Translocase is a general term for a

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metab ...

that assists in moving another

molecule A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by Force, attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemi ...

, usually across a cell membrane. These

enzymes An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as pro ...

catalyze the movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes. The reaction is designated as a transfer from “side 1” to “side 2” because the designations “in” and “out”, which had previously been used, can be ambiguous. Translocases are the most common secretion system in

Gram positive In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. The Gram stain i ...

bacteria Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micr ...

. It is also a historical term for the protein now called elongation factor G, due to its function in moving the

transfer RNA Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), formerly referred to as soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA), is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes). In a cell, it provides the physical link between the gene ...

(tRNA) and

messenger RNA In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the ...

(mRNA) through the

ribosome Ribosomes () are molecular machine, macromolecular machines, found within all cell (biology), cells, that perform Translation (biology), biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order s ...

History

The enzyme classification and nomenclature list was first approved by the International Union of Biochemistry in 1961. Six enzyme classes had been recognized based on the type of chemical reaction catalyzed, including

oxidoreductases In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually ut ...

(EC 1),

transferases In biochemistry, a transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl group, methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor). They ...

(EC 2),

hydrolases In biochemistry, hydrolases constitute a class of enzymes that commonly function as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond: :\ce \quad \xrightarrowtext\quad \ce This typically results in dividing a larger molecule into s ...

(EC 3),

lyases In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structur ...

(EC 4), isomerases (EC 5) and

ligases In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining ( ligation) of two molecules by forming a new chemical bond. This is typically via hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the molecules, typically resulting in ...

(EC 6). However, it became apparent that none of these could describe the important group of enzymes that catalyse the movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes. Several of these involve the hydrolysis of ATP and had been previously classified as

ATPases ATPases (, Adenosine 5'-TriPhosphatase, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, ATP hydrolase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalysis, catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate, ATP into a ...

(EC 3.6.3.-), although the hydrolytic reaction is not their primary function. In August 2018, the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology classified these enzymes under a new enzyme class (EC) of translocases (EC 7).

Mechanism of catalysis

The reaction most translocases catalyse is: * AX + B_{side 1}, , = A + X + , , B_{side 2} A clear example of an enzyme that follows this scheme is H+-transporting two-sector ATPase: * ATP + H₂O + 4 H⁺_{side 1} = ADP + phosphate + 4 H⁺_{side 2} Translocase Mechanism

This ATPase carries out the

dephosphorylation In biochemistry, dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate () group from an organic compound by hydrolysis. It is a reversible post-translational modification. Dephosphorylation and its counterpart, phosphorylation, activate and deactivate e ...

of ATP into ADP while it transports H⁺ to the other side of the membrane. However, other enzymes that also fall into this category do not follow the same reaction scheme. This is the case of ascorbate ferrireductase: * ascorbate_{side 1} + Fe(III)_{side 2} = monodehydroascorbate_{side 1} + Fe(II)_{side 2} In which the enzyme only transports an electron in the catalysation of an oxidoreductase reaction between a molecule and an inorganic cation located on different sides of the membrane.

Function

The basic function, as already mentioned (see: ), is to "catalyse the movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes". This form of

membrane transport In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them. Th ...

is classified under active membrane transport, an energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes against a concentration gradient. Translocases biological importance relies primarily on their critical function, in the way that they provide movement across the cell's membrane in many cellular processes that are substantial, such as: ;Oxidative phosphorylation: ADP/ATP translocase (ANT) imports adenosine diphosphate ADP from the cytosol and exports ATP from the

mitochondrial matrix In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane. It can also be referred as the mitochondrial fluid. The word "matrix" stems from the fact that this space is viscous, compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm. The mitoc ...

, which are key transport steps for

oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation(UK , US : or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation, is the metabolic pathway in which Cell (biology), cells use enzymes to Redox, oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order ...

in eukaryotic organisms. ADP from the cytosol is transported back into the mitochondrion for ATP synthesis and the synthesised ATP, produced from oxidative phosphorylation, is exported out of the mitochondrion for use in the cytosol, providing the cells with its main energy currency. PBB Protein TOMM20 image

;Protein import into mitochondria: Hundreds of proteins encoded by the nucleus are required for mitochondrial metabolism, growth, division, and partitioning to daughter cells, and all of these proteins must be imported into the organelle.

Translocase of the outer membrane The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) is a complex of proteins found in the outer mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondria. It allows movement of proteins through this barrier and into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. M ...

(TOM) and

translocase of the inner membrane The translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) is a complex of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Components of the TIM complex facilitate the translocation of proteins across the inner membrane a ...

(TIM) mediate the import of proteins into the mitochondrion. The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) sorts proteins via several mechanisms either directly to the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, or the translocase of the inner membrane (TIM). Then, generally, the TIM23 machinery mediates protein translocation into the matrix and the TIM22 machinery mediates insertion into the inner membrane. ;Fatty acids import into mitochondria (Carnitine Shuttle System): Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) catalyzes both unidirectional transport of carnitine and carnitine/acylcarnitine exchange in the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing the import of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are oxidized by the

β-oxidation In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA enters ...

pathway. The mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to long-chain fatty acids, hence the need for this translocation.

Classification

The enzyme subclasses designate the types of components that are being transferred, and the sub-subclasses indicate the reaction processes that provide the driving force for the translocation.

EC 7.1 Catalysing the translocation of hydrons

This subclass contains translocases that catalyze the translocation of hydrons. Based on the reaction they are linked to, EC 7.1 can be further classified into:
EC 7.1.1
Hydron translocation or charge separation linked to oxidoreductase reactions
EC 7.1.2
Hydron translocation linked to the

hydrolysis Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution reaction, substitution, elimination reaction, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water ...

of a

nucleoside triphosphate A nucleoside triphosphate is a nucleoside containing a nitrogenous base bound to a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), with three phosphate groups bound to the sugar. They are the molecular precursors of both DNA and RNA, which are chai ...

EC 7.1.3
Hydron translocation linked to the

diphosphate In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate () and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (), among others. Often pyrophosphate ...

An important translocase contained in this group is

ATP synthase ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed ...

, also known as EC 7.1.2.2. 3b8e

EC 7.2 Catalysing the translocation of inorganic cations and their chelates

This subclass contains translocases that transfer

inorganic An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds⁠that is, a compound that is not an organic compound. The study of inorganic compounds is a subfield of chemistry known as '' inorganic chemistry''. Inor ...

cations An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convent ...

(metal cations). Based on the reaction they're linked to, EC 7.2 can be further classified into:
EC 7.2.1
Translocation of inorganic cations linked to oxidoreductase reactions
EC 7.2.2
Translocation of inorganic cations linked to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate
EC 7.2.4
Translocation of inorganic cations linked to decarboxylation An important translocase contained in this group is Na+/K+ pump, also known as EC 7.2.2.13.

EC 7.3 Catalysing the translocation of inorganic anions

This subclass contains translocases that transfer inorganic cations anions. Subclasses are based on the reaction processes that provide the driving force for the translocation. At present only one subclass is represented
EC 7.3.2
Translocation of inorganic anions linked to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate.
7.3.2.1
ABC-type phosphate transporter: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria. A bacterial enzyme that interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the high affinity uptake of phosphate anions. Unlike P-type

, it does not undergo

phosphorylation In biochemistry, phosphorylation is described as the "transfer of a phosphate group" from a donor to an acceptor. A common phosphorylating agent (phosphate donor) is ATP and a common family of acceptor are alcohols: : This equation can be writ ...

during the transport process. :* ATP + H₂O + phosphate hosphate - binding proteinside 1] = ADP + phosphate + phosphate ide 2+ hosphate - binding proteinside 1]
7.3.2.2
ABC-type phosphonate transporter: The enzyme, found in bacteria, interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the import of

phosphonate In organic chemistry, phosphonates or phosphonic acids are organophosphorus compounds containing Functional group, groups, where R is an organic group (alkyl, aryl). If R is hydrogen then the compound is a Phosphite_ester#Chemistry_of_HP(O)(OR ...

and organophosphate anions. :* ATP + H₂O + phosphonate hosphonate-binding proteinside 1] = ADP + phosphate + phosphonate ide 2+ hosphonate- binding proteinside 1]
7.3.2.3
ABC-type sulfate transporter: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria. The enzyme from

Escherichia coli ''Escherichia coli'' ( )Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus '' Escherichia'' that is commonly fo ...

can interact with either of two periplasmic binding proteins and mediates the high affinity uptake of sulfate and thiosulfate. May also be involved in the uptake of selenite, selenate and possibly

molybdate In chemistry, a molybdate is a compound containing an oxyanion with molybdenum in its highest oxidation state of +6: . Molybdenum can form a very large range of such oxyanions, which can be discrete structures or polymeric extended structures, ...

. Does not undergo phosphorylation during the transport. :* ATP + H₂O + sulfate ulfate - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + sulfate ide 2+ ulfate - binding proteinside 1]
7.3.2.4
ABC-type nitrate transporter: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria. The enzyme, found in bacteria, interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the import of nitrate, nitrite, and cyanate. :* ATP + H₂O + nitrate itrate - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + nitrate ide 2+ itrate - binding proteinside 1]
7.3.2.5
ABC-type molybdate transporter: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Archaea, Eukaryota, Bacteria. The enzyme, found in bacteria, interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the high-affinity import of molybdate and

tungstate In chemistry, a tungstate is a Chemical compound, compound that contains an oxyanion of tungsten or is a mixed oxide containing tungsten. The simplest tungstate ion is , "orthotungstate". Many other tungstates belong to a large group of polyatomi ...

. Does not undergo phosphorylation during the transport process. :* ATP + H₂O + molybdate olybdate - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + molybdate ide 2+ olybdate - binding proteinside 1]
7.3.2.6
ABC-type tungstate transporter: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Archaea, Bacteria. The enzyme, characterized from the archaeon

Pyrococcus furiosus ''Pyrococcus furiosus'' is a heterotrophic, strictly anaerobic, extremophilic, model species of archaea. It is classified as a hyperthermophile because it thrives best under extremely high temperatures, and is notable for having an optimum gr ...

, the

Gram-positive In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. The Gram stain is ...

bacterium

Eubacterium ''Eubacterium'' is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Eubacteriaceae. These bacteria are characterised by a rigid cell wall. They may either be motile or nonmotile. If motile, they have a flagellum. A typical flagellum consists of ...

acidaminophilum and the

Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is that their cell envelope consists ...

bacterium

Campylobacter jejuni ''Campylobacter jejuni'' is a species of pathogenic bacteria that is commonly associated with poultry, and is also often found in animal feces. This species of microbe is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in Europe and in the US, w ...

, interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the import of tungstate into the cell for incorporation into tungsten-dependent enzymes. :*ATP + H₂O + tungstate ungstate - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + tungstate ide 2+ ungstate - binding proteinside 1]

EC 7.4 Catalysing the translocation of amino acids and peptides

Subclasses are based on the reaction processes that provide the driving force for the translocation. At present there is only one subclass: E
7.4.2
Translocation of amino acids and peptides linked to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate.
7.4.2.1
ABC-type polar-amino-acid transporter: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria. The enzyme, found in bacteria, interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the import of polar amino acids. This entry comprises bacterial enzymes that import

Histidine Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an Amine, α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH3+ form under Physiological condition, biological conditions), a carboxylic ...

Arginine Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H. The molecule features a guanidinium, guanidino group appended to a standard amino acid framework. At physiological pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated (−CO2−) a ...

Lysine Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins. Lysine contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated form when the lysine is dissolved in water at physiological pH), an α-carboxylic acid group ( ...

Glutamine Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the carboxylic acid group is replaced by an amide. It is classified as a charge-neutral ...

Glutamate Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; known as glutamate in its anionic form) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a Essential amino acid, non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that ...

Aspartate Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. The L-isomer of aspartic acid is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of protein ...

ornithine Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. It is not incorporated into proteins during translation. Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, a disorder of th ...

octopine Octopine is a derivative of the amino acids arginine and alanine. It was the first member of the class of chemical compounds known as opines to be discovered. Octopine gets its name from '' Octopus octopodia'' from which it was first isolate ...

and

nopaline Nopaline is a chemical compound derived from the amino acids glutamic acid and arginine. It is classified as an opine. Ti plasmids are classified on the basis of the different types of opines they produce. These may be nopaline plasmids, octop ...

. :* ATP + H₂O + polar amino acid olar amino acid-binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + polar amino acid ide 2+ olar amino acid-binding proteinside1]
7.4.2.2
ABC-type nonpolar-amino-acid transporter: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria. The enzyme, found in bacteria, interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein. This entry comprises enzymes that import

Leucine Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-Car ...

, Isoleucie and

Valine Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α- amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α- carboxylic acid group (which is in the deproton ...

. :* ATP + H₂O + non polar amino acid on polar amino acid - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + non polar amino acid ide 2+ on polar amino acid - binding proteinside 1]
7.4.2.3
ABC-type mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria. A non-phosphorylated, non-ABC (ATP-binding cassette) ATPase involved in the transport of proteins or preproteins into mitochondria using the TIM ( Translocase of the inner membrane, Translocase of the Inner Membrane) protein complex. TIM is the protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that contains three essential TIM proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein

Hsp70 The 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (Hsp70s or DnaK) are a family of conserved ubiquitously expressed heat shock proteins. Proteins with similar structure exist in virtually all living organisms and play crucial roles in the development of can ...

to form an ATP-driven import motor. :* ATP + H₂O + mitochondrial protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + mitochondrial protein ide 2
7.4.2.4
ABC-type chloroplast protein-transporting ATPase: The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms. Involved in the transport of proteins or preproteins into chloroplast stroma (several ATPases may participate in this process). :* ATP + H₂O + chloroplast protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + chloroplast protein ide 2
7.4.2.5
ABC-type protein transporter: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria. This entry stands for a family of bacterial enzymes that are dedicated to the secretion of one or several closely related proteins belonging to the toxin,

protease A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalysis, catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products ...

and

lipase In biochemistry, lipase ( ) refers to a class of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats. Some lipases display broad substrate scope including esters of cholesterol, phospholipids, and of lipid-soluble vitamins and sphingomyelinases; howe ...

families. Examples from Gram-negative bacteria include α-hemolysin, cyclolysin, colicin V and siderophores, while examples from Gram-positive bacteria include

bacteriocin Bacteriocins are proteinaceous or peptide, peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s). They are similar to yeast and paramecium killing factors, and are structurally, functionally ...

, subtilin, competence factor and pediocin. :* ATP + H₂O + protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + protein ide 2
7.4.2.6
ABC-type oligopeptide transporter: A bacterial enzyme that interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the import of

oligopeptides An oligopeptide ('' oligo-'', "a few"), is a peptide consisting of two to twenty amino acids, including dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and other polypeptides. Some of the major classes of naturally occurring oligopeptides include aerugin ...

of varying nature. The binding protein determines the specificity of the system. Does not undergo phosphorylation during the transport process. :* ATP + H₂O + oligopeptide ligopeptide - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + oligopeptide ide 2+ ligopeptide - binding proteinside 1]
7.4.2.7
ABC-type alpha-factor-pheromone transporter: The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms characterized by the presence of two similar ATP-binding domains/proteins and two integral membrane domains/proteins. Does not undergo phosphorylation during the transport process. A yeast enzyme that exports the α-factor sex pheromone. :* ATP + H₂O + alpha factor ide 1= ADP + phosphate + alpha factor ide 2
7.4.2.8
ABC-type protein-secreting ATPase: The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Archaea, Bacteria. A non-phosphorylated, non-ABC (ATP-binding cassette) ATPase that is involved in protein transport. :* ATP + H₂O + cellular protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + cellular protein ide 2
7.4.2.9
ABC-type dipeptide transporter: The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type transporter, characterized by the presence of two similar ATP-binding domains/proteins and two integral membrane domains/proteins. A bacterial enzyme that interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the uptake of dipeptides and tripeptides. :* ATP + H₂O + dipeptide ipeptide - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + ide 2+ ipeptide - binding proteinside 1]
7.4.2.10
ABC-type glutathione transporter: A prokaryotic ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type transporter, characterized by the presence of two similar ATP-binding domains/proteins and two integral membrane domains/proteins. The enzyme from the bacterium ''

'' is a heterotrimeric complex that interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein to mediate the uptake of

glutathione Glutathione (GSH, ) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea. Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by sources ...

. :* ATP + H₂O glutathione lutathione - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + glutathione ide 2+ lutathione - binding proteinside 1]
7.4.2.11
ABC-type methionine transporter: A bacterial enzyme that interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and functions to import

methionine Methionine (symbol Met or M) () is an essential amino acid in humans. As the precursor of other non-essential amino acids such as cysteine and taurine, versatile compounds such as SAM-e, and the important antioxidant glutathione, methionine play ...

. :* (1) ATP + H₂O + L-methionine ethionine - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + L-methionine ide 2+ ethionine - binding proteinside 1] :* (2) ATP + H₂O + D-methionine ethionine - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + D-methionine ide 2+ ethionine - binding proteinside 1]
7.4.2.12
ABC-type cystine transporter: A bacterial enzyme that interacts with an extracytoplasmic substrate binding protein and mediates the high affinity import of trace cystine. The enzyme from ''

'' K-12 can import both isomers of cystine and a variety of related molecules including djenkolate,

lanthionine Lanthionine is a nonproteinogenic amino acid with the chemical formula (HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-S-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH). It is typically formed by a cysteine residue and a dehydrated serine residue. Despite its name, lanthionine does not contain the element ...

diaminopimelate Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine. ''meso''-α,ε-Diaminopimelic acid is the last intermediate in the biosynthesis of lysine and undergoes decarboxylation by diaminopimelate decarbox ...

and homocystine. :* (1) ATP + H₂O + L-cystine ystine - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + L-cystine ide 2+ ystine - binding proteinside 1] :* (2) ATP + H₂O + D-cystine ystine - binding protein ide 1= ADP + phosphate + D-cystine ide 2+ ystine - binding proteinside 1]

EC 7.5 Catalysing the translocation of carbohydrates and their derivatives

EC 7.5.2
Linked to the hydrolysis of a

EC 7.6 Catalysing the translocation of other compounds

EC 7.6.2
Linked to the hydrolysis of a

Examples

* ornithine translocase (SLC25A15), associated with ornithine translocase deficiency. *

carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is responsible for passive transport of carnitine and carnitine-fatty acid complexes and across the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the carnitine shuttle system. Function Fatty acyl–carniti ...

(SLC25A20), associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency. * Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (

TOMM40 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40 homolog is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''TOMM40'' gene. Function ''TOMM40'' codes for a protein that is embedded into outer membranes of mitochondria and is required for the movement ...

), a protein encoded by the TOMM40 gene, whose alleles differentially impact the risk for

Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems wit ...

References

{{Portal bar, Biology, border=no Translocases Membrane proteins Solute carrier family