The solute carrier (SLC) group of

membrane transport protein A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral membrane proteins, integral transmembr ...

s include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most members of the SLC group are located in the

cell membrane The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extr ...

. The SLC gene nomenclature system was originally proposed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (

HGNC The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is a committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) that sets the standardization, standards for human gene nomenclature. The HGNC approves a ''unique'' and ''meaningful'' name for every known human g ...

) and is the basis for the official HGNC names of the genes that encode these transporters. A more general transmembrane transporter classification can be found in TCDB database.

Solutes In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are ...

that are transported by the various SLC group members are extremely diverse and include both charged and uncharged organic molecules as well as inorganic ions and the gas

ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the chemical formula, formula . A Binary compounds of hydrogen, stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pu ...

. As is typical of

integral membrane protein An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. All transmembrane proteins can be classified as IMPs, but not all IMPs are transmembrane proteins. IMPs comp ...

s, SLCs contain a number of

hydrophobic In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the chemical property of a molecule (called a hydrophobe) that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water. In contrast, hydrophiles are attracted to water. Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, thu ...

transmembrane A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They frequently u ...

alpha helices An alpha helix (or α-helix) is a sequence of amino acids in a protein that are twisted into a coil (a helix). The alpha helix is the most common structural arrangement in the secondary structure of proteins. It is also the most extreme type of l ...

connected to each other by hydrophilic intra- and extra-cellular loops. Depending on the SLC, these transporters are functional as either monomers or obligate homo- or hetero-oligomers. Many SLC families are members of the

major facilitator superfamily The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is a Protein superfamily, superfamily of membrane transport proteins that facilitate movement of small solutes across cell membranes in response to chemiosmosis, chemiosmotic gradients. Function The major ...

Scope

By convention of the

nomenclature Nomenclature (, ) is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. (The theoretical field studying nomenclature is sometimes referred to as ''onymology'' or ''taxonymy'' ). The principl ...

system, members within an individual SLC family have greater than 20-25% sequence identity to each other. In contrast, the homology between SLC families is very low to non-existent. Hence, the criteria for inclusion of a family into the SLC group is not evolutionary relatedness to other SLC families but rather functional (i.e., an integral membrane protein that transports a solute). The SLC group include examples of transport proteins that are: * facilitative transporters (allow solutes to flow downhill with their

electrochemical gradients An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts: * The chemical gradient, or difference in Concentration, solute concentration across ...

) *

secondary active transport In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular ...

ers (allow solutes to flow uphill against their electrochemical gradient by coupling to transport of a second solute that flows downhill with its gradient such that the overall free energy change is still favorable) The SLC series does not include members of transport protein families that have previously been classified by other widely accepted nomenclature systems including: *

primary active transport In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular ...

ers (allow flow uphill against electrochemical gradients) such as

ABC ABC are the first three letters of the Latin script. ABC or abc may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Broadcasting * Aliw Broadcasting Corporation, Philippine broadcast company * American Broadcasting Company, a commercial American ...

( ATP Binding Cassette) transporters by coupling transport to an energy releasing event such as ATP hydrolysis *

ion channel Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by Gating (electrophysiol ...

s *

aquaporin Aquaporins, also called water channels, are channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells. The cell membranes of ...

s (water channels)

Subcellular distribution

Most members of the SLC group are located in the

, but some members are located in

mitochondria A mitochondrion () is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is us ...

(the most notable one being SLC family 25) or other

intracellular This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms. It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions ...

organelle In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell (biology), cell, that has a specific function. The name ''organelle'' comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as Organ (anatomy), organs are to th ...

Nomenclature system

Names of individual SLC members have the following format: SLCnXm where: * SLC is the root name (SoLute Carrier) * n = an integer representing a family (e.g., 1-52) * X = a single letter (A, B, C, ...) denoting a subfamily * m = an integer representing an individual family member (

isoform A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isoforms have uniqu ...

). For example, is the first isoform of subfamily A of SLC family 1. An exception occurs with SLC family 21 (the organic anion transporting polypeptide transporters), which for historical reasons have names in the format SLCOnXm where n = family number, X = subfamily letter, and m = member number. While the

only assign nomenclature to human genes, by convention vertebrate orthologs of these genes adopt the same nomenclature (e.g.
VGNC
assigned orthologs o
SLC10A1
. For rodents, the case of the symbols differs from other vertebrates by using title case, i.e. Slc1a1 denotes the rodent

ortholog Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speci ...

of the human SLC1A1 gene.

Families

The following families are named under SLC: # high-affinity glutamate and neutral amino acid transporter #* (

SLC1A1 Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC1A1'' gene. Tissue distribution EAAT3 is expressed on the plasma membrane of neurons, specifically on the dendrites and axon terminals. Function ...

SLC1A2 Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) also known as solute carrier family 1 member 2 (SLC1A2) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC1A2'' gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of thi ...

, SLC1A3,

SLC1A4 Neutral amino acid transporter A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC1A4'' gene. In humans, it is expressed in the brain, lung, skeletal muscle, intestine and kidney. Function The transporter is responsible for transport of L-se ...

SLC1A5 Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC1A5'' gene. See also * Glutamate transporter * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members ...

, SLC1A6, SLC1A7) # facilitative GLUT transporter #* (

SLC2A1 Glucose transporter 1 (or GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1), is a uniporter protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC2A1'' gene. GLUT1 facilitates the transport of glucose acros ...

, SLC2A2, SLC2A3, SLC2A4, SLC2A5, SLC2A6, SLC2A7, SLC2A8,

SLC2A9 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC2A9'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the SLC2A facilitative glucose transporter family. Members of this family play a signif ...

, SLC2A10, SLC2A11, SLC2A12, SLC2A13, SLC2A14) # heavy subunits of

heterodimeric amino acid transporter Heterodimeric amino-acid transporters are a family of transport proteins that facilitate the transport of certain amino acids across cell membrane The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically r ...

s #* (

SLC3A1 Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC3A1'' gene. Mutations in the SLC3A1 gene are associated with cystinuria. See also * Heterodimeric amino acid transporter * Solute carrier f ...

, SLC3A2) # bicarbonate transporter #* ( SLC4A1,

SLC4A2 Anion exchange protein 2 (AE2) is a membrane transport protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC4A2'' gene. AE2 is functionally similar to the Band 3 Cl−/ HCO3− exchange protein. Mice have been used to explore the function of AE2. AE2 c ...

SLC4A3 Anion exchange protein 3 (AE3) is a membrane transport protein encoded by the human ''SLC4A3'' gene. Structure Cryo-electron microscopy studies have revealed that AE3 forms a homodimeric complex, structurally similar to other members of the SLC ...

, SLC4A4, SLC4A5, SLC4A6, SLC4A7,

SLC4A8 Electroneutral sodium bicarbonate exchanger 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC4A8'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family * cotransporter Cotransporters are a subcategory of membrane transport proteins (transporters) that ...

, SLC4A9, SLC4A10,

SLC4A11 Sodium bicarbonate transporter-like protein 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC4A11'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized int ...

) # sodium glucose cotransporter #* (

SLC5A1 Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) also known as solute carrier family 5 member 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the gene which encodes the production of the SGLT1 protein to line the absorptive cells in the small intestine and ...

SLC5A2 The sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the (solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter)) gene. Function SGLT2 is a member of the sodium glucose cotransporter family, which are sodium- ...

, SLC5A3, SLC5A4, SLC5A5, SLC5A6, SLC5A7, SLC5A8, SLC5A9, SLC5A10, SLC5A11, SLC5A12) #

sodium Sodium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Na (from Neo-Latin ) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 element, group 1 of the peri ...

- and

chloride The term chloride refers to a compound or molecule that contains either a chlorine anion (), which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond (). The pr ...

-dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters #* (

SLC6A1 GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) also known as sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC6A1'' gene and belongs to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family of transporters. It mediates gamma-aminobuty ...

, SLC6A2, SLC6A3,

SLC6A4 The serotonin transporter (SERT or 5-HTT) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and solute carrier family 6 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene. SERT is a type of monoamine transporter protein th ...

, SLC6A5, SLC6A6, SLC6A7, SLC6A8, SLC6A9, SLC6A10, SLC6A11, SLC6A12, SLC6A13, SLC6A14, SLC6A15, SLC6A16, SLC6A17, SLC6A18,

SLC6A19 Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC6A19'' gene. Function SLC6A19 is a system B(0) transporter that mediates epithelial resorption of neutral amino acids across the apica ...

, SLC6A20) # cationic amino acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated #* cationic amino acid transporters ( SLC7A1, SLC7A2, SLC7A3, SLC7A4) #* glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of

s ( SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC7A7, SLC7A8, SLC7A9, SLC7A10,

SLC7A11 Cystine/glutamate transporter is an antiporter that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC7A11'' gene. The ''SLC7A11'' gene encodes a sodium-independent cystine-Glutamate (neurotransmitter), glutamate antiporter that is chloride dependent, also know ...

, SLC7A13, SLC7A14) # Na+/Ca2+ exchanger #* ( SLC8A1, SLC8A2, SLC8A3) # Na+/H+ exchanger #* ( SLC9A1, SLC9A2, SLC9A3, SLC9A4, SLC9A5,

SLC9A6 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6 is an integral membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC9A6'' gene. It was originally thought to be a mitochondrial-targeted protein, but subsequent studies have localized it to the plasma membrane and re ...

, SLC9A7,

SLC9A8 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC9A8'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most me ...

, SLC9A9, SLC9A10, SLC9A11, SLC9B1, SLC9B2) # sodium bile salt cotransport #* (

SLC10A1 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter also known as the Na+- taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) or liver bile acid transporter (LBAT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC10A1'' (solute carrier family 10 member 1) gene. Stru ...

, SLC10A2, SLC10A3, SLC10A4, SLC10A5, SLC10A6, SLC10A7) # proton coupled metal ion transporter #* ( SLC11A1,

SLC11A2 Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 (NRAMP 2), also known as divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and divalent cation transporter 1 (DCT1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC11A2'' (solute carrier family 11, member 2 ...

) # electroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter #* ( SLC12A1, SLC12A2, SLC12A3, SLC12A4,

SLC12A5 Potassium-chloride transporter member 5 (aka: KCC2 and SLC12A5) is a neuron-specific chloride potassium symporter responsible for establishing the chloride ion gradient in neurons through the maintenance of low intracellular chloride concentratio ...

, SLC12A6, SLC12A7, SLC12A8, SLC12A9) # Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter #* ( SLC13A1, SLC13A2, SLC13A3, SLC13A4, SLC13A5) #

urea transporter A urea transporter is a membrane transport protein, transporting urea. Humans and other mammals have two types of urea transport proteins, UT-A and UT-B. The UT-A proteins are important for renal urea handling and are produced by alternative spl ...

#* ( SLC14A1, SLC14A2) # proton oligopeptide cotransporter #* ( SLC15A1, SLC15A2, SLC15A3, SLC15A4) # monocarboxylate transporter #* (

SLC16A1 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 is a ubiquitous protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC16A1'' gene (also known as MCT1). It is a proton coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Biochemistry Detailed kinetic analysis of monocarboxylate transport ...

SLC16A2 Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is an active transporter protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC16A2'' gene. Function MCT8 actively transports a variety of iodo- thyronines including the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Clinical ...

SLC16A3 Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) also known as solute carrier family 16 member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC16A3'' gene. Northern and western blotting and EST database analyses showed MCT4 to be widely expressed and e ...

SLC16A4 Monocarboxylate transporter 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC16A4'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. ...

SLC16A5 Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SLC16A5 gene. This gene encodes a member of the monocarboxylate transporter family and the major facilitator superfamily. The encoded protein is localized to the c ...

, SLC16A6, SLC16A7, SLC16A8,

SLC16A9 Monocarboxylate transporter 9 (MCT9, solute carrier family 16, member 9, SLC16A9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC16A9'' gene. Clinical relevance Mutations in the SLC16A9 gene have been associated with carnitine Carnit ...

, SLC16A10, SLC16A11, SLC16A12, SLC16A13, SLC16A14) # vesicular glutamate transporter #* ( SLC17A1, SLC17A2, SLC17A3, SLC17A4, SLC17A5, SLC17A6, SLC17A7, SLC17A8, SLC17A9) # vesicular amine transporter #* ( SLC18A1, SLC18A2, SLC18A3) #

folate Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins. Manufactured folic acid, which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and ...

thiamine transporter Members of this protein family have been assigned as thiamine membrane transporter protein, transporters by a phylogenomic analysis of families of genes regulated by the THI element, a broadly conserved sequence, conserved RNA secondary structure e ...

#* ( SLC19A1, SLC19A2, SLC19A3) # type III Na+-phosphate cotransporter #* (

SLC20A1 Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC20A1'' gene. Retrovirus receptors allow infection of human and murine cells by various retroviruses. The receptors that have been identified at the molecu ...

, SLC20A2) # organic anion transporting #* subfamily 1 (

SLCO1A2 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLCO1A2'' gene. This gene encodes a sodium-independent transporter which mediates cellular uptake of organic ions in the liver. Its substrat ...

SLCO1B1 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLCO1B1'' gene. Pharmacogenomic research indicates that genetic variations in this gene are associated with response to simvastatin. Clini ...

SLCO1B3 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 (SLCO1B3) also known as organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLCO1B3'' gene. OATP1B3 is a 12-transmembrane domain influx tr ...

SLCO1C1 Members of the Organic Anion Transporter (OAT) Family (organic-anion-transporting polypeptides, OATP) are membrane transport proteins or 'transporters' that mediate the transport of mainly organic anions across the cell membrane. Therefore, OATPs ...

) #* subfamily 2 (

SLCO2A1 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1, also known as the prostaglandin transporter (PGT), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLCO2A1 gene. This gene encodes a prostaglandin transporter that is a member of the 12-m ...

SLCO2B1 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 also known as organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene ''SLCO2B1''. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SL ...

) #* subfamily 3 (

SLCO3A1 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLCO3A1'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a se ...

) #* subfamily 4 (

SLCO4A1 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLCO4A1'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members or ...

, SLCO4C1) #* subfamily 5 ( SLCO5A1) #* subfamily 6 ( SLCO6A1) # organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter #* ( SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC22A4, SLC22A5, SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A8, SLC22A9, SLC22A10, SLC22A11, SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLC22A14, SLC22A15, SLC22A16, SLC22A17, SLC22A18, SLC22A18AS, SLC22A19, SLC22A20, SLC22A23, SLC22A24, SLC22A25, SLC22A31) # Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter #* ( SLC23A1, SLC23A2, SLC23A3, SLC23A4) # Na+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger #* ( SLC24A1, SLC24A2, SLC24A3, SLC24A4, SLC24A5, SLC24A6) #

mitochondrial carrier Mitochondrial carriers are proteins from solute carrier family 25 which transfer molecules across the membranes of the mitochondria. Mitochondrial carriers are also classified in thTransporter Classification Database The Mitochondrial Carrier (MC ...

#* (

SLC25A1 Tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial, also known as tricarboxylate carrier protein and citrate transport protein (CTP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A1'' gene. SLC25A1 belongs to the mitochondrial carrier gene ...

, SLC25A2, SLC25A3,

SLC25A4 ADP/ATP translocase 1, or adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A4'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular g ...

, SLC25A5, SLC25A6, UCP1(SLC25A7), UCP2(SLC25A8), UCP3(SLC25A9), SLC25A10,

SLC25A11 Mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A11'' gene. Inactivating mutations in this gene predispose to metastasic paraganglioma. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carr ...

SLC25A12 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A12'' gene. Aralar is an integral membrane protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its primary function as an antiporter is th ...

SLC25A13 Citrin, also known as solute carrier family 25, member 13 (citrin) or SLC25A13, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A13'' gene. Citrin is associated with type II citrullinemia and neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by ...

, SLC25A14, SLC25A15, SLC25A16, SLC25A17, SLC25A18, SLC25A19, SLC25A20, SLC25A21, SLC25A22, SLC25A23, SLC25A24, SLC25A25, SLC25A26, SLC25A27, SLC25A28, SLC25A29, SLC25A30, SLC25A31, SLC25A32, SLC25A33, SLC25A34, SLC25A35, SLC25A36, SLC25A37, SLC25A38, SLC25A39, SLC25A40, SLC25A41, SLC25A42, SLC25A43, SLC25A44, SLC25A45, SLC25A46), SLC25A47, SLC25A48, MTCH1(SLC25A49), MTCH2(SLC25A50), SLC25A51, SLC25A52, SLC25A53 # multifunctional anion exchanger #* ( SLC26A1, SLC26A2, SLC26A3, SLC26A4, SLC26A5, SLC26A6, SLC26A7, SLC26A8, SLC26A9, SLC26A10, SLC26A11) # fatty acid transport proteins #* ( SLC27A1, SLC27A2, SLC27A3, SLC27A4,

SLC27A5 Bile acyl-CoA synthetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC27A5'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase ( VLCS). It is capable of activating very long-chain fatty-acids cont ...

, SLC27A6) # Na+-coupled nucleoside transport #* ( SLC28A1, SLC28A2, SLC28A3) # facilitative nucleoside transporter #* ( SLC29A1,

SLC29A2 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC29A2'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized in ...

, SLC29A3, SLC29A4) #

zinc transporter Zinc transporter proteins (Zrt), or simply zinc transporters, are membrane transport proteins of the solute carrier family which control the membrane transport of zinc and regulate its intracellular and cytoplasmic concentrations. They include two ...

#* ( SLC30A1, SLC30A2, SLC30A3, SLC30A4, SLC30A5, SLC30A6,

SLC30A7 Zinc transporter 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC30A7'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most members o ...

, SLC30A8, SLC30A9, SLC30A10) #

copper Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orang ...

transporter #* ( SLC31A1, SLC31A2) # vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter #* ( SLC32A1) #

Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidation, o ...

transporter #* ( SLC33A1) # type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter #* ( SLC34A1, SLC34A2, SLC34A3) # nucleotide-sugar transporter #* subfamily A ( SLC35A1, SLC35A2, SLC35A3, SLC35A4, SLC35A5) #* subfamily B ( SLC35B1, SLC35B2, SLC35B3, SLC35B4) #* subfamily C ( SLC35C1, SLC35C2) #* subfamily D ( SLC35D1, SLC35D2, SLC35D3) #* subfamily E (SLC35E1, SLC35E2A, SLC35E2B, SLC35E3, SLC35E4) #* subfamily F ( SLC35F1, SLC35F2, SLC35F3, SLC35F4, SLC35F5) #* subfamily G ( SLC35G1, SLC35G3, SLC35G4, SLC35G5, SLC35G6) # proton-coupled amino acid transporter #* ( SLC36A1, SLC36A2, SLC36A3, SLC36A4) # sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger #* ( SLC37A1, SLC37A2, SLC37A3, SLC37A4) # System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter #* ( SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A3, SLC38A4, SLC38A5, SLC38A6, SLC38A7, SLC38A8, SLC38A9, SLC38A10, SLC38A11) # metal ion transporter #* (

SLC39A1 Zinc transporter ZIP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A1'' gene. The protein ZIP1 is responsible for the active transport of zinc into prostate cells. In many prostate cancers SLC39A1 is silenced causing prostate cancer cells ...

SLC39A2 Zinc transporter ZIP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A2'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most member ...

SLC39A3 Zinc transporter ZIP3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A3'' gene. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most memb ...

SLC39A4 Zinc transporter ZIP4 is a transmembrane protein which in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A4'' gene. It is associated with acrodermatitis enteropathica. See also * Solute carrier family The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport pro ...

, SLC39A5,

SLC39A6 Zinc transporter ZIP6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A6'' gene. Zinc is an essential cofactor for hundreds of enzymes. It is involved in protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, as well as in the control of ...

SLC39A7 Zinc transporter SLC39A7 (ZIP7), also known as solute carrier family 39 member 7, is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A7'' gene. It belongs to the ZIP family, which consists of 14 proteins that transport zinc into t ...

SLC39A8 Zinc transporter ZIP8 is a cation/bicarbonate symporter protein which in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A8'' gene. Function This transmembrane protein is responsible for the influx of zinc, manganese, iron, and cadmium. ZIP8 is distributed ...

SLC39A9 Zinc transporter ZIP9, also known as Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) and solute carrier family 39 member 9, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A9'' gene. This protein is the 9th member out of 14 ZIP family proteins, which is ...

, SLC39A10, SLC39A11, SLC39A12, SLC39A13, SLC39A14) # basolateral iron transporter #* ( SLC40A1) # MgtE-like magnesium transporter #* ( SLC41A1, SLC41A2, SLC41A3) #

Ammonia transporter Ammonia transportersTC# 1.A.11 are structurally related membrane transport proteins called Amt proteins (ammonia transporters) in bacteria and plants, methylammonium/ammonium permeases (MEPs) in yeast, or Rhesus (Rh) proteins in chordates. In huma ...

#* ( RHAG(SLC42A1), RHBG(SLC42A2), RHCG(SLC42A3)) # Na+-independent, system-L like amino acid transporter #* ( SLC43A1, SLC43A2, SLC43A3) # Choline-like transporter #* (

SLC44A1 Choline transporter-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC44A1'' gene. Papillary glioneuronal tumors characteristically exhibit a gene fusion between ''SLC44A1'' and ''PRKCA''. Loss of function mutations have been imp ...

, SLC44A2, SLC44A3, SLC44A4, SLC44A5) # Putative sugar transporter #* ( SLC45A1, SLC45A2, SLC45A3, SLC45A4) # Folate transporter #* ( SLC46A1, SLC46A2, SLC46A3) # multidrug and toxin extrusion #* (

SLC47A1 Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), also known as solute carrier family 47 member 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC47A1'' gene. SLC47A1 belongs to the MATE (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion) family of transp ...

SLC47A2 Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''SLC47A2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein belonging to a family of transporters involved in the excretion of toxic electrolytes, both endogenou ...

) # Heme transporter family #* (SLC48A1) # Heme transporter #* ( FLVCR1(SLC49A1), FLVCR2(SLC49A2), SLC49A3, SLC49A4) # Sugar efflux transporters of the SWEET family #* ( SLC50A1) # Transporters of steroid-derived molecules #* ( SLC51A, SLC51B) # Riboflavin transporter family RFVT/SLC52 #* ( SLC52A1, SLC52A2, SLC52A3) # Phosphate carriers #* ( XPR1(SLC53A1) # Mitochondrial pyruvate carriers #* ( MPC1(SLC54A1), MPC2(SLC54A2), MPC1L(SLC54A3)) # Mitochondrial cation/proton exchangers #* ( LETM1(SLC55A1), LETM2(SLC55A2), LETMD1(SLC55A3)) # Sideroflexins #* ( SFXN1(SLC56A1), SFXN2(SLC56A2), SFXN3(SLC56A3), SFXN4(SLC56A4), SFXN5(SLC56A5)) # NiPA-like magnesium transporter family #* ( NIPA1(SLC57A1), NIPA2(SLC57A2), NIPAL1(SLC57A3), NIPAL2(SLC57A4), NIPAL3(SLC57A5), NIPAL4(SLC57A6)) # MagT-like magnesium transporter family #* ( MAGT1(SLC58A1), TUSC3(SLC58A2)) # Sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine symporter family #* ( MFSD2A(SLC59A1), MFSD2B(SLC59A2)) # Glucose transporters #* (

MFSD4A Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 4A is a protein belonging to the MFS Pfam clan. It is an atypical solute carrier, thus a plausible SLC transporter in humans. MFSD4A has been identified in both central and peripheral areas. Ref ...

(SLC60A1), MFSD4B(SLC60A2)) # Molybdate transporter family #* ( MFSD5(SLC61A1)) # Pyrophosphate transporters #* (

ANKH The ankh or key of life is an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol used to represent the word for "life" and, by extension, as a symbol of life itself. The ankh has a T-shape topped by a droplet-shaped loop. It was used in writing as a tri ...

(SLC62A1)) # Sphingosine-phosphate transporters #* ( SPNS1(SLC63A1), SPNS2(SLC63A2), SPNS3(SLC63A3)) # Golgi Ca2+/H+ exchangers #* ( TMEM165(SLC64A1)) # NPC-type cholesterol transporters #* ( NPC1(SLC65A1), NPC1L1(SLC65A2)) # Cationic amino acid exporters #* ( SLC66A1, SLC66A2, SLC66A3, CTNS(SLC66A4), MPDU1(SLC66A5))

Putative SLCs

Putative SLCs, also called atypical SLCs, are novel, plausible secondary active or facilitative transporter proteins that share ancestral background with the known SLCs. The atypical SLCs of MFS type can, however, be subdivided into 15 Putative MFS Transporter Families ( AMTF). All the putative SLCs are plausible SLC transporters. Some are only "atypical" when it comes to their nomenclature; the genes have an SLC assignment but as an alias, and have retained their already assigned "non-SLC" gene symbol as the approved symbol. Here are some Putative SLCs listed:

OCA2 P protein, also known as melanocyte-specific transporter protein or pink-eyed dilution protein homolog, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the oculocutaneous albinism II (''OCA2'') gene. The P protein is believed to be an integral membrane ...

CLN3 Battenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLN3'' gene located on chromosome 16. Battenin is not clustered into any Pfam clan, but it is included in the TCDB suggesting that it is a transporter. In humans, it belongs to the atypi ...

, TMEM104, SPNS1, SPNS2, SPNS3,

SV2A Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is a transmembrane protein belonging to a family of keratan sulfate Proteoglycan, proteoglycans, located on the synaptic vesicle, synaptic vesicles of mammalian neuronal and endocrine cells. It's encoded by ...

SV2B Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SV2B'' gene. See also * SV2A Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is a transmembrane protein belonging to a family of keratan sulfate Proteoglycan, proteoglycan ...

, SV2C, SVOP, SVOPL, MFSD1, MFSD2A, MFSD2B,

MFSD3 Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 3 (MFSD3) is a protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of f ...

, MFSD4B, MFSD5, MFSD6,

MFSD6L Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 6 like (MFSD6L) is a protein encoded by the MFSD6L gene in humans. The MFSD6L protein is a transmembrane protein that is part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) that uses chemiosmotic gradi ...

MFSD8 Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 8 also called MFSD8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MFSD8'' gene. MFSD8 is an atypical SLC, thus a predicted SLC transporter. It clusters phylogenetically to the Atypical MFS Trans ...

MFSD9 Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFSD9 gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence ...

, MFSD10,

MFSD11 Major facilitator superfamily The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is a Protein superfamily, superfamily of membrane transport proteins that facilitate movement of small solutes across cell membranes in response to chemiosmosis, chemiosmotic gr ...

, MFSD12, MFSD13A, MFSD14A,

MFSD14B Major facilitator superfamily The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is a Protein superfamily, superfamily of membrane transport proteins that facilitate movement of small solutes across cell membranes in response to chemiosmosis, chemiosmotic gr ...

UNC93A Unc-93 homolog A (C. elegans) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC93A gene. Unc93A is a major facilitator superfamily (MFS), and a putative solute carrier in humans. It belongs to the atypical SLCs that was recently listed. It is t ...

and

UNC93B1 Unc-93 homolog B1 ('' C. elegans''), also known as UNC93B1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''UNC93B1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein with similarity to the ''Caenorhabditis elegans ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' ( ...

References

SLC Tables
SLCtables

External links

Outline of families

Datasets and Reagents on the Solute Carrier Family

List of proteins at HGNC website
{{Solute carrier disorders Protein families Transport proteins Transmembrane proteins