Visvamitra

Vishvamitra (, ) is one of the most venerated rishis or sages of ancient India. Vishvamitra is one of the seven Brahmarshi. According to Hindu tradition, he is stated to have written most of the Mandala 3 of the Rigveda, including the Gayatri Mantra (3.62.10). The Puranas mention that only 24 rishis since antiquity have understood the whole meaning of —and thus wielded the whole power of — the Gayatri Mantra. Vishvamitra is supposed to have been the first, and Yajnavalkya the last.

Before renouncing his kingdom and royal status, Brahmarishi Vishvamitra was a king, and thus he retained the title of Rajarshi, or 'royal sage'.

Textual background

Historically, Viśvāmitra Gāthina was a Rigvedic rishi who was the chief author of Mandala 3 of the Rigveda. Viśvāmitra was taught by Jamadagni Bhārgava. He was the purohita of the Bharata tribal king Sudās, until he was replaced by Vasiṣṭha. He aided the Bharatas in crossing the Vipāśa and Śutudrī rivers (modern Beas and Sutlej). In later Hindu texts, Viśvāmitra and Vasiṣhṭha have a long-standing feud, and scholars have stated they historically had a feud regarding the position of the Bharata purohita. However, this view has been criticized due to lack of internal evidence and the projection of later views onto the Rigveda. In post-Rigvedic literature Viśvāmitra becomes a mythical sage.

Most of the stories related to Vishvamitra's life is narrated in the Valmiki Ramayana. Vishvamitra was a king in ancient India, also called Kaushika (descendant of Kusha) and belonged to Amavasu Dynasty. Vishvamitra was originally the King of Kanyakubja (modern day Kannauj). He was a valiant warrior and the great-grandson of a great king named Kushik. ''Valmiki Ramayana'', prose 51 of Bala Kanda, starts with the story of Vishvamitra:

His story also appears in various Puranas; however, with variations from ''Ramayana''. Vishnu Purana and Harivamsha chapter 27 (dynasty of Amaavasu) of ''Mahabharata'' narrates the birth of Vishvamitra. According to Vishnu Purana, Kushanabha married a damsel of Purukutsa dynasty (later called as Shatamarshana lineage - descendants of the Ikshvaku king Trasadasyu) and had a son by name Gaadhi, who had a daughter named Satyavati (not to be confused with the Satyavati of ''Mahabharata'').

Life and legends

Birth

Kusha and His Lineage

Kusha, the son of Lord Brahma, had numerous children, including Kushanabha. Kushanabha had 100 daughters, all of whom were married to Brahmadatta. Despite this, he lamented the absence of a son. To address this, he performed the Putra Kameshti Yaga, a Vedic ritual seeking a male heir. In response, his father, King Kusha, granted him a boon, assuring him that he would have a son who would bring honor to the lineage. This son was Gadhi, who later became the father of Sage Vishwamitra.

Since Vishwamitra belonged to the bloodline of Kusha, he was also known as Kaushika. By birth, he was a Su-Kshatriya, signifying a noble lineage of emperors.

The Birth of Satyavathi and Her Marriage

Gadhi had only one daughter, Satyavathi, renowned for her exceptional virtues and known as Sugunala Rasi, meaning a woman of the highest qualities. Many kings sought her hand in marriage due to her reputation. Among them was Richikudu or Richika or Ruchika, the son of Sage Bhrigu, belonging to the Brahmin caste. However, as Gadhi was a Kshatriya, he adhered to the Vedic tradition, which allowed Brahmins to marry Kshatriya women but required a ritual gift, known as Kanyasulkam, for the bride's family.

Gadhi stipulated that the suitor must present 1,000 white horses, each glowing like moonlight, with a distinctive single black ear resembling a black lotus. Ruchika, relying on his ascetic power, approached Varuna, the deity of water, in Varuna Loka, a celestial realm described in the Mahabharata. Varuna, though not the regional ruler, possessed the ability to grant lineage and posterity. He agreed to assist Ruchika and instructed him to perform a ritual on the banks of the Ganges River in Kanya Kujya, where the horses would emerge from the waters. The location, known as Ashwa Theertham, serves as a testament to this event. Ruchika fulfilled Gadhi’s demand and married Satyavathi.

The Divine Bows and Ruchika's Legacy

During this period, two legendary bows were created—one was granted to Lord Shiva, later given to King Janaka, while the other was bestowed upon Ruchika by Lord Vishnu. The Vishnu bow, was unbendable by anyone, known as Nyasam.

Following his marriage, Ruchika entered the Grihastha Ashrama (householder phase). Sage Bhrigu later visited his son’s household, where Satyavathi received him with utmost reverence, adhering to the Vedic tradition of treating her father-in-law with the same respect as her father. Impressed, Sage Bhrigu offered her a boon. She requested a son for herself and one for her father, Gadhi, ensuring the continuation of both family lineages.

The Birth of Vishwamitra and the Role of Sage Bhrigu

Sage Bhrigu prepared two sacred pots of rice (Havishyannam) infused with Vedic mantras. One was designated for Satyavathi and the other for her mother. The intention was that Satyavathi’s son would be a Brahmin, devoted to penance and spiritual pursuits, while Gadhi’s son would be a Kshatriya ruler. However, due to an inadvertent switch of the pots, the destinies of the unborn children were altered. Consequently, Vishwamitra was born to Gadhi’s wife, rather than to Satyavathi.

Realizing the error, Satyavathi sought to rectify it. Sage Bhrigu granted her a boon ensuring that her son would be born as a grandson instead. As a result, Sage Jamadagni was born as Satyavathi’s son. In turn, Jamadagni’s son was Lord Parashurama, an incarnation of Vishnu.

References

The events described originate from texts such as the Mahabharata (Aranya Parva, Shanti Parva), Bhagavata Purana, and Brahmanda Purana.

Conflicts with Vasishtha

Emperor Vishwamitra, the ruler of Bhu Mandala (the planetary system known as Bhū-maṇḍala extends to the limits of the sunshine. According to modern science, the sunshine reaches earth from a distance of 93,000,000 miles. If we calculate according to this modern information, 93,000,000 miles can be considered the radius of Bhū-maṇḍala. In the Gāyatrī mantra, we chant oṁ bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ. The word bhūr refers to Bhū-maṇḍala. Tat savitur vareṇyam: the sunshine spreads throughout Bhū-maṇḍala. Therefore the sun is worshipable.), governed his vast empire for centuries by adhering to Dharma, ensuring peace and prosperity among his people. His reign was marked by righteousness, and under his rule, the land flourished.

One day, while returning from an expedition with an ''Akshauhini'' army (21870 elephant + 21870 chariot + 65610 horse + 109350 foot soldiers = 218,700 warriors)—comprising warriors, chariots, horses, and elephants—Vishwamitra happened upon the hermitage of Sage Vasistha Maharishi. Out of reverence for the great sage, he halted his journey and decided to visit the ashram.

Upon his arrival, Sage Vasistha welcomed Vishwamitra with traditional Athidhi Satkara (respecting the guest). He offered Padyamu (water to wash his feet), Arghyamu (water to cleanse his hands), and Asanam (a seat to rest). The two men exchanged pleasantries and discussed the well-being of their people and the balance of Dharma.

As the afternoon approached, Vishwamitra expressed his intent to leave, stating that his soldiers remained outside the ashram and had not accompanied him inside. However, Vasistha insisted, “O Vishwamitra, you have come all the way here. Please accept my Athidhyam (offering of food and hospitality).”

Vishwamitra humbly declined, saying, “You have already given me the highest respect, offering water, fruits, and your kind words. Your love and regard are enough for me. I seek nothing more.”

But Vasistha persisted, stating, “You are an emperor, and my guest. You have visited my ashram at the time of meals. An ''Athidhi'' (guest) is considered equal to Sriman Narayana, the Supreme Divine. It is my duty to ensure that no guest leaves my home without receiving Athidhi Satkaryam (complete hospitality). Therefore, I shall provide food not only for you but also for your entire ''Parivaram''—your soldiers, attendants, and animals, including your horses and elephants. Please accept my offering and leave after satisfying your hunger.”

Vishwamitra, moved by the sage’s insistence, replied, “O revered sage, you are a Brahmarshi, a seer of great wisdom. There is no need for you to take such trouble. Your blessings alone are enough for us. Please allow me to leave.”

Yet, Vasistha remained firm in his hospitality, and Vishwamitra, intrigued, finally relented. He decided to witness how the sage would arrange a feast for thousands of men and animals.

At that moment, Vasistha summoned his divine cow, Sabhala, also known as Kamadhenu—the celestial wish-fulfilling cow. With a mere command from the sage, Sabhala manifested a lavish feast, preparing food suited to the desires and preferences of each individual present. Every soldier, servant, and animal was nourished, their hunger completely satisfied.

Vishwamitra watched in astonishment, unable to believe what he had just witnessed. He thought to himself, “What a miraculous being this Kamadhenu is! Despite being an emperor, I do not possess such a treasure, yet this sage owns it.”

Driven by curiosity and desire, Vishwamitra turned to Vasistha and said, “O great sage, grant me this sacred cow. Such a divine gift belongs in the hands of a king, for with Kamadhenu’s powers, I can provide for my entire kingdom.”

However, Vasistha refused, replying, “O Vishwamitra, Kamadhenu is not an object to be given away. She is an integral part of my ashram, and she sustains my way of life. Through her, I perform Swaha Karam (offerings in Yagnas), Havyam (food offerings to deities), and Kavyam (rituals for honoring ancestors through sacred fire). She enables my ''Prana Yatra'' (spiritual journey), ''Bhuta Bali'' (offerings to all beings), and my Vedic studies. She is the essence of my hermitage—without her, my existence here is incomplete. She is my mother, and parting from her is impossible.”

Determined to possess Kamadhenu, Vishwamitra made an extraordinary offer, saying,

“O Vasistha, in exchange for Sabhala, I will grant you riches beyond imagination:

* 400 golden chariots, each drawn by 4 pure white, spotless horses, adorned in gold and jewels.
* 14,000 mighty elephants, adorned in gold and jewels.
* 11,000 of the finest breed of horses, the best in my kingdom.
* One crore (10 million) cows, to sustain your ashram for eternity.
* Gold and gemstones in limitless quantities.

Whatever you wish for, name it, and I shall provide. In return, grant me Kamadhenu.”

Yet, Vasistha remained unmoved. “O Emperor, no wealth or power can replace Kamadhenu. She is not a mere possession; she is the lifeblood of my dharma. No matter what you offer, I shall not part with her.”

Vishwamitra’s face darkened as he heard these words. A seed of Raga-Dvesha (attachment and aversion) had been sown in his heart. A thought took root—“Why can I not have this? Why is it beyond my reach?”—and with that thought, desire gave way to anger.

This moment marked the beginning of a great transformation in Vishwamitra’s journey—a turning point that would shape the destiny of both the sage and the king.

Alternative version

Vasishta destroys Vishvamitra's entire army by the simple use of his great mystic and spiritual powers, breathing the Om syllable. Vishvamitra then undertakes a tapasya for several years to please Shiva, who bestows upon him the knowledge of celestial weaponry. He proudly goes to Vasiștha's ashram again and uses all kinds of powerful weapons to destroy Vasishta and his hermitage. He succeeded in the killings of Vasistha's thousand sons but not Vasistha himself.

An enraged Vasistha brings out his ''brahmadanda'', a wooden stick imbued with the power of Brahma. It consumes Vishvamitra's most powerful weapon, the brahmastra. Vasistha then attempts to attack Vishvamitra, but his anger is allayed by Devas. Vishvamitra is left humiliated while Vasistha restores his hermitage.

Seduction by Menaka

Menaka was born during the churning of the ocean by the devas and asuras and was one of the most beautiful apsaras (celestial nymph) in the world with quick intelligence and innate talent. However, Menaka desired a family. Due to his penance and the power he achieved through it, Vishvamitra frightened the gods and even tried to create another heaven. Indra, frightened by Vishvamitra's powers, sent Menaka from heaven to earth to lure him and break his meditation. Menaka successfully incited Vishvamitra's lust and passion. She succeeded in breaking the meditation of Vishvamitra. However, she fell in genuine love with him and a girl was born to them who later grew in Sage Kanva's ashram and came to be called Shakuntala. Later, Shakuntala falls in love with King Dushyanta and gives birth to a child called Bharata.

Kanva describes this tale in the Mahabharata:

However, later, Vishvamitra merely cursed Menaka to be separated from him forever, for he loved her as well and knew that she had lost all devious intentions towards him long ago.

After succumbing to Menakā's flirtations, and after having a daughter with her, Vishvamitra then travels south to the Godāvarī to resume his austerities, settling down at a spot next where Śiva stood as Kālañjara.

Vishvamitra was also tested by the Apsara Rambha. She, however, was also cursed by Vishvamitra.

Rise to Brahmarishi

After cursing Rambha, Vishvamitra goes to the highest mountain of Himalayas to perform an even more severe tapasya for over 1000 years. He ceases to eat and reduces his breathing to a bare minimum.

He is tested again by Indra, who comes as a poor Brahmin begging for food just as Kaushika is ready to break a fast of many years by eating some rice. Kaushika instantly gives his food away to Indra and resumes his meditation. Kaushika also finally masters his passions, refusing to be provoked by any of Indra's testing and seductive interferences.

At the penultimate culmination of a multi-thousand-year journey, Kaushika's yogic power is at a peak. At this point, Brahma, as the head of Devas led by Indra, names Kaushika a Brahmarishi and names him ''Vishvamitra'' or ''Friend of All'' for his unlimited compassion. He then goes to meet Vashishta. It was customary that, if a sage was greeted by an equal or superior person, the sage would also greet the person. If the sage was greeted by an inferior person, the sage would simply bless them. Initially, when Vishvamitra greeted Vashishta with the pride of being a new Brahmarishi in heart, Vashishta simply blessed him. Suddenly all pride and desire left Vishvamitra's heart and he became a clean and clear Brahmarishi. When Vishvamitra turned back to leave, Vashishta realised a change of heart and proceeded to greet Vishvamitra. Vishvamitra is also embraced by Vashista and their enmity is instantly ended.

Trisanku

Another story Vishvamitra is known for is his creation of his own version of ''Svarga'' or heaven, called ''Trisanku Svarga''.

When a proud King Trisanku asked his Guru Vashista to send him to heaven in his own body, guru responded that the body cannot ascend to heaven. King Trisanku then asked Vashista's hundred sons to send him to heaven. The sons, believing that Trisanku should not come to them after their father had refused, took outrage and cursed Trisanku to be a Chandala. Trisanku was transformed into a person with body smeared of ash, clothed in black and wearing iron jewelry. Unrecognizable to his subjects, he was driven out of the kingdom.

In his exile, Trisanku came across the sage Vishvamitra, who agreed to help him. Vishvamitra organized a great sacrifice and ritual propitiating the Devas, pleading that they accept Trisanku into heaven. Not one Deva responded. Angered, Vishvamitra used his yogic powers and ordered Trisanku to rise to heaven. Miraculously, Trisanku rose into the sky until he reached heaven, where he was pushed back down by Indra.

Enraged even more by this, Vishvamitra commenced the creation of another universe (including another Brahma) for Trisanku. He had only completed the Universe when Brihaspati ordered him to stop. Trisanku, however, did not fully transcend through Trisanku Svarga created for him. He remained fixed and upside-down in the sky and was transformed into a constellation, which is now known as Crux.

In the process of forming a new universe, Vishvamitra used up all the tapas he had gained from his austerities. Therefore, after the Trisanku episode, Vishvamitra had to start his prayers again to attain the status of a Brahmarshi and become an equal of Vashista.

Harishchandra's sacrifice

While undertaking a penance, Kaushika helps a boy named Shunashepa who has been sold by his parents to be sacrificed at Harishchandra's yagna to please Varuna. The king's son Rohit does not want to be the one sacrificed, as was originally promised to Varuna, so young Sunashepa is taken. A devastated and terrified Sunashepa falls at the feet of Kaushika, who is deep in meditation and begs for his help.Pargiter, F.E. (1972) 922 ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.92.

Kaushika teaches secret mantras to Sunashepa. The boy sings these mantras at the ceremony, is blessed by Mitra and Varuna and Ambarisha's ceremony is completed.

In another version of the story, Sunahshepa is lost son of Vishvamitra. When Vishvamitra was Prince of Bharats (Kaushik) - and his name was Vishwarath then, he was abducted by the enemy king Shambar. There, Shambar's daughter, Ugra, falls in love with Vishvarath. Ugra convinces Prince Vishvarath to marry her. Looking at the good character of Vishvarath, Shambar also agrees for the marriage. Soon after the marriage, the Bharatas win the battle against Shambar. When they found their Prince Vishvarath alive, they feel happy but they could not accept Ugra as their future queen as she is an Asura. To convert Ugra into an Sura, Vishvarath creates Gayatri Mantra, but people still refuse to accept her. Soon she gives birth to a son, but to save the son from the angry people, the greatest female sage Lopamudra sends the child to a hidden place. To Lopamudra and Vishvarath's sadness, people kill Ugra. But the son is saved, without the knowledge of Vishvarath. This child grows young and he comes to sacrifice himself in the ceremony of Ambarisha (or King Harishchandra).

Teacher of Rama

In the Hindu epic ''Ramayana'', Vishvamitra is the preceptor of Rama and his brother Lakshmana. Rama is prince of Ayodhya, and the seventh Avatar of god Vishnu .

Vishvamitra gives them the knowledge of the ''Devastras'' or celestial weaponry ala and ati bala trains them in advanced religion and guides them to kill powerful demons like Tadaka, Maricha and Subahu. He also leads them to the Swayamvara ceremony for princess Sita, who becomes wife of Rama.

Works

Vishvamitra is said to have written the Gayatri Mantra. It is a verse from a sukta of Rigveda (Mandala 3.62.10). Gāyatrī is the name of the Vedic meter in which the verse is composed.

Gayatri mantra is repeated and cited very widely in Vedic literature and praised in several well-known classical Hindu texts such as Manusmriti ("there is nothing greater than the ''Savitri (Gayatri) Mantra''.", Manu II, 83), Harivamsa and Bhagavad Gita. The mantra is an important part of the upanayana ceremony for young males in Hinduism and has long been recited by dvija men as part of their daily rituals. Modern Hindu reform movements spread the practice of the mantra to include women and all castes and its recitation is now widespread.

Descendants

Vishvamitra had many children from different women. Madhuchhanda was also a composer of many hymns in the Rigveda.
According to the ''Mahabharata'', Sushruta, the father of plastic surgery, was one of his sons. Ashtaka, who was born from Madhavi, was successor to his kingdom. Shakuntala was born from the damsel Menaka. She was the mother of Bharata, who became a powerful emperor as well as an ancestor of Kuru kings.

Vishvamitra is one of the eight main gotras of Brahmins. All Brahmins belonging to Kaushika or Vishvamitra gotra are believed to have descended from Sage Vishvamitra. The distinction can be found from the respective pravaras,
#Vishvamitra, Aghamarshana, Kaushika
#Vishvamitra, Devarata, Owdala
#Vishvamitra, Ashtaka
#Vishvamitra, Maadhucchandasa, Dhananjaya

Kaushika is one of the pravara gotras of Vishvamitra gotra among Brahmins.

In popular culture

Literature

The story of the king Vishwamitra turning into a Brahmarishi has been the topic of a mytho-fiction book by Dr. Vineet Aggarwal.

Graphic Novel

Amar Chitra Katha series number 599 titled Vishwamitra, published in 1975, also tells the story of Vishwamitra in the form of a graphic novel.

In film and television

* Vishvamitra is shown in the 1985 Tamil movie ''Raja Rishi'' with Sivaji Ganesan playing the role of the Sage.
* Vishvamitra's role is played by Shrikant Soni in the TV series Ramayan, 1987 and Uttar Ramayan, 1988 on Doordarshan.
* Vishvamitra is shown in 1991 Telugu movie '' Brahmarshi Vishvamitra'' with N. T. Rama Rao playing the role of Sage.
* The TV show ''Vishvamitra'' (1989) is made on the story of Brahmarishi Vishvamitra. The role of Vishvamitra is played by Mukesh Khanna.
* Vishvamitra's role is played by Ashok Banthia in the TV series Ramayan, 2008 on Imagine TV.
* Vishvamitra is shown in the show ''Siya Ke Ram'' airing on Star Plus, starring Manish Wadhwa.
*The TV show ''Piya Albela'' is also based on the classic love story of Menaka and Vishvamitra, depicted as a modern-day love story revolving around Naren and Pooja.
*Vishvamitra also appears in Shani (TV series)

See also

* Vishwaguru
* Hinduism
* Hindu mythology

References

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Brahmin gotras
Rishis
Sages in the Ramayana
Saptarishi