This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. It encompasses pre-colonial wars, colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc.), and global conflicts in which Africa was a theatre of war.

African Great Lakes The African Great Lakes (; ) are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift. The series includes Lake Victoria, the second-largest freshwater lake in the world by area; Lake Tangan ...

Burundi Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is located in the Great Rift Valley at the junction between the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa, with a population of over 14 million peop ...

*October 18 – 19, 1965 1965 Burundian coup attempt *July 8, 1966

July 1966 Burundian coup d'état On 8 July 1966, a coup d'état took place in the Kingdom of Burundi. The second in Burundi's post-independence history, the coup ousted the government loyal to the List of kings of Burundi, king (''mwami'') of Burundi, Mwambutsa IV of Burundi, M ...

*November 28, 1966

November 1966 Burundian coup d'état November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 30 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus . November retained its name (from the Latin ''novem'' meaning " ...

*1972 Burundi genocide *November 1, 1976 1976 Burundian coup d'état *September 3, 1987

1987 Burundian coup d'état A bloodless military coup took place in Burundi on 3 September 1987. Tutsi president Jean-Baptiste Bagaza was deposed whilst traveling abroad and succeeded by Tutsi Major Pierre Buyoya. Background Jean-Baptiste Bagaza was appointed preside ...

*1993 – 2005 Burundi Civil War **October 21 – November 1993 1993 Burundian coup attempt **July 25, 1996 1996 Burundian coup d'état **December 28, 2000

Titanic Express Massacre The Titanic Express massacre took place on 28 December 2000, when 21 people were killed in an attack on a ''Titanic Express'' bus close to Bujumbura (then the capital of Burundi). The passengers, who had traveled from Kigali in Rwanda Rw ...

**April 18, 2001 2001 Burundian coup attempt **September 9, 2002 Itaba Massacre **August 13, 2004 Gatumba Massacre *2015–2018 Burundian unrest **May 13 – 15, 2015 2015 Burundian coup attempt

Rwanda Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by ...

*1896 Rucunshu Coup *November 1, 1959 – July 1, 1961 Rwandan Revolution *January 28, 1961 Coup of Gitarama *1963 Bugesera invasion *July 5, 1973

1973 Rwandan coup d'état The 1973 Rwandan coup d'état, also known as the Coup d'état of 5 July (), was a military coup staged by Juvénal Habyarimana against incumbent president Grégoire Kayibanda in the Republic of Rwanda. The coup took place on 5 July 1973 and w ...

*1990 – 1994

Rwandan Civil War The Rwandan Civil War was a large-scale civil war in Rwanda which was fought between the Rwandan Armed Forces, representing the country's government, and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from 1October 1990 to 18 July 1994. The war arose ...

**April 7, 1994 – July 15, 1994

Rwandan genocide The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred from 7 April to 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. Over a span of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Gre ...

Kenya Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...

*August 3, 1914 – November 1918 East African Campaign (World War I) *June 10, 1940 – November 27, 1941

East African Campaign (World War II) The East African campaign (also known as the Abyssinian campaign) was fought in East Africa during the Second World War by Allies of World War II, mainly from the British Empire, against Kingdom of Italy, Italy and its colony of Italian East Afr ...

*1952 – 1960

Mau Mau Uprising The Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960), also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt, or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British Kenya Colony (1920–1963) between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, and the ...

*1963 – ''present'' Somali–Kenyan conflict *1963 – 1967 Shifta War *October 25, 1969 Kisumu massacre *1980 Garissa Massacre *August 1, 1982 1982 Kenyan coup attempt *February 10, 1984

Wagalla massacre The Wagalla massacre was a massacre of ethnic Somalis by the Kenyan Army on 10 February 1984 in Wajir County, Kenya. The massacre started as an effort to neutralize the ethnic Degodia clan following clan-related conflict in the region popul ...

*1987 – 1990 Kenyan-Ugandan border conflict *1998 – ''present'' Terrorism in Kenya **September 21 – 24, 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack *2005 Turbi Village Massacre *2005 – 2008 Mount Elgon insurgency *August 22, 2012 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes *November 2012 Baragoi clashes

South Sudan South Sudan (), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the north by Sudan; on the east by Ethiopia; on the south by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya; and on the ...

*1955 – 1972

First Sudanese Civil War The First Sudanese Civil War (also known as the Anyanya Rebellion or Anyanya I, after the name of the rebels, a term in the Madi language which means 'snake venom') was fought from 1955 to 1972 between the northern part of Sudan and the sout ...

**August 18–30, 1955

Torit mutiny The Torit mutiny was an insurrection that took place in August 1955 in and around Torit, Equatoria, but quickly spread to other southern cities such as Juba, Yei, and Maridi. The rebellion began when a group of officers from No. 2 Company, ...

*1983 – 2005

Second Sudanese Civil War The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement, Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil Wa ...

**9 March – April 1997 Operation Thunderbolt (1997) **June 2000 – August 2001 War of the Peters *1987 – ''present''

Lord's Resistance Army insurgency The Lord's Resistance Army insurgency is an ongoing conflict between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a Ugandan militant religious extremist group, against the government of Uganda. Following the War in Uganda (1986–1994), Ugandan Civil War, ...

*2005 – 2006

Disarmament of the Lou Nuer The disarmament of the Lou Nuer was a forcible disarmament campaign undertaken by the SPLA in Southern Sudan in December 2005. While other groups had been peacefully disarmed, the Lou section of the Nuer in Northern Jonglei State refused to c ...

*2006 Battle of Malakal *2008 – ''ongoing''

Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese nomadic conflicts are non-state conflicts between rival nomadic tribes taking place in the territory of Sudan and, since 2011, South Sudan. Conflict between nomadic tribes in Sudan is common, with fights breaking out over scarce resou ...

*2010 – 2011

George Athor's rebellion George Athor's rebellion was an uprising in the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011), Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (later the independent South Sudan) which lasted from April 2010 to December 2011. Organized by South Sudanese military ...

*2008 – ''present''

**2011 – ''ongoing'' Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present) *2011 – 2020

Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile The Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile was an armed conflict and insurgency in the Sudanese states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile (state), Blue Nile (known as the Two Areas) between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Sudan Pe ...

*2012 Heglig Crisis *2013 – 2020 South Sudanese Civil War *2022– ''present'' Abyei border conflict (2022–present)

Tanzania Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to t ...

*July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

*1964

Zanzibar Revolution The Zanzibar Revolution (; ) began on 12 January 1964 and led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah and his mainly Arab government by the island's majority Black African population. Zanzibar was an ethnically di ...

*1972

1972 invasion of Uganda The 1972 invasion of Uganda was an armed attempt by Ugandan insurgents, supported by Tanzania, to overthrow the regime of Idi Amin. Under the orders of former Ugandan President Milton Obote, insurgents launched an invasion of southern Uganda with ...

*1978 – 1979

Uganda–Tanzania War The Uganda–Tanzania War, known in Tanzania as the Kagera War (Kiswahili: ''Vita vya Kagera'') and in Uganda as the 1979 Liberation War, was fought between Uganda and Tanzania from October 1978 until June 1979 and led to the overthrow of Ugand ...

Uganda Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the ...

*1966

Mengo Crisis The Buganda Crisis, also called the 1966 Mengo Crisis, the Kabaka Crisis, or the 1966 Crisis, domestically, was a period of political turmoil that occurred in Buganda. It was driven by conflict between Prime Minister Milton Obote and the Kabak ...

*January 25, 1971 1971 Ugandan coup d'état *1972

*1974 Arube uprising *1976

Operation Entebbe The Entebbe raid, also known as the Operation Entebbe and officially codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (also retroactively codenamed Operation Yonatan), was a 1976 Israeli counter-terrorist mission in Uganda. It was launched in response to th ...

*1977 Operation Mafuta Mingi *1977 1977 invasion of Uganda *1978 – 1979 Uganda-Tanzania War **April 11, 1979 Fall of Kampala *1980 – 1986

Ugandan Bush War The Ugandan Bush War was a civil war fought in Uganda by the official Ugandan government and its armed wing, the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), against a number of rebel groups, most importantly the National Resistance Army (NRA), from 19 ...

**July 27, 1985 1985 Ugandan coup d'état **January 26, 1986

Battle of Kampala A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

*1986 – 1994 War in Uganda (1986-1994) *1987 – 1990 Kenyan-Ugandan border conflict *1987 – ''ongoing''

*1996 – ''ongoing'' Allied Democratic Forces insurgency *1996 – 2002 UNRF II insurgency *2016 Kasese clashes

Central Africa Central Africa (French language, French: ''Afrique centrale''; Spanish language, Spanish: ''África central''; Portuguese language, Portuguese: ''África Central'') is a subregion of the African continent comprising various countries accordin ...

Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...

*1804–1808

Fulani War The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio was a religio-military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The war began when Usman dan Fodio, a prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from Gobir by King Yunfa, one of his former students. Usma ...

*1835–1836

Fula jihads The Fula (or Fulani) jihads () sometimes called the Fulani revolution were a series of jihads that occurred across West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries, led largely by the Muslim Fula people, Fulani people. The jihads and the jihad sta ...

*July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

*September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

*1955 – 1964 Cameroon War *1981 – ''present'' Bakassi conflict **1981 – 2005 Nigerian-Cameroonian conflict over Bakassi **2006 – 2018 First Bakassi insurgency **2021 – ''present'' Pro-Biafran insurgency in Bakassi * 6 February 2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield ** 2009 – ''present''

Boko Haram insurgency The Boko Haram insurgency also known as the Boke Haram Crisis began in July 2009, when the militant Islamist and jihadist rebel group Boko Haram started an armed rebellion against the government of Nigeria. The conflict is taking place wit ...

*** 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive *** November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020) * 2017 – ''present'' Anglophone Crisis **July 3, 2018 Battle of Batibo **July 28, 2018 Ndop prison break **September 25, 2018 Wum prison break **26 April – May 1, 2020 Operation Free Bafut **8 September 2020 – ''present'' Operation Bamenda Clean **May – June 2021 Operation Bui Clean **September 16, 2021 September 2021 Bamessing ambush **July 31, 2022 Battle of Bambui

Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to Central African Republic–Chad border, the north, Sudan to Central African Republic–Sudan border, the northeast, South Sudan to Central ...

*1928–1931 Kongo-Wara rebellion *December, 31 1965 – January, 1 1966

Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état Saint-Sylvestre may refer to: * Saint-Sylvestre, Quebec * Saint-Sylvestre, Ardèche, France * Saint-Sylvestre, Haute-Savoie, France * Saint-Sylvestre, Haute-Vienne, France See also * Pope Sylvester I, honored in the Catholic Church and the Eas ...

*September 21, 1979 1979 Central African coup d'état *September 1, 1981 1981 Central African Republic coup d'état *March 3, 1982 1982 Central African Republic coup attempt *1987 – ''present''

*May 27 – 28, 2001 2001 Central African Republic coup attempt *October 25 – 31, 2002 2002 Central African Republic coup attempt *March 15, 2003

2003 Central African Republic coup d'état A coup d'état occurred in March 2003 in the Central African Republic when the forces of General officer, General François Bozizé marched on Bangui, the country's capital, while List of heads of state of the Central African Republic, President A ...

*2004 – 2007

Central African Republic Bush War The Central African Bush War was a civil war in the Central African Republic which lasted from 2004 to 2007 between Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) rebels and government forces. The rebellion began after François Bozizé seiz ...

*2012 – ''present'' Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present) **March 22 – 23, 2013 Battle of Bangui (2013) **13 April 2013 – 10 January 2014 Central African Republic conflict under the Djotodia administration

Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...

Kanem Empire

* 1203–1243 Dunama Dabbalemi, of the Sayfawa dynasty, mai of the Kanem Empire, declared

jihad ''Jihad'' (; ) is an Arabic word that means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", particularly with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it encompasses almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with God in Islam, God ...

against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest *c. 1342 – c. 1388 Fall of Kanem **c. 1342 – c. 1352 Sao Resurgence **c. 1376 – c. 1388 Bulala Invasion

French Chad Chad was a part of the French colonial empire from 1900 to 1960. Colonialism, Colonial rule under the French began in 1900 when the Military Territory of Chad was established. From 1905, Chad was linked to the federation of French colonial poss ...

* 1909–1911

Ouaddai War The Wadai War, also known as the Ouaddai War, was waged by France and its African allies against the Wadai Empire and its allies from 1906 to 1912. Located in what today would be eastern Chad and western Sudan, Wadai fiercely resisted the French ...

* 1915 – 15 November 1917 Massacre des coupes-coupes (in Arabic: Kabkab Massacre, مجزرة كبكب)

Republic of Chad

* 1 November 1965

Mangalmé riots The Mangalmé riots also called Mangalme Rebellion or Mubi Uprising were a series of riots in central Chad, starting in the village of Mangalmé, Chad, Mangalmé in the Guéra Prefecture on September 2, 1965. Riots started after a tax increase on ...

* 1965 – 1979

Chadian Civil War (1965–1979) The Chadian Civil War of 1965–1979 () was waged by several rebel factions against two Chadian governments. The initial rebellion erupted in opposition to Chadian President François Tombalbaye, whose regime was marked by authoritarianism, extr ...

* 1978 – 1987 Chadian–Libyan conflict ** 1983 – 1984 Operation Manta ** February 13, 1986 – August 1, 2014 Opération Épervier ** 1986 – 1987

Toyota War The Toyota War (, ), also known as the Great Toyota War, which took place in 1987 in Northern Chad and on the Chad–Libya border, was the last phase of the Chadian–Libyan War. It takes its name from the Toyota pickup trucks, primarily the Toyo ...

* 1983 Chadian–Nigerian War * December 2 – 3, 1990 1990 Chadian coup d'état * 2002 – ''ongoing''

Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) An Islamist insurgency is taking place in the Maghreb region of North Africa, followed on from the end of the Algerian Civil War in 2002. The Algerian militant group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) allied itself with al-Qaeda ...

** 6 February 2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield * May 16, 2004 2004 Chadian coup attempt * 2005 – 2010 War in Chad ** 18 December 2005 Battle of Adré ** 6 January 2006 Raid on Borota ** 6 March 2006 Raid on Amdjereme ** 13 April 2006 Battle of N'Djamena (2006) ** 1 May 2006 Raid on Dalola ** 2–4 February 2008 Battle of N'Djamena (2008) ** 18 June 2008 Battle of Am Zoer ** 7 May 2009 Battle of Am Dam ** 24–28 April 2010 Battle of Tamassi * 2009 – ''present''

** 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive ** November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020) * May 1, 2013 2013 Chadian coup attempt * 2016 – ''present''

Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) In 2016, the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT) and the Military Command Council for the Salvation of the Republic (CCMSR) began a rebellion against the Chadian government. From their rear bases in southern Libya, FACT and CCMSR have l ...

** April 11 – May 9, 2021

2021 Northern Chad offensive The Northern Chad offensive was a military offensive in Northern Chad, initiated by the Chadian rebel group Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT), took place from 11 April to 9 May 2021. It began in the Tibesti Region in the north of the ...

Congo (Republic of)

*1665–1709

Kongo Civil War The Kongo Civil War (1665–1709) was a war of succession between rival houses of the Kingdom of Kongo. The war waged throughout the middle of the 17th and 18th centuries pitting partisans of the House of Kinlaza against the House of Kimpanzu. ...

* June 27 – July 6, 1966 1966 Republic of the Congo coup attempt * September 4, 1968 1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état * February 22, 1972 1972 Republic of the Congo coup attempt * July – September 1987 1987 Republic of the Congo coup attempt * 1993 – 1994 Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–94) * 1997 – 1999 Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999) * 2002 – 2003 2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department * 2016 – 2017 Pool War

Congo (Democratic Republic of)

*1892–1894 Congo–Arab war *1895–1908 Batetela rebellion *28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918

*1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945

*1960 – 1965

Congo Crisis The Congo Crisis () was a period of Crisis, political upheaval and war, conflict between 1960 and 1965 in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville), Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The crisis began almost ...

**September 14, 1960 First Mobutu coup d'état **1963 – 1965 Kwilu rebellion **1963 – 1965 Simba Rebellion **1963 – 1966 Kanyarwanda War **November 25, 1965

Second Mobutu coup d'état The second Mobutu coup d'état, launched on November 25, 1965, was a successful coup attempt in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) by General Joseph Mobutu which overthrew President Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Prime Minister Evariste Kimba. The ...

*1960 – 1962 South Kasai's secession **August – September 1960 Invasion of South Kasai **September – October 1962 Coup d'état of South Kasai *1963 – ''ongoing''

Katanga insurgency The Katanga insurgency is an ongoing rebellion by a number of rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, some of which aim for the creation of a separate state within Katanga Province, Katanga. While the insurgency has been active in v ...

*1966 - 1967 Stanleyville mutinies *1977 Shaba I *1978 Shaba II *1987 — ''ongoing''

*September — October 1991 1991 Zaire unrest *November 13, 1996 — ''ongoing'' Allied Democratic Forces insurgency *1996 – 1997

First Congo War The First Congo War, also known as Africa's First World War, was a Civil war, civil and international military conflict that lasted from 24 October 1996 to 16 May 1997, primarily taking place in Zaire (which was renamed the Democratic Republi ...

**October 1996 – May 1997 Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War **April 9, 1997 Capture of Lubumbashi **March 13 – 15, 1997 Battle of Kinsangani (1997) *1998 – 2003

Second Congo War The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War or the Great War of Africa, was a major conflict that began on 2 August 1998, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, just over a year after the First Congo War. The war initially erupted ...

**August 4 – 30, 1998

Operation Kitona Operation Kitona was a Rwandan/Ugandan offensive that marked the beginning of the Second Congo War. Rwanda hoped to depose Laurent-Désiré Kabila and install a government more favorable to Rwanda's interests by quickly taking control of Kinshasa ...

**June 5 – 10, 2000 Six-Day War (2000) **October 2002 – January 2003 Effacer le tableau *1999 – ''ongoing''

Ituri Conflict The Ituri conflict () is an ongoing low-intensity conflict, low intensity asymmetrical warfare, asymmetrical conflict between the farmer, agriculturalist Lendu and pastoralism, pastoralist Hema (ethnicity), Hema ethnic groups in the Ituri Provin ...

*2004 – ''ongoing'' Kivu Conflict **26 October 2008 – 23 March 2009 2008 Nord-Kivu campaign **20 January 2009 – 27 February 2009 2009 Eastern Congo offensive **4 April 2012 – 7 November 2013 M23 rebellion **June 30 – August 10, 2014 2014 North Kivu offensive **June 1, 2017 – December 26, 2017 2017 CNPSC offensive **March 27, 2022 – ''present'' M23 offensive (2022–present) *June 11, 2004 2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt *2009 Dongo conflict *February 27, 2011 2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt *2013 – 2018 Batwa-Luba clashes *December 30, 2013 December 2013 Kinshasa attacks *2016 – 2019 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion *February 8, 2022 2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état allegations *2022 – present

Western DR Congo clashes The clashes in the western Democratic Republic of the Congo are a series of attacks by Mobondo militia on armed forces (FARDC) and Teke civilians which started in June 2022. The conflict has an ethnic component, as the Mobondo is mainly recruited ...

*May 19, 2024 2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt

Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. It has an area of . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name refers to its location both near the Equ ...

*3–18 August 1979

1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état The 1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état happened on August 3, 1979, when President Francisco Macías Nguema's nephew, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, overthrew him in a bloody coup. Fighting between loyalists and rebels continued until Macías ...

*7 March 2004 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt *December 2017 2017 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt

Gabon Gabon ( ; ), officially the Gabonese Republic (), is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, on the equator, bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and ...

*February 17 – 19, 1964

1964 Gabonese coup d'état The 1964 Gabonese coup d'état was staged between 17 and 19 February 1964 by Gabonese military officers who rose against President of Gabon, Gabonese President Léon M'ba. Before the coup d'état, coup, Gabon was seen as one of the most politic ...

*January 7, 2019 2019 Gabonese coup attempt *August 30, 2023 2023 Gabonese coup d'état

São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around the two main isla ...

* February 3, 1953 Batepá Massacre * March 8, 1988 1988 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt * August 15 – 22, 1995 1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt * July 16 – 23, 2003 2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt * November 24 – 25, 2022 2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt

Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...

Djibouti Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east. The country has an area ...

*1991 – 1994 Djiboutian Civil War *1994 – ''present'' FRUD insurgency *2008

Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict The Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict was a border conflict between the forces of Djibouti and Eritrea that occurred between June 10 and June 13, 2008.Other name combinations are also used for this conflict which is also described as a ''war' ...

Eritrea Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa, with its capital and largest city being Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the Eritrea–Ethiopia border, south, Sudan in the west, and Dj ...

Italian Eritrea Italian Eritrea (, "Colony of Eritrea") was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy in the territory of present-day Eritrea. The first Italian establishment in the area was the purchase of Assab by the Società di Navigazione Rubattino, Rubattino Shippin ...

* 1895–1896 First Italo-Ethiopia War ** 13 January 1895

Battle of Coatit The Battle of Coatit was fought on 13 January 1895 between Italy and Ethiopian proxies led by Tigrayan Prince Ras Mengesha Yohannes in what is now Eritrea Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa r ...

* 3 October 1935 – May 1936

Second Italo-Ethiopian War The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a war of aggression waged by Fascist Italy, Italy against Ethiopian Empire, Ethiopia, which lasted from October 1935 to February 1937. In Ethiopia it is oft ...

** 3 October 1935 – December 1935 De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia

Italian East Africa Italian East Africa (, A.O.I.) was a short-lived colonial possession of Fascist Italy from 1936 to 1941 in the Horn of Africa. It was established following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which led to the military occupation of the Ethiopian ...

* 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941

** 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945

Mediterranean and Middle East theatre The Mediterranean and Middle East theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War. The vast size of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre saw interconnected land, naval, and air campaigns fought for control of the Med ...

*** 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign **** 5 February 1941 – 1 April 1941 Battle of Keren

Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea The Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea was a federation between the former Italian Eritrea, Italian colony of Eritrea (1952–1962), Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire. It was established as a result of the renunciation of Italy’s rights and tit ...

* 1961 – 1991

Eritrean War of Independence The Eritrean War of Independence was an War, armed conflict and insurgency aimed at achieving self-determination and independence for Eritrea from Ethiopian rule. Starting in 1961, Eritrean insurgents engaged in guerrilla warfare to liberate ...

Ethiopian Empire The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak a ...

* February 1972 – 13 October 1974 First Eritrean Civil War

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

* February 1980 – 24 March 1981 Second Eritrean Civil War

State of Eritrea

* 1995 – 2018

Second Afar insurgency The Second Afar insurgency was an insurgency in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea (also known as Dankalia), waged by various Afar rebel groups. Both Ethiopia and Eritrea supported different rebel groups in ...

* 1995 Hanish Islands conflict * 1998 – 2018

Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict The Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict was a violent standoff and a proxy war, proxy conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia lasting from 1998 to 2018. It consisted of a series of incidents along the then-disputed Eritrea–Ethiopia border, bord ...

** 1998 – 2000

Eritrean–Ethiopian War The Eritrean–Ethiopian War, also known as the Badme War, was a major armed conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea that took place from May 6, 1998 to June 18, 2000. After 1993 Eritrean independence referendum, Eritrea gained independence from E ...

*** 6 May – 17 June 1998 1998 Eritrean offensive into Ethiopia *** February 1999 February 1999 Eritrean–Ethiopian aerial clashes *** May 29, 2000 Operation Aider ** 2010 2010 Eritrean–Ethiopian border skirmish ** 2016 Battle of Tsorona * 2008

* 21 January 2013 2013 Eritrean Army mutiny * 2020 – 2022 Tigray War

Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...

Axumite Empire

* c. 300 CE

Ezana of Axum Ezana (, ''‘Ezana'', unvocalized ዐዘነ ''‘zn''), (, ''Aezana'') was the ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum (320s – ). One of the best-documented rulers of Aksum, Ezana is important as he first adopted for his country the religion of Chris ...

is said to have launched several military campaigns and destroyed the

Kingdom of Kush The Kingdom of Kush (; Egyptian language, Egyptian: 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 ''kꜣš'', Akkadian language, Assyrian: ''Kûsi'', in LXX Χους or Αἰθιοπία; ''Ecōš''; ''Kūš''), also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an an ...

* 525 Conquest of the

Himyarite Kingdom Himyar was a polity in the southern highlands of Yemen, as well as the name of the region which it claimed. Until 110 BCE, it was integrated into the Qataban, Qatabanian kingdom, afterwards being recognized as an independent kingdom. According ...

by Axum * 570–578 Aksumite-Persian wars ** Battle of Hadhramaut ** Siege of Sanaa (570) * c. 900 King of Aksum Degna Djan led military expeditions as far south as Ennarea * c. 960 Axumite Empire is said to have been destroyed by Gudit of the Kingdom of Simien

Makhzumi Dynasty

* c. 1270 Makhzumi Sultan assisted

Yekuno Amlak Yekuno Amlak (); throne name Tesfa Iyasus (; died 19 June 1285) was Emperor of Ethiopia, from 1270 to 1285, and the founder of the Solomonic dynasty, which lasted until 1974. He was a ruler from Bete Amhara (in parts of modern-day Wollo and ...

rebellion against

Zagwe dynasty The Zagwe dynasty () was a medieval Agaw monarchy that ruled the northern parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It ruled large parts of the territory from approximately 1137 to 1270 AD, when the last Zagwe King Za-Ilmaknun was killed in battle by the ...

* c. 1285 the Conquest of Makhzumi by the Ifat Sultanate

Ethiopian Empire The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak a ...

* 1314–1344 Conquests of the Emperor Amda Seyon I ** c. 1316 Early military actions *** c. 1316 Emperor Amda Seyon I successfully campaigned against the Muslim kingdoms of Damot and Hadiya ** c. 1320 Rebellion of Haqq ad-Din I ** c. 1329 Northern campaigns ** c. 1332 Later campaigns ** c. 1320–1415 Abyssinian wars against the Sultanate of Ifat * 1529–1543 Ethiopian-Adal War ** March 1529

Battle of Shimbra Kure The Battle of Shimbra Kure was fought on 9 March 1529 between the forces of Adal led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, and the Abyssinian army, under Dawit II (Lebna Dengel). It was the first major battle of the Ethiopian–Adal War. Ar ...

** 1531 Battle of Antukyah ** 28 October 1531 Battle of Amba Sel ** 24 April 1541 Battle of Sahart ** 2 February 1542 Battle of Baçente ** 4–16 April 1542 Battle of Jarte ** August 1542 Battle of the Hill of the Jews ** 28 August 1542 Battle of Wofla ** 21 February 1543 Battle of Wayna Daga * 1769–1855 Zemene Mesafint * December 1867 – May 1868

British Expedition to Abyssinia The British Expedition to Abyssinia was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire (also known at the time as Abyssinia). Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, ...

* 12 January 1872 – 10 March 1889 Conquests of Yohannes IV of Ethiopia ** 1875–1881 War with Ottoman Egypt ** 1885 War with Sudan * 1886–1887 war with

Emirate of Harar The Emirate of Harar was a Muslim kingdom founded in 1647 when the Harari people refused to accept Imām ʿUmardīn Ādam as their ruler and broke away from the Imamate of Aussa to form their own state under `Ali ibn Da`ud. The Harar, city of Ha ...

** October 1886 Battle of Hirna ** 9 January 1887 Battle of Chelenqo * 1881–1899

Mahdist War The Mahdist War (; 1881–1899) was fought between the Mahdist Sudanese, led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, who had proclaimed himself the "Mahdi" of Islam (the "Guided One"), and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt, initially, and later th ...

** 14 October 1888 Battle of Guté Dili * 1895–1896 First Italo-Ethiopia War ** 1 March 1896 Battle of Adwa ** 7 December 1895 Battle of Amba Alagi ** 13 January 1895

* 3 October 1935 – May 1936 Second Italo-Ethiopia War ** 3 October – December 1935 De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia ** 15 December 1935 – 20 January 1936 Ethiopian Christmas Offensive ** 12–20 January 1936 Battle of Genale Doria ** 20–24 January 1936 First Battle of Tembien ** 1–19 February 1936 Battle of Amba Aradam ** 27–29 February 1936 Second Battle of Tembien ** 29 February – 2 March 1936 Battle of Shire ** 31 March 1936 Battle of Maychew ** 14–25 April 1936 Battle of the Ogaden ** 26 April – 5 May 1936

March of the Iron Will The March of the Iron Will () was an Italian offensive occurring from 26 April to 5 May 1936, during the final days of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Its goal was to capture the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, in a show of force f ...

* 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945

** 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945

*** 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign * 13 – 17 December 1960 1960 Ethiopian coup attempt * 1961 – 1991

** 1 September 1991 Battle of Adal ** 17 September 1976 - 22 March 1977 Siege of Nakfa ** 1977 – 1978 Battle of Massawa (1977) ** September 1977 - August 1978 Siege of Barentu ** 15 February – 5 July 1982 Red Star Campaign ** 17–20 March 1988 Battle of Afabet ** 8–17 February 1990 Battle of Massawa (1990) * 1963 – 1970 Bale revolt * 1963 – 1965 1963–1965 Ogaden rebellion * 1964 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War * 12 January – 12 September 1974 Ethiopian Revolution * 1974 – 1991

Ethiopian Civil War The Ethiopian Civil War was a civil war in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea, fought between the Ethiopian military junta known as the Derg and Ethiopian-Eritrean anti-government rebels from 12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991. The Derg overthre ...

** 12 September 1974

1974 Ethiopian coup d'état On 12 September 1974, Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed by the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, a Soviet-backed military junta that consequently ruled Ethiopia as the Derg until 28 May 1991. In February 1 ...

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

* 12 September 1974 – 28 May 1991

** 23 November 1974

Massacre of the Sixty The Massacre of the Sixty, or Black Saturday (, ''tikuru kidami''), was an execution that took place in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia commissioned by the Derg Government of the Derg, government against 60 imprisoned former government officials at Kerche ...

** 23 September 1976 – 22 March 1978

Red Terror (Ethiopia) The Ethiopian Red Terror, also known as the Qey Shibir (), was a violent political repression campaign of the Derg against other competing Marxist-Leninist groups in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea from 1976 to 1978. The Qey Shibir was an attem ...

** 22 June 1988 Hawzen massacre (1988) ** 16 May 1989 1989 Ethiopian coup attempt ** 28 May 1991 Fall of the Derg regime * 13 July 1977 – 15 March 1978

Ogaden War The Ogaden War, also known as the Ethio-Somali War (, ), was a military conflict between Somali Democratic Republic, Somalia and derg, Ethiopia fought from July 1977 to March 1978 over control of the sovereignty of the Ogaden region. Somalia ...

** 13 July – October 1977 Somali invasion of Ogaden ** July 1977 – August 1977 Battle of Dire Dawa ** September 1977 – 5 March 1978 Battle of Jijiga ** October 1977 – 27 January 1978 Battle of Harar * 1982

1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War The Ethiopian–Somali Border War took place from June 1982 to August 1983, when Ethiopia launched a large-scale invasion of central Somalia. Backed by warplanes and armored units, Ethiopia deployed a 10,000-man force alongside thousands of Somal ...

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...

* 1973 – ''ongoing''

Oromo conflict The Oromo conflict or Oromia conflict is a protracted conflict between the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and the Government of Ethiopia, Ethiopian government. The Oromo Liberation Front formed to fight the Ethiopian Empire to liberate the Oromo ...

** 2018 – ''present''

OLA insurgency The OLA insurgency is an armed insurgency between the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), which split from the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) in 2018, and the Ethiopian government, continuing in the context of the long-term Oromo conflict, typically dat ...

*** 18 March 2021 – 18 April 2021 2021 Ataye clashes *** 29 March – 19 April 2022 2022 North Shewa clashes ** 23 – 28 October 2019 October 2019 Ethiopian clashes ** 30 June – 2 July 2020 Hachalu Hundessa riots * 1992 – 2018 Insurgency in Ogaden ** 2007 – 2008

2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden The 2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden was a military campaign by the Ethiopian Army against the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF). The crackdown against the guerrillas began after they killed over 60 Ethiopian troops and several ...

* 1994 – ''present'' Ethnic violence in Konso * 1994 – ''present'' Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore * 1998 – 2018

** 1998 – 2000

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa Operation Enduring Freedom has had related activities in the Horn of Africa. United States counter-terrorist activities in the region have included advisers, supplies, and other forms of non-combat support, but more prominently have included dro ...

* 2016 – 2018 Oromo–Somali clashes * 2018 – ''present'' Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) ** 22 June 2019

Amhara Region coup attempt The 2019 Amhara Region coup d'état attempt was an attempted coup d'état against the Amhara Regional government on 22 June 2019, during which factions of the Amhara Region's Peace and Security Bureau assassinated the Amhara Regional President ...

** 2019 – 2022 Benishangul-Gumuz conflict ** 2020 – ''present'' Afar–Somali clashes ** 2020 – 2022 Tigray War *** 3 – 4 November 2020 Northern Command attacks (Ethiopia) *** 9 – 11 November 2020 Battle of Humera *** 17 – 28 November 2020 Mekelle offensive *** 11 June 2021 – 6 July 2021 Operation Alula *** 31 October – 1 December 2021 TDF–OLA joint offensive *** 26 November – 23 December 2021 ENDF National Unity Offensive *** 14 – 18 October 2022 Battle of Shire (2022) ** 2020 – 2022 Al-Fashaga conflict ** 2022 2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia ** 2023 – ''present'' War in Amhara

Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th ...

Ajuuraan State

* 1580s Ajuran-Portuguese wars

Italian East Africa Italian East Africa (, A.O.I.) was a short-lived colonial possession of Fascist Italy from 1936 to 1941 in the Horn of Africa. It was established following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which led to the military occupation of the Ethiopian ...

* 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941

** 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945

*** 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign **** 3–19 August 1940 Italian conquest of British Somaliland

Somali Republic The Somali Republic (; ; ) was formed by the union of the Trust Territory of Somaliland (formerly Italian Somaliland) and the State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland). A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad ...

* 1961 1961 revolt in Somalia * 21 October 1969 1969 Somali coup d'état

Somali Democratic Republic The Somali Democratic Republic (; , ; ) was a socialist state in Somalia that existed from 1969 to 1991. Established in October 1969, the Somali Democratic Republic emerged following a 1969 Somali coup d'état, coup d'état led by Major General ...

* 1977 – 1978

Somali Rebellion The Somali Rebellion was the start of the Somali Civil War that began in the 1970s and resulted in the collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic in 1991. The rebellion effectively began in 1978 following a failed coup d’état and Presiden ...

** 9 April 1978 1978 Somali coup attempt ** 1981 – 1991

Somaliland War of Independence The Somaliland War of Independence () was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somali Democratic Republic, Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and en ...

*** 1987 – 1989 Isaaq genocide * June–August 1982

Federal Republic of Somalia

* 1991 – ''ongoing''

Somali Civil War The Somali Civil War (; ) is an List of ongoing armed conflicts, ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed ...

** 5 December 1992 – 4 May 1993

Unified Task Force The Unified Task Force (UNITAF), also known as Operation Restore Hope, was a United States-led, United Nations-sanctioned multinational military force deployed to Somalia from 5 December 1992 to 4 May 1993. It was established to replace United ...

*** December 1992 – May 19 Operation Deliverance ** 26 March 1993 – 28 March 1995

United Nations Operation in Somalia II The United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) was the second phase of the United Nations intervention in Somalia and took place from March 1993 until March 1995, following the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991. UNOSOM II carried o ...

*** 5 June 1993 June 1993 attack on Pakistani military in Somalia *** 2 July 1993 Battle of Checkpoint Pasta *** 12 July 1993 Bloody Monday raid *** 22 August 1993 – 13 October 1993

Operation Gothic Serpent Operation Gothic Serpent was a military operation conducted in Mogadishu, Somalia, by an American force code-named ''Task Force Ranger'' during the Somali Civil War in 1993. The primary objective of the operation was to capture Mohamed Farra ...

**** 3–4 October 1993 Battle of Mogadishu (1993) **1998 – ''ongoing'' Puntland-Somaliland dispute ***15 October 2007 Battle of Las Anod (2007) ***8 January 2018 Battle of Tukaraq ** 4 June – 20 December 2006 2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive *** 7 May – 11 July 2006 Battle of Mogadishu (2006) ** 20 December 2006 – 30 January 2009

Somalia War (2006–2009) The Somali Civil War (; ) is an List of ongoing armed conflicts, ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed ...

*** 20–26 December 2006 Battle of Baidoa *** 23–25 December 2006 Battle of Bandiradley *** 24–25 December 2006 Battle of Beledweyne (2006) *** 27 December 2006 Battle of Jowhar *** 28 December 2006 Fall of Mogadishu *** 31 December 2006 – 1 January 2007 Battle of Jilib *** 1 January 2007 Fall of Kismayo *** 5 – 12 January 2007 Battle of Ras Kamboni *** 21 March – 26 April 2007 Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007) *** 8–16 November 2007 Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007) *** 19–20 April 2008

Battle of Mogadishu (2008) The 2008 Battle of Mogadishu began when soldiers from Ethiopia, Ethiopian National Defence Force (ENDF) entered parts of the capital held by the insurgency on 19 April, sparking heavy street fighting in the northern part of the city. The battle ...

*** 31 May – 3 June 2007 Battle of Bargal (2007) *** 1–26 July 2008 Battle of Beledweyne (2008) *** 8 July 2008 – 26 January 2009 Siege of Baidoa *** 20–22 August 2008 Battle of Kismayo (2008) ** 2000 – ''ongoing''

Piracy off the coast of Somalia Piracy off the coast of Somalia occurs in the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel, and Indian Ocean, in Somali territorial waters and other surrounding places and has a long troubled history with different perspectives from different communities. I ...

*** 18 March 2006 Action of 18 March 2006 *** 29 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident *** 8 December 2008 – ''ongoing''

Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta, formally European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) Somalia, is an ongoing counter-piracy military operation at sea off the Horn of Africa and in the Western Indian Ocean, that is the first naval operation conducted by the ...

**** 16 September 2008 Carré d'As IV incident **** 9 April 2009 April 2009 raid off Somalia *** 17 August 2009 – ''ongoing''

Operation Ocean Shield Operation Ocean Shield was NATO's contribution to Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA), an anti-piracy initiative in the Indian Ocean, Guardafui Channel, Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea. It follows the earlier Operation All ...

**** 30 March 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 **** 18–21 January 2011 MV Beluga Nomination incident *** 6 May 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking *** 12 January 2012 Attack on Spanish oiler Patiño ** 31 January 2009 – ''ongoing'' Somali Civil War (2009–present) *** 22 February 2009 2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu *** 24–25 February 2009 Battle of South Mogadishu *** 7 May – 1 October 2009 Battle of Mogadishu (2009) *** 11 May – 1 October 2009 Battle for Central Somalia (2009) *** 5 June 2009 Battle of Wabho *** 18 June 2009 2009 Beledweyne bombing *** 1–7 October 2009 Battle of Kismayo (2009) *** 10–14 January 2010 Battle of Beledweyne (2010) *** May–July 2010 Ayn clashes *** 1 May 2010 Mogadishu bombings *** 20 July 2010 2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash *** 8 August – 17 October 2010 Galgala campaign *** 23 August 2010 – 6 August 2011 Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011) *** 27 April 2011 Battle of Gedo *** 4 October 2011 Mogadishu bombing *** 16 October 2011 – June 2012 Operation Linda Nchi **** 28 September – 1 October 2012 Battle of Kismayo (2012) *** 11 January 2013 Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt ** 2001 – 2021 War on Terrorism *** 7 October 2002 – ''ongoing''

**** 3 March 2008 Dobley airstrike **** 1 May 2008 Dhusamareb airstrike **** 8–12 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking **** 14 September 2009 2009 Baraawe raid **** 25 January 2012 Rescue of Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted **2023 – ''present'' Las Anod conflict (2023–present) **2024 – ''present'' Constitutional crisis in Somalia ***11 December 2024 – ''present'' Jubaland crisis

Indian Ocean islands

Comoros The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni, ...

* May 13, 1978 1978 Comorian coup d'état * September 28 – October 3, 1995 Operation Azalee * April 30, 1999 1999 Comorian coup d'état * March 25, 2008 Invasion of Anjouan

Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...

*1883–1885 First Madagascar expedition *1894–1895 Second Madagascar expedition *1942 Battle of Madagascar (World War II) *1947 – 1949 Malagasy Uprising *26 January – 7 November 2009 2009 Malagasy political crisis *2009 2009 Camp Capsat mutiny

Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...

*August 20, 1810 – August 27, 1810

Battle of Grand Port The Battle of Grand Port was a naval battle fought on 20–27 August 1810 between squadrons of frigates from the French Navy and the British Royal Navy over possession of the harbour of Grand Port on Île de France (now Mauritius), as part of ...

Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Seychellois Creole: ), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 155 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, ...

*4–5 June 1977 1977 Seychelles coup d'état *25 November 1981 1981 Seychelles coup attempt

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...

*264 BCE – 146 BCE

Punic Wars The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Ancient Carthage, Carthaginian Empire during the period 264 to 146BC. Three such wars took place, involving a total of forty-three years of warfare on both land and ...

*112 BCE – 106 BCE

Jugurthine War The Jugurthine War (; 112–106 BC) was an armed conflict between the Roman Republic and King Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria. Jugurtha was the nephew and adopted son of Micipsa, ki ...

*420s

Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first reported in the written records as inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire. Much later, in the fifth century, a group of Vandals led by kings established Vand ...

conquer the Roman province *June 533 – March 534

Vandalic War The Vandalic War (533–534) was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Byzantine Empire (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the Germanic Vandal Kingdom. It was the first war of Emperor Justinian I's , wherein the ...

*544 – Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic *647 – 709

Muslim conquest of the Maghreb The conquest of the Maghreb by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates commenced in 647 and concluded in 709, when the Byzantine Empire lost its last remaining strongholds to Caliph Al-Walid I. The North African campaigns were part of the century ...

*1518 Fall of Tlemcen *1529 Capture of Peñón of Algiers * September 14, 1769 – May 16, 1772 Danish–Algerian War *1830 – 1847

French conquest of Algeria The French conquest of Algeria (; ) took place between 1830 and 1903. In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, and the French consul (representative), consul escalated into a blockade, following which the Jul ...

*1835 – 1903

Pacification of Algeria The pacification of Algeria, also known as the Algerian genocide, refers to violent military operations between 1830 and 1875 during the French conquest of Algeria, that often involved ethnic cleansing, massacres and forced displacement, aimed a ...

*June 10, 1940 – May 13, 1943

North African Campaign The North African campaign of World War II took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943, fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers. It included campaigns in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert campaign, Desert Wa ...

(World War II) *May 8, 1945

Sétif and Guelma massacre The Sétif and Guelma massacre (also called the Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata massacres or the massacres of 8 May 1945) was a series of massacres by French colonial authorities and '' pied-noir'' European settler militias on Algerian civilians in ...

*1954 – 1962

Algerian War The Algerian War (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence) ''; '' (and sometimes in Algeria as the ''War of 1 November'') was an armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (Algeri ...

**1 November 1954 Toussaint Rouge **18 January 1955 Battle of Douar Souadek **18 January – 24 February 1955 Operation Véronique **September 1955 First Battle of El Djorf **20 August 1955 Battle of Philippeville **April 1956 — 1 October 1956 Operation Blue Bird **30 September 1956 — 24 September 1957 Battle of Algiers **23 May 1957 — 25 May 1957 Battle of Agounennda **4 – 12 August 1957 Battle of Bouzegza **21 January 1958 – 28 May 1958 Battle of the borders (Algerian war) **13 May 1958 May 1958 crisis **28–31 May 1958

Battle of Bab El Bekkouche The Battle of Bab El Bekkouche during the Algerian War took place on 28 May 1958 in the region of Ouarsenis. The French army had mobilized nearly 8,000 soldiers. Faced with this situation, the "katiba El karimia" of the Wilaya IV, commanded by S ...

**July 1959 — March 1960 Operation Jumelles **21 April 1961 — 26 April 1961 Algiers putsch **23 March 1962 — 6 April 1962 Battle of Bab El Oued *5 July – 9 September 1962 1962 Algerian crisis *September 25, 1963 – February 20, 1964 Sand War *September 29, 1963 – October 1964 Socialist Forces Front rebellion in Algeria *19 June 1965 1965 Algerian coup d'état *14 – 16 December 1967 1967 Algerian coup attempt *1970 – ongoing

Western Sahara conflict The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic/Polisario Front and the Morocco, Kingdom of Morocco. The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial ...

*1991 – 2002 Algerian Civil War **11 January 1992 1992 Algerian coup d'état **3 April 1997 — 4 April 1997 Thalit massacre **22 April 1997 Haouch Khemisti massacre **16 June 1997 Daïat Labguer (M'sila) Massacre **27 July 1997 Si Zerrouk massacre **3 August 1997

Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre The Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre took place on August 2, 1997. This massacre occurred between two villages near Arib in the ''wilaya'' of Tipaza and Ain Defla, Algeria. Around 100 people were killed as a result of the massacre. This massacr ...

**20 August 1997 — August 21, 1997 Souhane massacre **26 August 1997 Beni Ali massacre **28 August 1997 Rais massacre **5 September 1997 — 6 September 1997 Beni Messous massacre **19 September 1997 — 20 September 1997 Guelb El-Kebir massacre **22 September 1997 — 23 September 1997 Bentalha massacre **23 December 1997 — 24 December 1997 Sid El-Antri massacre **30 December 1997 Wilaya of Relizane massacres of 30 December 1997 *2002 – ''ongoing''

**2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield **16–19 January 2013

In Amenas hostage crisis The In Amenas hostage crisis began on 16 January 2013, when al-Qaeda-linked terrorists affiliated with a brigade led by Mokhtar Belmokhtar took expat hostages at the Tigantourine gas facility near In Amenas, Algeria. One of Belmokhtar's sen ...

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

*1803–1807 Muhammad Ali's seizure of power *1881–1899

*June 11, 1940 – February 4, 1943:

, part of

*1952 Battle of Ismailia (1952) *1952

1952 Egyptian revolution The Egyptian revolution of 1952, also known as the 1952 coup d'état () and the 23 July Revolution (), was a period of profound political, economic, and societal change in Egypt. On 23 July 1952, the revolution began with the toppling of King ...

*1956

Suez Crisis The Suez Crisis, also known as the Second Arab–Israeli War, the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel, was a British–French–Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956. Israel invaded on 29 October, having done so w ...

*1967

Six-Day War The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab world, Arab states, primarily United Arab Republic, Egypt, Syria, and Jordan from 5 to 10June ...

*1970

War of Attrition The War of Attrition (; ) involved fighting between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and their allies from 1967 to 1970. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, no serious diplomatic efforts were made to resolve t ...

*1973

Yom Kippur War The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was fought from 6 to 25 October 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab world, Arab states led by Egypt and S ...

*1977 Libyan–Egyptian War *1981 – ''present''

Terrorism in Egypt Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of violence against non-combatants to achieve political or ideological aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violence during peacetime or in the context of war a ...

**2011 – 2023 Sinai insurgency **2013 – ''ongoing'' Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) *1986 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot *2011 – 2014 Egyptian crisis (2011–14) **January 25 – February 11, 2011 Egyptian Revolution **12 February 2011 – 30 June 2012 2011-2012 Egypt protests **November 22, 2012 – July 3, 2013

2012–13 Egyptian protests 1 (one, unit, unity) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the first and smallest positive integer of the infinite sequence of natural numbers. This fundamental property has led to its unique uses in other fields, ranging from science to sp ...

**June 28, 2013 – July 3, 2013 June 2013 Egyptian protests **July 3, 2013

2013 Egyptian coup d'état The 2013 Egyptian coup d'etat or the Counter-revolutionary, Counter-revolution is an event that took place on 3 July 2013. Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi led a coalition to remove the democratically elected President of Egypt ...

**3 July 2013 – 8 June 2014 Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014) ***8 July 2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes ***19 September 2013 Raid on Kerdasa ***19 July 2014 2014 Farafra ambush *4–14 April 2014 2014 Aswan tribal clashes

Libya Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...

* 1279 BC – 1213 BC Ramesses II's Campaigns in Libya *264 BC – 146 BC

*112 BC – 106 BC

*420s

Vandal The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first reported in the written records as inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire. Much later, in the fifth century, a group of Vandals led by kings established Vandal ...

conquer the Roman province *461 - 468

Vandal War (461–468) The Vandal War (461–468) was a long-term conflict between the two halves of the Roman Empire on the one hand and the Vandals in North Africa on the other. The war revolved around hegemony in the Mediterranean and the western empire. The Vandals ...

*June 533 – March 534

*544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic *647 – 709

Ottoman–Habsburg wars The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Holy Roman Empire, The ...

**1551

Siege of Tripoli The siege of Tripoli lasted from 1102 until 12 July 1109. It took place on the site of the present day Lebanese city of Tripoli, Lebanon, Tripoli, in the aftermath of the First Crusade. It led to the establishment of the fourth crusader state, t ...

*1711 1711 Karamanli coup *1793 – 1795 Tripolitanian civil war *1797 Action of 16 May 1797 *1801 – 05

First Barbary War The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War and the Barbary Coast War, was a conflict during the 1801–1815 Barbary Wars, in which the United States fought against Ottoman Tripolitania. Tripolitania had declared war ...

*1825 Sardinian-Tripolitanian war of 1825 *1911 – 43

Libyan resistance movement Demographics of Libya is the demography of Libya, specifically covering population density, ethnicity, and religious affiliations, as well as other aspects of the Libyan population. All figures are from the United Nations Demographic Yearbook ...

*1911 – 12

Italo-Turkish War The Italo-Turkish (, "Tripolitanian War", , "War of Libya"), also known as the Turco-Italian War, was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912. As a result of this conflict, Italy captur ...

*June 11, 1940 – February 4, 1943

Western Desert Campaign The Western Desert campaign (Desert War) took place in the Sahara Desert, deserts of Egypt and Libya and was the main Theater (warfare), theatre in the North African campaign of the Second World War. Military operations began in June 1940 with ...

, part of

*1 September 1969

1969 Libyan revolution The 1969 Libyan revolution, also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or 1 September Revolution, was a coup d'état and revolution carried out by the Free Officers Movement, a group of Arab nationalist and Nasserist officers in the Libyan Army, ...

*7 December 1969 1969 Libyan coup attempt *1970 Black Prince conspiracy *21 – 24 July 1977 Egyptian-Libyan War *29 January 1978 – 11 September 1987 Chadian-Libyan conflict **16 December 1986 – 11 September 1987

*August 19, 1981

Gulf of Sidra incident (1981) In the first Gulf of Sidra incident, 19 August 1981, two Libyan Sukhoi Su-17, Sukhoi Su-22M3 Fitter-G fired upon two United States, U.S. F-14 Tomcat, Grumman F-14A Tomcats and were subsequently shot down off the Libyan coast. Libya had claimed t ...

*May 8, 1984 Bab al-Azizia siege *March 24, 1986 Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986) *15 April 1986

1986 United States bombing of Libya The United States Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps carried out air strikes, code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon, against Libya on 15 April 1986 in retaliation for the West Berlin discotheque bombing ten days earlier, which U.S. President Ro ...

*4 January 1989 1989 air battle near Tobruk *22 October 1993 1993 Libyan coup attempt *2002 – ''ongoing''

*November 2008 2008 Kufra conflict *2011 – ''present'' Libyan crisis **2011

First Libyan Civil War The Libyan civil war, also known as the First Libyan Civil War and Libyan Revolution, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya that was fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups that were ...

***February 15 — 20, 2011

First Battle of Benghazi The First Battle of Benghazi was fought between army units and militiamen loyal to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and anti-Gaddafi forces in February 2011 during the Libyan Civil War. The battle mainly took place in Benghazi, the second-largest ...

***February 17 — 25, 2011 Tripoli protests and clashes (February 2011) ***February 18 — May 15, 2011 Battle of Misrata (2011) ***February 24 — March 10, 2011

First Battle of Zawiya The First Battle of Zawiya or Zawia was a battle during the Libyan Civil War between army units and militiamen loyal to Muammar Gaddafi and anti-Gaddafi forces for control of the city of Zawia. The city quickly fell into rebels hands with so ...

***March 1 — August 18, 2011 2011 Nafusa Mountains campaign ****April 21, 2011

Battle of Wazzin The Battle of Wazzin was a conflict during the Libyan Civil War for the Libyan-Tunisian border Borders are generally defined as geography, geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by polity, politic ...

****August 13 — 18, 2011 Battle of Gharyan ***March 2, 2011 First Battle of Brega ***March 19 — October 31, 2011

2011 military intervention in Libya On 19 March 2011, a NATO-led coalition began a military intervention into the ongoing Libyan civil war (2011), Libyan Civil War to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (UNSCR 1973). The UN Security Council passed the reso ...

****March 19 — October 31, 2011

Operation Ellamy Operation Ellamy was the codename for the United Kingdom participation in the 2011 military intervention in Libya. The operation was part of an international coalition aimed at enforcing a Libyan no-fly zone in accordance with the United Natio ...

****March 19 — 31, 2,011 C.E.

Opération Harmattan Opération Harmattan was the French participation in the 2011 military intervention in Libya. It was named for the Harmattan, which are hot dry winds that blow over the Sahara, mostly between November and March. The United States' counterpart t ...

****March 19 — November 1, 2011 Operation Mobile ****March 19 — 31, 2011

Operation Odyssey Dawn Operation Odyssey Dawn was the U.S. code name for the American role in the international military operation in Libya to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 during the initial period of 19–31 March 2011, which continued aft ...

****March 23 — October 31, 2011

Operation Unified Protector Operation Unified Protector was a NATO operation in 2011 enforcing United Nations United Nations Security Council, Security Council United Nations Security Council resolution, resolutions United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970, 1970 and ...

**2011 – 2014

Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014) Following the end of the First Libyan Civil War, which overthrew Muammar Gaddafi, there was violence involving various militias and the new state security forces. This violence escalated into the Second Libyan Civil War (2014–2020). The mili ...

***January 23 — 25, 2012 2012 Bani Walid uprising ***February 12 — July 1, 2012 2012 Kufra conflict ***March 25 — 31, 2012 2012 Sabha conflict ***June 4, 2012 2012 Tripoli airport clashes ***June 11 — 18, 2012 2012 Zintan clashes ***September 9. — October 26, 2012 Siege of Bani Walid (2012) ***September 11 — 12, 2012 2012 Benghazi attack ***June 8 — 15, 2013 2013 Benghazi conflict ***February 14 — May 2014 2014 Libyan coup attempts **2014 – 2020

Second Libyan Civil War The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes, and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). The current and formal definition in the International System of U ...

***July 13 — August 23, 2014 Battle of Tripoli Airport ***October 5, 2014 — April 21, 2016 ISIL takeover of Derna *** October 15, 2014 – December 30, 2017 Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017) ***January 27, 2015 2015 Corinthia Hotel attack ***February 8 — 9, 2015 Fall of Nofaliya (2015) ***February 12, 2015 – October 26, 2020

Egyptian intervention in Libya (2015–2020) The Egyptian intervention in Libya has been substantial since the beginning of the Libyan civil war. The intervention started after the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) released a video of the beheading of 21 Egyptians on 12 Februa ...

*** 13 November 2015 – 30 October 2019 U.S. intervention in Libya (2015–2019) *** 14 October 2016 – 14 November 2018 Western Libya clashes (2016–2018) *** March 3 – 14 2017 Gulf of Sidra Offensive (2017) *** January – April 2019 Southern Libya offensive *** 4 April 2019 – 5 June 2020

Western Libya campaign The Western Libya campaign was a military campaign initiated on 4 April 2019 by the Operation Flood of Dignity () of the Libyan National Army (LNA), which represents the Libyan House of Representatives (Libya), House of Representatives, to capt ...

*** 5 January 2020 – ''present'' 2020 Turkish intervention in Libya *** June 6 – 11, 2020 Central Libya offensive **March – December 2022 2022 Tripoli clashes **14 – 15 August 2023 2023 Tripoli clashes

Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...

*264 BCE – 146 BCE

*112 BCE – 106 BCE

*420s

conquer the Roman province *June 533 – March 534

*544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic *647–709

*739–743

Berber Revolt The Berber Revolt or the Kharijite Revolt of 740–743 AD (122–125 AH in the Islamic calendar) took place during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled ...

*1130–1147 Almoravid-

Almohad The Almohad Caliphate (; or or from ) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa (the Maghreb). The Almohad ...

War *1215–1269

Marinid The Marinid dynasty ( ) was a Berber Muslim dynasty that controlled present-day Morocco from the mid-13th to the 15th century and intermittently controlled other parts of North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) and of the southern Iberian Peninsula ...

War *1125–1269

War *1299–1370

Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...

Tlemcen Tlemcen (; ) is the second-largest city in northwestern Algeria after Oran and is the capital of Tlemcen Province. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it exports through the port of Rachgoun. It had a population of ...

conflict *1415–1578 Moroccan-Portuguese conflict * 1465 Moroccan Revolt *1527–1554 Wattassid- Saadian War *September 1497

Conquest of Melilla The Conquest of Melilla occurred on the 17th of September 1497, when a fleet sent by the Duke of Medina Sidonia occupied the north African city of Melilla. After the conquest of Granada by Spain and the fall of the Emirate of Granada the Medit ...

*1554–1830 Moroccan- Turkish border conflict *1577 A Moroccan expedition occupied Taghaza *1582 A first expedition to

Timbuktu Timbuktu ( ; ; Koyra Chiini: ; ) is an ancient city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River. It is the capital of the Tombouctou Region, one of the eight administrative regions of Mali, having a population of 32,460 in the 2018 census. ...

was defeated *1591 A Moroccan expeditionary force defeated the Songhay army at Tondibi and conquered

Gao Gao (or Gawgaw/Kawkaw) is a city in Mali and the capital of the Gao Region. The city is located on the River Niger, east-southeast of Timbuktu on the left bank at the junction with the Tilemsi valley. For much of its history Gao was an imp ...

and

Djenné Djenné (; also known as Djénné, Jenné, and Jenne) is a Songhai people, Songhai town and Communes of Mali, urban commune in the Inland Niger Delta region of central Mali. The town is the administrative centre of the Djenné Cercle, one of the ...

*1603–1627

War of Succession A war of succession is a war prompted by a succession crisis in which two or more individuals claim to be the Order of succession, rightful successor to a demise of the Crown, deceased or deposition (politics), deposed monarch. The rivals are ...

*1613–1666 Civil War *1844 First Franco-Moroccan War *1859 Spanish-Moroccan War *1893

Rif War The Rif War (, , ) was an armed conflict fought from 1921 to 1926 between Spain (joined by France in 1924) and the Berber tribes of the mountainous Rif region of northern Morocco. Led by Abd el-Krim, the Riffians at first inflicted several ...

*1909

*1911–1912 Second Franco-Moroccan War *1920–1926

*1914–1921 Zaian War *1942

*1957 – 1958

Ifni War The Ifni War, sometimes called the Forgotten War (''la Guerra Olvidada'') in Spain, was a series of armed incursions into Spanish West Africa by Morocco, Moroccan insurgents that began in November 1957 and culminated with the abortive siege ...

*1958 – 1959 Rif Revolt *1963 – 1964 Sand War *1970 – ''present''

**1973 – 1976 Sahrawi insurgency **1975 Green March **1975 – 1991

Western Sahara War The Western Sahara War (, , ) was an armed conflict between the Sahrawi indigenous Polisario Front and Morocco from 1975 to 1991 (and Mauritania from 1975 to 1979), being the most significant phase of the Western Sahara conflict. The confl ...

**2020 – present Western Saharan clashes (2020–present) *July 10, 1971 1971 Moroccan coup attempt *August 16, 1972 1972 Moroccan coup attempt *April 11, 2002 – ''ongoing''

**6 February 2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield *July 11 – 18, 2002

Perejil Island crisis The Perejil Island crisis (; ) was a bloodless armed conflict between Spain and Morocco that took place on 11–18 July 2002. The incident took place over the small, uninhabited Perejil Island, when a squad of the Royal Moroccan Navy occupied it. ...

*August 29, 2012 2012 Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera incident

Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

Nubia Nubia (, Nobiin language, Nobiin: , ) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the confluence of the Blue Nile, Blue and White Nile, White Niles (in Khartoum in central Sudan), and the Cataracts of the Nile, first cataract ...

* c. 3050 BCE

Hor-Aha Hor-Aha (or Aha or Horus Aha; ) is considered the second pharaoh of the First Dynasty of Egypt by some Egyptology, Egyptologists, while others consider him the first one and corresponding to Menes. He lived around the 31st century BC and is thoug ...

, the second pharaoh of Egypt, led a campaign against the Nubians

Kingdom of Kerma The Kingdom of Kerma or the Kerma culture was an early civilization centered in Kerma, Sudan. It flourished from around 2500 BC to 1500 BC in ancient Nubia. The Kerma culture was based in the southern part of Nubia, or " Upper Nubia" (in parts of ...

* c. 1506 BCE – 1493 BCE During the reign of

Thutmose I Thutmose I (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis I, Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; meaning "Thoth is born") was the third pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, 18th Dynasty of History of Ancient Egypt, Egypt. He re ...

, the Kingdom of Kerma rebelled against Egyptian rule and Thutmose I traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, killing the Nubian king.

Egyptian Empire The New Kingdom, also called the Egyptian Empire, refers to ancient Egypt between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC. This period of ancient Egyptian history covers the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties. Through radioc ...

* c. 1282 BCE Seti's military campaigns * c. 1279 BCE – 1213 BCE Remesses II's campaigns in Nubia

Kingdom of Kush The Kingdom of Kush (; Egyptian language, Egyptian: 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 ''kꜣš'', Akkadian language, Assyrian: ''Kûsi'', in LXX Χους or Αἰθιοπία; ''Ecōš''; ''Kūš''), also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an an ...

* 23 BCE The Roman prefect of Egypt invaded the Kingdom of Kush after an initial attack by the queen of Meröe, razing

Napata Napata
(2020). (Old Egyptian ''Npt'', ''Npy''; Meroitic language, Meroitic ''Napa''; and Ναπάται) was a city of ...

to the ground * c. 300 CE

launched several military campaigns, destroying the Kingdom of Kush

Kingdom of Makuria

* 1312 Mamluk Invasion

Sultanate of Darfur

* 1722–1786 Civil War

Egyptian Eyalet

* February 1820 – October 1822 Invasion of Libya and Sudan

Khedivate of Egypt The Khedivate of Egypt ( or , ; ') was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brought an end to the short- ...

* 1899–1901 Rabih War ** 1874

Rabih az-Zubayr Rabih az-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah (; c. 1842 – April 22, 1900), also known as Rabih Fadlallah and usually known as Rabah in French, was a Sudanese warlord and slave trader who established a powerful empire east of Lake Chad, in today's Chad. B ...

conquered the Sultanate of Darfur * 1881–1899 The Mahdist War ** 3–5 November 1883 Battle of El Obeid ** 4–29 February 1884 First and Second Battles of El Teb ** 13 March 1884

Battle of Tamai The Battle of Tamai (or Tamanieh) took place on 13 March 1884 between a British force under Sir Gerald Graham and a Mahdist Sudanese army led by Osman Digna. Despite his earlier victory at El Teb, Graham realised that Osman Digna's force was ...

** 13 March 1884 – 26 January 1885

Siege of Khartoum The siege of Khartoum (also known as the battle of Khartoum or fall of Khartoum) took place from 13 March 1884 to 26 January 1885. Mahdist State, Sudanese Mahdist forces captured the city of Khartoum, Sudan, from its Khedivate of Egypt, Egypti ...

** 17 January 1885

Battle of Abu Klea The Battle of Abu Klea, also known as the Battle of Abu Tulayh, took place between 16 and 18 January 1885, at Abu Klea, Sudan, between the British Desert Column and Muhammad Ahmad, Mahdist forces encamped near Abu Klea. The Desert Column, a for ...

** 10 February 1885 Battle of Kirbekan ** 22 March 1885

Battle of Tofrek The Battle of Tofrek was fought on 22 March 1885 some 5 miles inland from the port of Suakin on the Red Sea coast of Sudan. A contingent of some 3,000 troops from the British and Indian Suakin Expedition#Second expedition, "Suakin Field Force" le ...

** 30 December 1885 Battle of Ginnis ** 20 December 1888 Battle of Suakin ** 9–10 March 1889 Battle of Gallabat ** 17 July 1894 Battle of Kassala ** 7 June 1896 Battle of Ferkeh ** 8 April 1898 Battle of Atbara ** 2 September 1898

Battle of Omdurman The Battle of Omdurman, also known as the Battle of Karary, was fought during the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan between a British–Egyptian expeditionary force commanded by British Commander-in-Chief (sirdar) major general Horatio Herbert ...

** 25 November 1899 Battle of Umm Diwaykarat

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( ') was a condominium (international law), condominium of the United Kingdom and Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day South Sudan and Sudan. Legally, sovereig ...

* 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918

** 29 October 1914 – 30 October 1918 Middle Eastern theatre *** 1914–1918 North African theatre **** 19 November 1915 – February 1917 Senussi Campaign * 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945

** 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945

*** 10 June 1940 – 27 November 27 1941 East African Campaign **** 3–19 August 1940 Italian conquest of British Somaliland **** 5 February 1941 – 1 April 1941 Battle of Keren **** 4–19 May 1941 Battle of Amba Alagi **** 13–27 November 1941 Battle of Gondar

Republic of the Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

* 18 August 1955 – 27 March 1972

** 17 November 1958 1958 Sudanese coup d'état ** 25 May 1969 1969 Sudanese coup d'état

Republic of the Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

* 5 June 1983 – 9 January 2005

** 6 April 1985 1985 Sudanese coup d'état ** 30 June 1989 1989 Sudanese coup d'état * 1987 – ''present''

* 20 August 1998 Operation Infinite Reach * 2003 – 2020

War in Darfur The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equalit ...

** 10 – 12 May 2008

2008 Omdurman attack In May 2008, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), a Darfur ethnic minority rebel group, undertook a raid against the Sudanese government in the cities of Omdurman and Khartoum. From the government's viewpoint, the attack only took place o ...

* 2006 Battle of Malakal * 2008 – ''ongoing''

** 12 June 2009

2009 Sobat River ambush The 2009 Sobat River ambush was a battle between Nuer people, Jikany Nuer tribesmen and the Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement, People's Liberation Army (SPLA) which was escorting a United Nations (UN) aid convoy on 12 June 2009. I ...

** 23 May 2010 2010 South Darfur clash * January – February 2009 2009 Sudan airstrikes * 2011 – 2020

* 2012 Heglig Crisis * 19 December 2018 – 10 October 2019

Sudanese Revolution The Sudanese revolution () was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 S ...

** 11 April 2019 2019 Sudanese coup d'état * 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2021 Sudanese coup d'état * 2022 – 2023 Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) * 2023 – ''present''

Sudanese Civil War The term Sudanese Civil War refers to at least three separate conflicts in Sudan in Northeast Africa: *First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) *Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) *Sudanese civil war (2023–present) It could also refer to other ...

Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

Carthaginian Empire Ancient Carthage ( ; , ) was an Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa. Initially a settlement in present-day Tunisia, it later became a city-state, and then an empire. Founded by the Phoenicians ...

* 264–146 BCE

** 264–241 BCE

First Punic War The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and grea ...

*** 255 BCE

Siege of Aspis The siege of Aspis or Clupea was fought in 256 BC between Carthage (state), Carthage and the Roman Republic. It was the first fighting on African land during the First Punic War. Background After defeating the Carthaginian navy sent to stop them ...

*** 255 BCE Siege of Adys *** 255 BCE Battle of Tunis ** 240–238 BCE

Mercenary War The Mercenary War, also known as the Truceless War, was a mutiny by troops that were employed by Ancient Carthage, Carthage at the end of the First Punic War (264241 BC), supported by uprisings of African settlements revolting against C ...

*** Spring 240 BCE Battle of Utica *** Autumn 240 BCE Battle of the Bagradas River *** Autumn 240 BCE Hamilcar's victory with Navaras *** 238 BCE Battle of "The Saw" *** 238 BCE Siege of Tunis ** 218–201 BCE

Second Punic War The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of Punic Wars, three wars fought between Ancient Carthage, Carthage and Roman Republic, Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For ...

*** 203 BCE Battle of Utica *** 203 BCE

Battle of the Great Plains The battle of the Great Plains was fought in 203 BC in modern Tunisia between a Roman army commanded by Publius Cornelius Scipio, and allied Carthaginian and Numidian armies commanded by Hasdrubal Gisco and Syphax respectively. The battle was ...

*** 19 October 202 BCE

Battle of Zama The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC in what is now Tunisia between a Roman Republic, Roman army commanded by Scipio Africanus and a Ancient Carthage, Carthaginian army commanded by Hannibal. The battle was part of the Second Punic War an ...

** 149–146 BCE

Third Punic War The Third Punic War (149–146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome. The war was fought entirely within Carthaginian territory, in what is now northern Tunisia. When the Second Punic War ended in 20 ...

*** 147 BCE Battle of the Port of Carthage *** 147 BCE Battle of Nepheris *** c. 149 BCE – Spring 146 BCE Battle of Carthage

Kingdom of Numidia Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tunisia and Libya. The polity was originally divided between ...

* 112–106 BCE

** 111–104 BCE Battle of Thala ** 110 BCE Battle of Suthul ** 108 BCE Battle of the Muthul

Roman Province of Africa Africa was a Roman province on the northern coast of the continent of Africa. It was established in 146 BC, following the Roman Republic's conquest of Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly comprised the territory of present-day Tunisi ...

* 238 CE Battle of Carthage * 429 CE - 432

Vandal conquest of Roman Africa The Vandal conquest of Roman Africa, also known as the Vandal conquest of North Africa, was the conquest of Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Caesariensis, and Africa Proconsolaris by the migrating Vandals and Alans. The conflict lasted 13 year ...

* 439 CE Vandal War (439-442): Genseric broke the treaty between the

and the Romans when he invaded the province of

Africa Proconsularis Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

and laid siege to

Carthage Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classic ...

. * 461 CE - 468

** 468 CE Battle of Cap Bon

Vandal Kingdom The Vandal Kingdom () or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans () was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, which was a barbarian kingdoms, barbarian kingdom established under Gaiseric, a Vandals, Vandalic warlord. It ruled parts of North Africa and th ...

* June 533 – Mach 534

** 13 September 533

Battle of Ad Decimum The Battle of Ad Decimum took place on September 13, 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, and the Byzantine Empire, under the command of General Belisarius. This event and events in the following year are sometimes ...

** 15 December 533

Battle of Tricamarum The Battle of Tricamarum took place on December 15, 533 between the armies of the Byzantine Empire, under Belisarius, and the Vandal Kingdom, commanded by King Gelimer, and his brother Tzazo. It followed the Byzantine victory at the Battle of ...

Byzantine Praetorian Prefecture of Africa

* The Moorish Wars ** 534 First Moorish uprising ** 536 Military mutiny ** 544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic * 577 Conflict with Moorish kingdom of Garmul

Byzantine Exarchate of Africa

* 647–709

** 698 Battle of Carthage

Aghlabids The Aghlabid dynasty () was an Arab dynasty centered in Ifriqiya (roughly present-day Tunisia) from 800 to 909 that conquered parts of Sicily, Southern Italy, and possibly Sardinia, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Aghlabids ...

* 824–836 Military mutiny * 879–880 Invasion of al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun

Fatimid Caliphate The Fatimid Caliphate (; ), also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty. Spanning a large area of North Africa and West Asia, i ...

* 909

Fatimid The Fatimid Caliphate (; ), also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimid dynasty, Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty. Spanning a large area of North Africa ...

conquest of

Ifriqiya Ifriqiya ( '), also known as al-Maghrib al-Adna (), was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania (roughly western Libya). It included all of what had previously been the Byzantine province of ...

from the

Aghlabids The Aghlabid dynasty () was an Arab dynasty centered in Ifriqiya (roughly present-day Tunisia) from 800 to 909 that conquered parts of Sicily, Southern Italy, and possibly Sardinia, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Aghlabids ...

* 943–947 Rebellion of

Abu Yazid Abū Yazīd Makhlad ibn Kaydād Dajjal (; – 19 August 947), was a member of the Ibadi sect. He opposed the Ismaili Shia rule of the Fatimids in North Africa and sought to restore Ibadi dominance in the region. Known as the Man on the Donke ...

Almohad Caliphate The Almohad Caliphate (; or or from ) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berbers, Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa (the Maghreb). Th ...

* 1160

conquered and annexed by the

Almohads The Almohad Caliphate (; or or from ) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa (the Maghreb). The Almohad ...

* 1171–1172 Conquest of North Africa and Nubia by the

Ayyubid Dynasty The Ayyubid dynasty (), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultan of Egypt, Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid Caliphate of Egyp ...

Ayyubid Dynasty The Ayyubid dynasty (), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultan of Egypt, Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid Caliphate of Egyp ...

* 1171–1172 Conquest of North Africa and Nubias by the

Hafsid Dynasty The Hafsid dynasty ( ) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berbers, Berber descentC. Magbaily Fyle, ''Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa'', (University Press of America, 1999), 84. that ruled Ifriqiya (modern day Tu ...

* 1269

Eighth Crusade The Eighth Crusade was the second Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, this one against the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia in 1270. It is also known as the Crusade of Louis IX Against Tunis or the Second Crusade of Louis. The Crusade did not see an ...

Ottoman Tunisia Ottoman Tunisia, also known as the Regency of Tunis, refers to a territory of Ottoman Empire that existed from the 16th to 19th century in what is largely modern-day Tunisia. During the period of Ottoman Rule, Tunis was administratively inte ...

* 1526–1791 Ottoman-Habsburg wars ** 16 August 1534 Conquest of Tunis ** June 1535 Conquest of Tunis ** 12 July – 13 September 1574 Conquest of Tunis

French Protectorate of Tunisia The French protectorate of Tunisia (; '), officially the Regency of Tunis () and commonly referred to as simply French Tunisia, was established in 1881, during the French colonial empire era, and lasted until Tunisian independence in 1956. T ...

* 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945

** 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945

*** 10 June 1940 – 13 May 1943

**** 17 November 1942 – 13 May 1943

Tunisia Campaign The Tunisian campaign (also known as the battle of Tunisia) was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African campaign of the Second World War, between Axis and Allied forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. The ...

***** 10 November – 25 December 1942

Run for Tunis The Run for Tunis was part of the Tunisia Campaign which took place during November and December 1942 during the Second World War. Once French opposition to the Allied Operation Torch landings had ceased in mid-November, the Allies made a rapid ...

***** February – May 1943 Battle of Sedjenane ***** 14–17 February 1943 Battle of Sidi Bou Zid ***** 19–25 February 1943 Battle of the Kasserine Pass ***** 6 March 1943 Battle of Medenine ***** 16–27 March 1943 Operation Pugilist ***** 23 March – 3 April 1943 Battle of El Guettar ***** 5–27 April 1943 Operation Flax ***** 6–7 April 1943 Battle of Wadi Akarit ***** 27 April – 1 May 1943 Battle of Hill 609 ***** 6–12 May 1943 Operations Vulcan and Strike, Operation Vulcan ***** 8–13 May 1943 Operation Retribution

Kingdom of Tunisia

* 1952 – 1956 Tunisian independence, Tunisian Independence movement

Tunisia, Republic of Tunisia

* 1961 Bizerte crisis, Bizerte Crisis * 1980 1980 Gafsa Uprising * 1 October 1985 Operation Wooden Leg * 7 November 1987 1987 Tunisian coup d'état * 2002 – ''present''

** 3 January 2007 Soliman Shooting ** 2012 – 2019 Chaambi Operations * 18 December 2010 – 14 January 2011 Tunisian Revolution * 3 – 4 February 2014 Raoued Operation * 2015 – 2022 ISIL insurgency in Tunisia * 25 July 2021 2021 Tunisian self-coup

Southern Africa

Angola

* 1961 – 1974 Angolan War of Independence * 1966 – 1990 South African Border War South Africa Border War Map

** 4 May 1978 Battle of Cassinga * 1975 – ''present'' Cabinda War * 1975 – 2002 Angolan Civil War ** 27 May 1977 1977 Angolan coup attempt ** 14 August 1987 – 23 March 1988 Battle of Cuito Cuanavale

Lesotho

* 1880–1881 Basotho Gun War * 30 January 1970 1970 Lesotho coup d'état * 1974 – 1990 Lesotho Liberation Army#History, BCP Insurgency * 20 January 1986 1986 Lesotho coup d'état * 30 April 1991 1991 Lesotho coup d'état * 17 August 1994 1994 Lesotho coup d'état * 22 September 1998 – May 1999 South African intervention in Lesotho * 30 August 2014 2014 Lesotho political crisis

Malawi

*August 3, 1914 – November 1918

* 3 March 1959 – 16 June 1960 Nyasaland emergency of 1959 ** 3 – 5 March 1959 Operation Sunrise (Nyasaland), Operation Sunrise * 1992 – 1993 Malawi Young Pioneers#Operation Bwezani, Operation Bwezani

Mozambique

*July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

*1964 – 1974 Mozambican War of Independence *1964 – 1979 Rhodesian Bush War *1977 – 1992 Mozambican Civil War *2013 – 2021 RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) *2017 – ''ongoing'' Insurgency in Cabo Delgado

Namibia

*1904–1907 Herero Genocide *July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

**September 15, 1914 – February 4, 1915 Maritz Rebellion *August 26, 1966 – March 21, 1990 South African Border War *1994 – 1999 Caprivi conflict

South Africa

*May 18, 1803 – November 20, 1815 Napoleonic Wars *1817–1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War *1830s–1840s Great Trek *February 17, 1838 Weenen Massacre *January 11, 1879 – July 4, 1879 Anglo-Zulu War *1779–1879 Xhosa Wars *December 20, 1880 – March 23, 1881 First Boer War *October 11, 1899 – May 31, 1902 Second Boer War *July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

**September 15, 1914 – February 4, 1915 Maritz Rebellion *September 4, 1939 – May 7, 1945

* 1948 – 1994 Internal resistance to apartheid ** 1950 Witzieshoek revolt ** 21 March 1960 Sharpeville Massacre ** 16 June 1976 Soweto Uprising ** 3 September 1984 Vaal uprising ** 1986 – 1987 Ciskei#Ciskei–Transkei hostilities and Operation Katzen, Ciskei-Transkei conflict ** 30 December 1987 1987 Transkei coup d'état ** 4 March 1990 1990 Ciskei coup d'état ** 5 April 1990 1990 Venda coup d'état ** 9 August 1991 Battle of Ventersdorp ** 7 September 1992 Bisho massacre ** 25 July 1993 Saint James Church massacre ** 30 December 1993 Heidelberg Tavern massacre ** 1994 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis ** 28 March 1994 Shell House massacre * 1966 – 1990 South African Border War

Eswatini

*October 11, 1899 – May 31, 1902 Second Boer War

Zambia

*July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

*September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945

*1964 – 1979 Rhodesian Bush War *1 July 1990 1990 Zambian coup attempt *28 October 1997 1997 Zambian coup attempt

Zimbabwe

*October 1893 – January 1894 First Matabele War * March 1896 – Second Matabele War * 1964 – 1979 Rhodesian Bush War * 1980 1980 Entumbane clashes * 1981 1981 Entumbane uprising * 1983 – 1987 Gukurahundi * November 14 – 21, 2017 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état

West Africa

Benin

*1724–1727 Dahomey, Abomey (Dahomey) conquests *1726–1730 Oyo Empire, First Oyo-Dahomey War *1738–1748 Oyo Empire, Oyo Conquest of Dahomey *1764 Ashanti Empire, Second Ashanti-Akim War *1768 Ashanti Empire, Yoruba-Ashanti War *1851 Dahomey, First Dahomean-Abeokuta War *1864 Dahomey, Second Dahomean-Abeokuta War *1889–1894 French Third Republic, France conquers Dahomey * October 28, 1963 1963 Dahomeyan coup d'état * October 26, 1972 1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état * January 17, 1977 1977 Benin coup attempt

Burkina Faso

* 3 January 1966 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état * 8 February 1974 1974 Upper Voltan coup d'état * 25 November 1980 1980 Upper Voltan coup d'état * 7 November 1982 1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état * 28 February 1983 1983 Upper Voltan coup attempt * 4 August 1983 1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état * 1985 Agacher Strip War * 15 October 1987 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état * 18 September 1989 1989 Burkina Faso coup attempt * 2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield ** 2011 – ''present'' Islamist insurgency in the Sahel *** August 1, 2014 — November 9, 2022 Operation Barkhane *** 2015 – ''present'' Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso **** 2 March 2018 2018 Ouagadougou attacks * 16 – 23 September 2015 2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt * 8 October 2016 2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt * 23 – 24 January 2022 January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état * 30 September 2022 September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état * 26 September 2023 2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt

Côte d'Ivoire

* 1883–1898 Mandingo Wars * December 24, 1999 1999 Ivorian coup d'état * January 7 – 8, 2001 2001 Ivorian coup attempt * 2002 – 2007 First Ivorian Civil War **September 19, 2002 2002 Ivorian coup attempt * September 22, 2002 – January 21, 2015 Opération Licorne * 2004 2004 French–Ivorian clashes * 2010 – 2011 Second Ivorian Civil War * June 12, 2012 2012 Ivorian coup attempt * May 6 – 16, 2017 2017 Ivory Coast mutinies

Gambia

* 30 July – 4 August 1981 1981 Gambian coup attempt * 22 July 1994 1994 Gambian coup d'état * 30 December 2014 2014 Gambian coup attempt * 9 December 2016 – 21 January 2017 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ** 2017 – ''present'' ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia * 20 December 2022 2022 Gambian coup attempt

Ghana

*1620–1654 Dutch–Portuguese War *1664–1665 Anglo-Dutch Wars *1823–1831 Anglo-Ashanti wars *1900 War of the Golden Stool * February 28, 1948 1948 Accra Riots * February 24, 1966 1966 Ghanaian coup d'état * April 17, 1967 Operation Guitar Boy * June 4, 1979 June 4th revolution in Ghana * December 31, 1981 1981 Ghanaian coup d'état * 1994 – 2015 Konkomba–Nanumba conflict * 2002 2002 Dagbon chieftaincy crisis, Yendi conflict * 2019 – ''Present'' Gonja-Mamprusi conflict * 2020 – ''Present'' Western Togoland Rebellion

Guinea

* 22 November 1970 Operation Green Sea * 3 April 1984 1984 Guinean coup d'état * February 2 – 3, 1996 1996 Guinean coup attempt * 2000 – 2001 RFDG Insurgency * 2013 2013 Guinea clashes * 5 September 2021 2021 Guinean coup d'état

Guinea-Bissau

* 23 January 1963 – 10 September 1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence *14 November 1980 1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état *1998 – 1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War **7 June 1998 1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt *14 September 2003 2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état *26 December 2011 2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt *12 April 2012 2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état *1 February 2022 2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt *30 November 2023 – 1 December 2023 2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt

Liberia

* October 1871 1871 Liberian coup d'état * April 12, 1980 1980 Liberian coup d'état * November 12, 1985 1985 Liberian coup attempt * September 15, 1994 1994 Liberian coup attempt * 1989 – 1996 First Liberian Civil War * 1998 1998 Monrovia clashes * 1999 – 2003 Second Liberian Civil War

Mali

*647–709

*1075 Almoravid dynasty#Ghana Empire and the southern wing, Almoravid conquest of the Ghana Empire * 1230–1250 Military history of the Mali Empire#Early imperial expansion .281235.E2.80.931300.29, Early imperial expansion of the Mali Empire *1400 Military history of the Mali Empire#The Sandaki usurpation and second Mossi raid, The Sandaki usurpation and second Mossi raid *1433 Military history of the Mali Empire#The Tuareg invasion, The Tuareg invasion * 1460s Military history of the Mali Empire#Songhai hegemony, Songhai conquered Mema *1810–1818 Islam and war#Jihad in Africa .281810-1818.29, Mopti Jihad *1848–1864 El Hadj Umar Tall#Initial conquests, Initial conquests of El Hadj Umar Tall Jihad *1883–1886 Mandingo Wars *1962 – 1964 Tuareg rebellion (1962–64) *1985 Agacher Strip War *1990 – 1995 Tuareg rebellion (1990–95) *2002 – ''ongoing''

** 6 February 2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield ***2009 – ''present''

****23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive ****November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020) ***2011 – present Islamist insurgency in the Sahel ****January 16, 2012 – ''present'' Mali War *****January 16, 2012 – April 6, 2012 2012 Tuareg rebellion ******January 18, 2012 — March 11, 2012 Battle of Tessalit ******January 17 — 25, 2012 Battle of Aguelhok ******February 7 — 8, 2012 Battle of Tinzaouaten (2012) *****March 21, 2012 — April 8, 2012 2012 Malian coup d'état *****June 27, 2012 — ''ongoing'' Azawad conflict ******June 26 — 27, 2012 Battle of Gao ******November 16 — 20, 2012 Second Battle of Ménaka ******February 22 — 23, 2013 Battle of Khalil ******March 29 — 30, 2013 Battle of In Arab *****January 11, 2013 — 15 July 2014 Operation Serval *****August 1, 2014 — November 9, 2022 Operation Barkhane *****August 18, 2020 2020 Malian coup d'état *****May 24, 2021 2021 Malian coup d'état * 2006 2006 Tuareg rebellion * 2007 – 2009 Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)

Mauritania

* June 17, 1970 – ''ongoing''

* 10 July 1978 1978 Mauritanian coup d'état * 6 April 1979 1979 Mauritanian coup d'état * 4 January 1980 1980 Mauritanian coup d'état * 16 March 1981 1981 Mauritanian coup attempt * 12 December 1984 1984 Mauritanian coup d'état * 1989 – 1991 Mauritania–Senegal Border War * 2002 – ''ongoing''

** 6 February 2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield ** August 1, 2014 — November 9, 2022 Operation Barkhane * 8 – 9 June 2003 2003 Mauritanian coup attempt * 3 August 2005 2005 Mauritanian coup d'état * 6 August 2008 2008 Mauritanian coup d'état

Niger

*1516–1517 Songhai Empire, Songhai Civil War *1916–1917 Kaocen Revolt * 15 April 1974 1974 Nigerien coup d'état * 1990 – 1995 Tuareg rebellion (1990–95) * 27 January 1996 1996 Nigerien coup d'état * 9 April 1999 1999 Nigerien coup d'état * 2007 – 2009 Tuareg rebellion (2007–09) * * 2002 – ''ongoing''

** 2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield *** 2011 – ''present'' Islamist insurgency in the Sahel *** August 1, 2014 — November 9, 2022 Operation Barkhane *** 2015 – ''present'' Jihadist insurgency in Niger **** 4 October 2017 Tongo Tongo ambush ** 2009 – ''present''

*** 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive *** November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020) * 18 February 2010 2010 Nigerien coup d'état * 12 – 13 July 2011 2011 Nigerien coup attempt * 31 March 2021 2021 Nigerien coup attempt * 26 – 28 July 2023 2023 Nigerien coup d'état * 29 July 2023 – 24 February 2024 Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)

Nigeria

*1578–1608 Oyo Empire, Oyo-Benin War *1804–1808

*1835–1836

*1873 – Islam and war#Rafin Jaki battle, Rafin Jaki Jihad *1877– 1893 Kiriji War Kiriji War, ( ''Ekiti–Parapo War'') *1897 Benin Expedition of 1897, Benin Expedition * 1967 – 1970 Nigerian Civil War ** July 2 – 12, 1967 Operation UNICORD ** August 9 – September 20, 1967 Midwest Invasion of 1967 ** 12 September – 4 October 1967 Fall of Enugu ** October 4 – 12, 1967 First Invasion of Onitsha ** October 17 – 19, 1967 Operation Tiger Claw ** January 2 - March 20, 1968 Second Invasion of Onitsha ** 31 March 1968 Abagana Ambush ** March 8 – May 24, 1968 Invasion of Port Harcourt ** 2 September – 15 October 1968 Operation OAU ** 15 – 29 November 1968 Operation Hiroshima ** October 15, 1968 – April 25, 1969 Siege of Owerri ** March 27 – April 22, 1969 Operation Leopard (1969) ** December 20 – 24, 1969 Invasion of Umuahia * 15 – 16 January 1966 1966 Nigerian coup d'état * 28 July – 1 August 1966 1966 Nigerian counter-coup ** January 7 – 12, 1970 Operation Tail-Wind * July 29, 1975 1975 Nigerian coup d'état * February 13, 1976 1976 Nigerian coup attempt * April 1983 Chadian–Nigerian War * 31 December 1983 1983 Nigerian coup d'état * August 27, 1985 1985 Nigerian coup d'état * April 22, 1990 1990 Nigerian coup attempt * November 17, 1993 1993 Nigerian coup d'état * 1997 – 2003 Warri Crisis * 1998 – ''present'' Communal conflicts in Nigeria ** 1953 – ''present'' Religious violence in Nigeria ** 1998 – ''present'' Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria ** 2011 – ''present'' Nigerian bandit conflict * 2003 – ''present'' Conflict in the Niger Delta ** 2016 – ''present'' 2016 Niger Delta conflict ** 2021 – ''present'' Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria *** 16 May 2023 2023 Anambra ambush * 14 September 2001 – 30 August 2021 War on terror ** 2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield *** 2009 – ''present''

**** 26 – 29 July 2009 2009 Boko Haram uprising **** 13 – 14 May 2014 Chibok ambush **** 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive **** November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020) ** 15 February 2011 – ''present'' Islamist insurgency in the Sahel * March 8, 2014 2014 Enugu Government House attack * June 15, 2014 2014 Enugu State Broadcasting Service attack

Senegal

*1549 Battle of Danki *1644-1677 Char Bouba war *1860-1886 Cayor, Franco-Cayor Wars *1880-1899 Kingdom of Jolof, Franco-Wolof Wars *1860-1920 French Conquest of Casamance *1886-1887 Mahmadu Lamine, Uprising of Mahmadu Lamine *1982 – ''ongoing'' Casamance conflict *1989 – 1991 Mauritania–Senegal Border War *2007 – ''ongoing'' Operation Juniper Shield

Sierra Leone

*February 7, 1813 Action of 7 February 1813, Action *March 21 – 23, 1967 1967 Sierra Leonean coups d'état *April 18, 1968 Sergeants' Coup (Sierra Leone), Sergeant's Coup *1982 Ndogboyosoi War *1991 – 2002 Sierra Leone Civil War **April 29, 1992 1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état *November 26 – 28, 2023 2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt

Togo

* 13 January 1963 1963 Togolese coup d'état * 13 January 1967 1967 Togolese coup d'état * 23 September 1986 1986 Togolese coup attempt * February 5 – 25, 2005 2005 Togolese coup d'état

Chronological list of wars

19th century

* 1801–1807 Kingdom of Koya, Temne War *1801–1805

*1803–1805 Napoleonic Wars **1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition ***1806 Battle of Blaauwberg **1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War (1807–09), Anglo-Turkish War ***1807 Alexandria expedition of 1807, Alexandria expedition *1804–1808

*1805–1811 Muhammad Ali's seizure of power *1806–1807 Ashanti–Fante War *1807–1818 Mtetwa Empire, Mtetwa Empire Expansion *1810–1818 Amadu's Jihad *1811–1812 Xhosa Wars, Fourth Xhosa War *1811 Ga–Fante War *c.1812 Battle of Shela *1814–1816 Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War *1815 Slachter's Nek Rebellion *1815 Second Barbary War *1817–1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War *1818–1819 Xhosa Wars, Fifth Xhosa War *1818–1828 Zulu wars of conquest *1st March 1896 Battle of Adwa *July 30, 1877– March 14, 1893 Kiriji War Kiriji War, ( ''Ekiti–Parapo War'')

20th century

* 1900 War of the Golden Stool * 1900–1920 Somaliland Campaign *1901–1901 French conquest of the Dendi Kingdom *1902–1904 Kuanhama Rebellion of 1902-1904, Kuanhama Rebellion * 1901–1902 Anglo-Aro War *1901–1903 Second Matabele War#1901 Mapondera Rebellion, Mapondera Rebellion * 1902–1904 Bailundo revolt, Bailundo revolt of 1902 *1903–1904 British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate * 1904–1908 Herero Wars *1904–1905 1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar, uprising in Madagascar * 1905–1907 Maji Maji Rebellion * 1906 Bambatha Rebellion *1906 Sokoto Uprising of 1906 *1907–1910 Dembos War of 1907-1910 *1908 Battle of Marrakech * 1909 Second Melillan campaign * 1909–1911

*1910–1912 Portuguese conquest of the Kasanje Kingdom * 1911–1912 French conquest of Morocco *1911–1912

*1912 Sirte revolt *1914 Kolongongo War *1914–1917 Kongo revolt of 1914, Kongo revolt *1914–1921 Zaian War * 1914–1918 African theatre of World War I **1914–1918 East African campaign (World War I), East African campaign **1914–1916 Kamerun campaign **1914 Togoland Campaign **1914–1915 South West Africa campaign * 1914–1915 Maritz rebellion * 1915–1916 Volta-Bani War *1915 Chilembwe uprising * 1915 Bussa rebellion, The Bussa rebellion * 1915–1917 Senussi Campaign * 1916–1917 Kaocen revolt * 1916 Battle of Segale * 1918 Adubi War, The Adubi War *1920 Misurata-Warfalla War * 1920–1922 1920 Jabal al-Gharbi civil war, Jabal al-Gharbi civil war *1920–1926

* 1921–1922 Rand Rebellion * 1922 Bondelswarts Rebellion * 1923–1932 Pacification of Libya * 1928–1931 Kongo-Wara rebellion * 1929–1930 Women's War * *1930 Gugsa Wale's rebellion *1935–1937

*1939–1945

**1940–1943 North African campaign **1940–1943 East African campaign (World War II), East African campaign **1940 Battle of Dakar **1940 Battle of Gabon **1942 Battle of Madagascar *1943 Woyane rebellion *1952–1960

*1954–1962

*1955–1964 Bamileke War *1955–1972

*1957–1958

*1960–1965

**1966–1967 Stanleyville mutinies *1960–present

*1961 Bizerte crisis *1961–1991

*1961–1974 Portuguese Colonial War **1961–1974 Angolan War of Independence **1963–1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence **1964–1974 Mozambican War of Independence *1962–1964 Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964), Tuareg rebellion *1963 Sand War *1963–1967 Shifta War *1963–1970 Bale revolt * 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War *1964–1965 Simba rebellion *1964–1979 Rhodesian Bush War *1964

*1965–1979 Chadian Civil War (1965–79), First Chadian Civil War *1966–1989 South African Border War *1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War *1970–present

**1975–1991

*1972–1974 First Eritrean Civil War *1973–2018

*1974–1991

*1975–2002 Angolan Civil War *1975–present Cabinda War *1977–1992 Mozambican Civil War *1977 Libyan–Egyptian War *1977–1978

*1977 Shaba I *1978 Shaba II *1978–1979

*1978–1987 Chadian–Libyan conflict *1980–1981 Second Eritrean Civil War *1980–1986

*1981 Entumbane uprising *1981 Dawda Jawara#1981 attempted coup, Gambian coup d'état attempt *1982–present Casamance conflict *1982 Ndogboyosoi War *

*1983–2005

*1985 Agacher Strip War *

*1987–present

*1989–1991 Mauritania–Senegal Border War *1989–1997 First Liberian Civil War *1990–1994

*1990–1995 Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995), Tuareg rebellion *1991–1994 Djiboutian Civil War *1991–2002 Sierra Leone Civil War *1991–2002 Algerian Civil War *1991–present

*1993–2005 Burundian Civil War *1993–1994 Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–94), Republic of the Congo Civil War *1994 Bophuthatswana crisis *1994–1999 Caprivi conflict *1994–2018 Insurgency in Ogaden *1995–2018

*1995 Hanish Islands conflict *1996–present Allied Democratic Forces insurgency *1996–1997

*1997–1999 Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99), Republic of the Congo Civil War *1998–2000

*1998–2003

**2000 Six-Day War (2000), Six-Day War *1998–1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War *1999–2003 Second Liberian Civil War *1999–present Ituri conflict

21st century

*2001–2021 War on Terrorism **1981–present Terrorism in Egypt, Islamic Terrorism in Egypt **2002–present Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present), Islamic insurgency in the Maghreb **2002–present Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa **2006 Advance of the Islamic Courts Union, Rise of the Islamic Courts Union **2006–2009 Somalia War (2006–2009), Ethiopian War in Somalia **2007–present Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara **2009–present Somali Civil War (2009–present), Islamist civil war in Somalia **2009 Nigerian sectarian violence **2009–present

**2015–2022 ISIL insurgency in Tunisia **2015–present Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso **2016–present Jihadist insurgency in Niger **2017–present Islamist insurgency in Mozambique *2002–2003 2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department, Conflict in the Pool Department *2002–2004 First Ivorian Civil War *2003–2020

*2004 French–Ivorian clashes *2004–present Conflict in the Niger Delta **2016–present 2016 Niger Delta conflict, Niger Delta conflict *2004–2007

*2004–present Kivu conflict *2005–2010 Chadian Civil War (2005–10), Chadian Civil War *2005–2008 Mount Elgon insurgency *2006–2013 Bakassi conflict *2007–2009 Tuareg Rebellion (2007–present), Second Tuareg Rebellion *2007–2008 2007–08 Kenyan crisis, Kenyan crisis *2008 invasion of Anjouan, 2008 Invasion of Anjouan * 2008 Kufra conflict *2008

*2009–present

**2011–present Ethnic violence in South Sudan ***2013–2020 South Sudanese Civil War * 2009 Sudan airstrikes *2009 Dongo conflict *2010–2011 Second Ivorian Civil War *2011–2023 Sinai Insurgency *2011

*2011–2020

*2011–2014 Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014), Factional violence in Libya *2012–present Mali War *2012 Heglig Crisis *2012–2013 M23 rebellion *2012 Baragoi clashes *2012–present Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present), Central African Republic Civil War *2013–2018 Batwa–Luba clashes *2013–2019 RENAMO insurgency (2013–2019), RENAMO insurgency * 2014 Aswan tribal clashes *2014–2020 Second Libyan Civil War *2016–2017 Pool War *2016 Kasese clashes *2016–2019 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion *2017–present Anglophone Crisis *2020–2022 Tigray War *2023–present 2023 Sudan conflict *2023–present 2023 Las Anod conflict