Skopje
Skopje ( , ; ; , sq-definite, Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It lies in the northern part of the country, in the Skopje Basin, Skopje Valley along the Vardar River, and is the political, economic, and cultura ...
and later defended the northeastern provinces of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
. Its initial headquarters was at Salonica, where it formed the core of the military forces that supported the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. Many of its officers who participated in the Revolution, including
Enver Pasha
İsmâil Enver (; ; 23 November 1881 – 4 August 1922), better known as Enver Pasha, was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish people, Turkish military officer, revolutionary, and Istanbul trials of 1919–1920, convicted war criminal who was a p ...
and
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President of Turkey, president from 1923 until Death an ...
, rose to fame and power.
By 1911, the Army had been moved to Erzincan in northeastern
Anatolia
Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
, and with the onset of
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, it was moved to
Erzurum
Erzurum (; ) is a List of cities in Turkey, city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of an ...
Battle of Sarikamish
The Battle of Sarikamish was an engagement between the Russian Empire, Russian and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empires during World War I. It took place from December 22, 1914, to January 17, 1915, as part of the Caucasus campaign.
The battle resul ...
Sivas
Sivas is a city in central Turkey. It is the seat of Sivas Province and Sivas District.İl Beledi ...
) after the disastrous Battle of Erzurum, and by late 1916 the army lacked any offensive capability. After the
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...
After the Young Turk Revolution and the establishment of the Second Constitutional Era on July 3, 1908, the new government initiated a major military reform. Army headquarters were modernized. Its operational area was Western Rumelia, and it had units in Europe (Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia) and Minor Asia (Aydın). It commanded the following active divisions: The Third Army also had inspectorate functions for twelve ''Redif'' (reserve) divisions:
*Third Army
**5th Infantry Division (''Beşinci Fırka'')
**6th Infantry Division (''Altıncı Fırka'')
**17th Infantry Division (''On Yedinci Fırka'')
**18th Infantry Division (''On Sekizinci Fırka'')
**3rd Cavalry Division (''Üçüncü Süvari Fırkası'')
**Fortress Artillery Battalion x 4
* Redif divisions of the Third Army (name of the division denotes its location)
**9th Monastir Reserve Infantry Division (''Dokuzuncu Manastır Redif Fırkası'')
**10th Köprülü Reserve Infantry Division (''Onuncu Köprülü Redif Fırkası'')
**11th Salonika Reserve Infantry Division (''On Birinci Selânik Redif Fırkası'')
**12th Aydın Reserve Infantry Division (''On İkinci Aydın Redif Fırkası'')
**28th Üsküp Reserve Infantry Division (''Yirmi Sekizinci Üsküp Redif Fırkası'')
**29th Pirştine Reserve Infantry Division (''Yirmi Dokuzuncu Pirştine Redif Fırkası'')
**30th Pirzerin Reserve Infantry Division (''Otuzuncu Pirzerin Redif Fırkası'')
**31st Serez Reserve Infantry Division (''Otuz Birinci Serez Redif Fırkası'')
**32nd
Berat
Berat (; sq-definite, Berati) is the List of cities and towns in Albania, ninth most populous city of Albania and the seat of Berat County and Berat Municipality. By air, it is north of Gjirokastër, west of Korçë, south of Tirana, and ea ...
Reserve Infantry Division (''Otuz İkinci Berat Redif Fırkası'')
**33rd Görüce Reserve Infantry Division (''Otuz Üçüncü Görüce Redif Fırkası'')
**34th Debre-i Bala Reserve Infantry Division (''Otuz Dördüncü Debre-i Bala Redif Fırkası'')
**54th Gevgili Reserve Infantry Division (''Elli Dördüncü Gevgili Redif Fırkası'')
Order of Battle, 1911
With further reorganizations of the Ottoman Army, to include the creation of corps level headquarters, by 1911 the Army was headquartered in Erzincan. The Army before the
First Balkan War
The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Greece, Greece and Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro) agai ...
in 1911 was structured as such:
*Army Headquarters, Erzincan
* IX Corps,
Erzurum
Erzurum (; ) is a List of cities in Turkey, city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of an ...
**28th Infantry Division, Erzurum
**29th Infantry Division,
Bayburt
Bayburt () is a city in northeast Turkey lying on the Çoruh River. It is the seat of Bayburt Province and Bayburt District.X Corps, Erzincan
**30th Infantry Division, Erzincan
**31st Infantry Division, Erzincan
**32nd Infantry Division, Mamuret'ül Aziz
* XI Corps, Van
**33rd Infantry Division, Van
**34th Infantry Division, Muş
*1st Tribal Cavalry Division, Erzurum
**39th Cavalry Regiment, Erzurum
**1st Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Erzurum
**2nd Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Kiğı
**3rd Tribal Cavalry Regiment,
Varto
Varto (; or , ''Varto'') is a town in Muş Province, Turkey. It is the seat of Varto District.Hınıs
**5th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Hasankale
**6th Tribal Cavalry Regiment,
Sivas
Sivas is a city in central Turkey. It is the seat of Sivas Province and Sivas District.İl Beledi ...
*2nd Tribal Cavalry Division, Kara Kilise
**24th Cavalry Regiment, Kara Kilise
**7th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Eleşkirt
**8th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Kara Kilise
**9th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Kara Kilise
**10th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Kara Kilise
**11th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Kara Kilise
**12th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Tutak
**13th Tribal Cavalry Regiment,
Diyadin
Diyadin (; ) is a town in Ağrı Province of Turkey, at the foot of Mount Tendürek, a high peak in the Aladağlar range that stands between Ağrı and the north shore of Lake Van. It is the seat of Diyadin District.Beyazıt
*3rd Tribal Cavalry Division, Erdiş
**25th Cavalry Regiment, Erdiş
**15th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Kop
**16th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Erdiş
**17th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Erdiş
**18th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Saray
**19th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Başkale
*4th Tribal Cavalry Division,
Mardin
Mardin (; ; romanized: ''Mārdīn''; ; ) is a city and seat of the Artuklu District of Mardin Province in Turkey. It is known for the Artuqids, Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location on a rocky hill near the Tigris ...
**20th Cavalry Regiment, Mardin
**20th Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Cezire-i İbn-i Ömer
**21st Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Mardin
**22nd Tribal Cavalry Regiment, Mardin
**23rd Tribal Cavalry Regiment,
Viranşehir
Viranşehir () is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,297 km2, and its population is 207,315 (2022). It is a market town serving a cotton-growing area, 93 km east of the city Şanlıurfa and 53&nbs ...
Enver Pasha
İsmâil Enver (; ; 23 November 1881 – 4 August 1922), better known as Enver Pasha, was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish people, Turkish military officer, revolutionary, and Istanbul trials of 1919–1920, convicted war criminal who was a p ...
(December 1914 – January 1915). Prior to Sarikamish, the Army consisted of 118,660 troops in the following units and commanders:
* IX Corps - Ahmed Fevzi Pasha
**17th Infantry Division
**28th Infantry Division
**29th Infantry Division
* X Corps - Hafiz Hakki Pasha
**30th Infantry Division
**31st Infantry Division
**32nd Infantry Division
* XI Corps - Abdulkerim Pasha
**18th Infantry Division
**33rd Infantry Division
**34th Infantry Division
**2nd Cavalry Brigade
**Van Cavalry Brigade
Following the battle of Sarikamish, it was reduced to some 20,000 men with loss of all guns and heavy equipment.
Order of Battle, 1915
The acting commander Hafiz Hakki Pasha (January 12 – February 1915) died of
typhus
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposu ...
in Erzerum in 1915. Mahmut Kamil Paşa (February 1915 – February 1916) took the command.
In 1915 the 3rd Army was slowly brought back up to strength. In July of that year, it was strong enough to win a victory against the Russians at Malazgirt. Later in the year the losses the Ottomans took at Gallipoli diverted manpower away from the 3rd Army, and it would never again reach its normal strength, and numbered 60,000 in the fall of 1915.
Order of Battle, 1916
The acting commander Vehip Pasha (February 1916–June 1918).
* IX Corps
**17th Infantry Division
**28th Infantry Division
**29th Infantry Division
* X Corps
**30th Infantry Division
**31st Infantry Division
**32nd Infantry Division
* XI Corps
**18th Infantry Division
**33rd Infantry Division
**34th Infantry Division
**36th Infantry Division
**37th Infantry Division
also: 2nd Cavalry Division, 15-20 battalions of frontier guards and gendarmes, and a few thousand Kurdish irregular.
When the Russians launched their surprise offensive in January 1916, culminating in the Battle of Koprukoy the army numbered 65,000 men and 100 guns. The army lost nearly 15,000 killed, wounded, for frozen, and about 5,000 prisoners. There were also about an estimated 5,000 deserters. About 20-30 guns were lost. The XI Corps took the heaviest losses, about 70% of its effective strength. The army fell back on the fortified city of Erzurum, its base.
The army could expect reinforcements from the 1st and 2nd Armies after their victory at Gallipoli, but due to the poor nature of the Ottoman railroad it was going to take time for them to reach the 3rd Army. The army numbered about 50,000 troops. The army was also short machine guns and needed more artillery to properly defend the city. Mahmut Kamil returned from leave and resumed command of the army from Abdul Kerim.
The Russians stormed the city, penetrating its outer defenses, forcing Mahmut Kamil to abandon the city and retreat to the west. The army numbered perhaps 25,000 men and 30 or 40 guns. Morale was very poor. Mahmut Kamil was replaced by Vehip Pasa. The army continued to retreat, losing Trebizond on the coast. A counterattack by the army was unable to retake the city.
In July 1916 the Russians launched another series of attacks on the 3rd Army, costing the army about 30% of its strength and leaving its morale badly shaken.W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921, 407. By September 1916 the army was very weak and desertions were a major problem. By October there were an estimated 50,000 deserters in the rear of the army.W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921, 437. The 3rd Army could not play any role in the Ottoman offensives planned for that fall.
Order of Battle, 1917
The acting commander Vehib Pasha (February 1916–June 1918).
The army underwent a major reorganization at the winter of 1916. At the turn of 1917, it was reorganized as follows:
* I Caucasian Corps
**9th Caucasian Division
**10th Caucasian Division
**36th Caucasian Division
* II Caucasian corps
**5th Caucasian Division
**11th Caucasian Division
**37th Caucasian Division
Over the winter of 1916–17, the Russian Revolution effectively stopped the Russian Army in its tracks, and eventually caused the Russian Army in the Caucasus to melt away.
The Third Army later advanced and recaptured in 1917 and 1918 all that it had lost, and even advanced to and captured Kars, which had been lost to the Russians in 1877. These actions achieved what the Ottomans had wanted at Brest-Litovsk by regaining the Ottoman Empire's prewar boundaries under the Treaty of Batum.