used to accurately determine the distribution of biogeographic realms. Today the fauna of these animals is being studied to select conservation priorities in the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil. At the other extreme, one species in this family, ''Platydemus manokwari'' has become an invasive species in both disturbed and wild habitats in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caenoplanini
Caenoplanini is a tribe of land planarians in the subfamily Rhynchodeminae mostly found throughout the Australasian and Oceanian realms. Description The tribe Caenoplanini is defined as containing land planarians with multiple eyes along the body, which do not spread dorsally, ventrally located testes and a thick layer of longitudinal muscles. Phylogeny and systematics Based on morphological evidence, species now classified as Caenoplanini were initially considered a subfamily, Caenoplaninae, and sister group of the subfamily Geoplaninae. Both were united by the presence of multiple eyes along the body and distinguished from each other by the presence of dorsal testes in Geoplaninae and ventral ones in Caenoplaninae. However, molecular studies revealed that this classification was artificial and that Caenoplaninae were actually closely related to Rhynchodeminae. Therefore, recent classification puts the former subfamilies Rhynchodeminae and Caenoplaninae as tribes, respectively ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microplaninae
Microplaninae is a subfamily of land planarians. Description The subfamily Microplaninae was defined by Ogren and Kawakatsu (1988)Ogren, R. E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1988). ''Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Rhynchodeminae.'' Bulletin of Fujis Women's College. 26: 39-91. for land planarians with a short and cylindroid form, an anterior end that is blunt, eyes often small and subepithelial musculature weak. The male copulatory apparatus is often complicated and has a well-developed penis. The female apparatus is very variable, with or without a seminal bursa and with or without a connection with the intestine. It was originally considered, based on morphological evidence, to be the sister group of the subfamily Rhynchodeminae. However, recent phylogenetic analyses indicated that both subfamilies are not closely related. Genera Eight genera of Microplaninae are known: *'' Diporodemus'' Hyman, 1938 *'' Geobenazzia'' Minelli, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhynchodemini
Rhynchodemini is a tribe of land planarians in the subfamily Rhynchodeminae Rhynchodeminae is a subfamily of land planarians with a worldwide distribution. Phylogeny and systematics Based on morphological evidence, especially the presence of a single pair of eyes, the subfamily Rhynchodeminae initially encompassed only .... Description The tribe Rhynchodemini is defined as containing land planarians with an elongate, cylindroid form, two eyes near the anterior end and strong subepithelial musculature in which the longitudinal fibers are grouped into large bundles. The copulatory apparatus lacks a penis papilla or has it greatly reduced. Genera The tribe Rhynchodemini contains six genera: *'' Anisorhynchodemus'' Kawakatsu, Froehlich, Jones, Ogren & Sasaki, 2003 *'' Cotyloplana'' Spencer, 1892 *'' Digonopyla'' Fischer, 1926 *'' Dolichoplana'' Moseley, 1877 *'' Platydemus'' von Graff, 1896 *'' Rhynchodemus'' Leidy, 1851 References {{Taxonbar, from=Q21214699 Geoplanidae [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anzoplanini
Anzoplanini is a tribe of land planarians in the subfamily Rhynchodeminae Rhynchodeminae is a subfamily of land planarians with a worldwide distribution. Phylogeny and systematics Based on morphological evidence, especially the presence of a single pair of eyes, the subfamily Rhynchodeminae initially encompassed only .... Description The tribe Anzoplanini contains land planarians with dorsoventral testes, a condition that in land planarians is considered intermediate between a primitive ventral condition and a derivate dorsal condition. The mesenchymal musculature contains longitudinal fibers forming either a ventral plate or a ring around the intestine. Genera Currently, the tribe Anzoplanini comprises the following genera: *'' Anzoplana'' Winsor, 2006 * '' Marionfyfea'' Winsor, 2011 (replacement name for ''Fyfea'' Winsor, 2006, preoccupied) References {{Taxonbar, from=Q21219619 Geoplanidae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argaplanini
''Argaplana'' is a genus of land planarians, the only member of the tribe Argaplanini in the family Rhynchodeminae. It contains the sole species ''Argaplana ranuii''. It is native to New Zealand. Description The tribe Argaplanini is characterized by pigment cup eyes in multiple rows around the body's front tip that continue to the back end along the dorsal side, ventral testes and efferent ducts, tripartite cutaneous musculature, cutaneous longitudinal muscles in bundles, a lack of a ring zone, and a creeping sole that is over half of the body width.Winsor, L. (2011)Some terrestrial flatworm taxa (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand ''Tuhinga 22: 161–169.'' The genus ''Argaplana'' is characterized by a small, tapered body with a mouth at the mid-third of the body, muscles that are longitudinal, circular, and helical, a penis lacking papilla, ovovitelline ducts that unite then enter the female genital canal ventro-posteriorly, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pelmatoplanini
Pelmatoplaninini is a tribe of land planarians in the subfamily Rhynchodeminae. Description The tribe Pelmatoplaninini is defined as containing land planarians with a narrow body with tapered anterior end. The eyes are numerous and clustered along the sides of the body on the anterior half, usually not extending behind the mouth. The pharynx in cylindrical and the creeping sole is narrow, occupying less than 25% of the ventral side. The cutaneous longitudinal muscle Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to muscle contra ...s are very weak, not forming bundles. The parenchymal longitudinal musculature is very strong and forms an annular ring zone around the intestine. The copulatory apparatus has a well-developed penis papilla. Genera The tribe Pelmatoplaninini contains only two genera: * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus, but below family and subfamily. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes. By convention, all taxa ranked above species are capitalized, including both tribe and subtribe. In zoology, the standard ending for the name of a zoological tribe is "-ini". Examples include the tribes Caprini (goat-antelopes), Hominini (hominins), Bombini (bumblebees), and Thunnini (tunas). The tribe Hominini is divided into subtribes by some scientists; subtribe Hominina then comprises "humans". The standard ending for the name of a zoological subtribe is "-ina". In botany, the standard ending for the name of a botanical tribe is "-eae". Examples include the tribes Acalypheae and Hyacintheae. The tribe Hyacintheae is divided into subtribes, including the subtribe Massoniinae. The standard ending for the name of a botanical subtribe is "-inae". In bacteriology, the form of tribe names is as in botany, e.g., Pseudomonadeae, based on the ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eudoxiatopoplana
''Eudoxiatopoplana'' is a genus of land planarians from New Zealand, currently comprising a single species, ''Eudoxiatopoplana bilaticlavia'', that occurs in Stewart Island. It is the sole genus of the tribe Eudoxiaotopoplanini. Description The genus ''Eudoxiatopoplana'' includes land planarians with a small and robust body that is subcylindrical in cross section. The anterior end is blunt and slightly rolled upwards, showing some of the anterior ventral surface and forming a type of adhesive cup. The eyes form multiple rows around the anterior end and dorso-anteriorly and occur along the whole body. The parenchymal longitudinal musculature forms a massive ring zone around the intestine. The testes are dorsal and extend from behind the ovaries to the posterior end. The copulatory apparatus has an inverted penis, a resorptive bursa, and an adenodactyl. ''Eudoxiatopoplana bilaticlavia'' is dorsally a cream color with two broad, mediolateral stripes of a dark greyish-brown with a n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geoplaninae
Geoplaninae is a subfamily of land planarians endemic to the Neotropical region. Members of this family are sometimes referred to as the Neotropical land planarians. However, one species, '' Obama nungara'' has been introduced in Europe. Description The subfamily Geoplaninae was initially defined by Ogren and Kawakatsu (1990)Ogren, R. E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1990). ''Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae.'' Bulletin of Fujis Women's College. 29: 79-166. for land planarians which have a broad creeping sole, mouth in the second half of the body, dorsal testes, subepithelial longitudinal musculature well developed and parenchymal longitudinal musculature absent or not well developed. The eyes contour the anterior region in a single row and posteriorly form several rows, which may spread onto the dorsum, and extend to the posterior end of the body. However, most, if not all, of these characteristics are not exclusive a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel Phenotypic trait, character or character state that has evolution, evolved from its ancestral form (or Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy, plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxon, taxa and is therefore Hypothesis#Scientific hypothesis, hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor. ) In cladistics, synapomorphy implies Homology (biology), homology. Examples of apomorphy are the presence of Terrestrial locomotion#Posture, erect gait, fur, Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a Terrestrial locomotion#Posture, sprawling gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals. Etymology The word ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
