human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria ...

, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the , ''haploûs'', "onefold, simple" and ) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a sing ...

C is believed to have arisen in East Asia some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.

Distribution

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast AsiaHaplogroup C.
/ref> (including

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

) and

the Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.'' Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sin ...

. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic

, such as Nganasans, Dolgans,

Yakuts The Yakuts or Sakha (, ; , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to North Siberia, primarily the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation. They also inhabit some districts of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. They speak Yakut, which belongs to the Si ...

Evenks The Evenki, also known as the Evenks and formerly as the Tungus, are a Tungusic peoples, Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Evenki are recognised as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, indigenous peoples of the Russi ...

, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Koryaks. Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the

indigenous peoples of the Americas In the Americas, Indigenous peoples comprise the two continents' pre-Columbian inhabitants, as well as the ethnic groups that identify with them in the 15th century, as well as the ethnic groups that identify with the pre-Columbian population of ...

, the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia. In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out. In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely. In 2015, a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Subclades

Tree

This

phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. In ...

of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research. *CZ **C - China (

Mongol Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of M ...

from

Chifeng Chifeng,; also known as Ulanhad ( (Улаанхад хот), ''Ulaɣanqada qota'', , "red cliff") also known as Ulankhad in Mongolian, is a prefecture-level city in Southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It borders Xilin Gol Le ...

), Korea, Russia (

Bashkortostan Bashkortostan, officially the Republic of Bashkortostan, sometimes also called Bashkiria, is a republic of Russia between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. The republic borders Perm Krai to the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast ...

), India ***C1 - Paraguay (Alto ParanaFilipa Simão, Christina Strobl, Carlos Vullo, ''et al.'', "The maternal inheritance of Alto Paraná revealed by full mitogenome sequences." ''FSI Genetics'' Volume 39, P66-72, March 01, 2019. Published online December 19, 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.007), ancient DNA from specimen I0061 (from Yuzhniy Oleni Ostrov, Lake Onega, Russia, 7450 - 6950 ybp) ****C1a *****C1a* – Ulchi,Starikovskaya, E.B., Sukernik, R.I., Derbeneva, O.A., Volodko, N.V., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Torroni, A., Brown, M.D., Lott, M.T., Hosseini, S.H., Huoponen, K. and Wallace, D.C., "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' 69 (PT 1), 67-89 (2005). Nanai, Daur,

( HulunbuirGuang‐Lin He, Meng‐Ge Wang, Xing Zou, Hui‐Yuan Yeh, Chang‐Hui Liu, Chao Liu, Gang Chen, and Chuan‐Chao Wang. Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity ''J Syst Evol'', 2023, 61(1): 230-250.) *****C1a1 – Buryat, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) *****C1a2 – Japan ****C1b *****C1b* *****C1b1 ******C1b1* ******C1b1a *******C1b1a* – Mexican American *******C1b1a1 – Mexican American ******C1b1b – Native American, Mexican American *****C1b2 ******C1b2* – Peru, Paraguay ******C1b2a – Peru ******C1b2b – Colombia ******C1b2c *******C1b2c* – USA, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Spain *******C1b2c1 – Paraguay *****C1b3 ******C1b3* – Peru ******C1b3a - Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatera, Papua Nugini dan Sulawesi) *******C1b3a* – Peru *******C1b3a1 – Argentina *****C1b4 – Ecuador, Peru, USA *****C1b5 ****C1c *****C1c1 *****C1c2 ****C1d – Argentina (Buenos Aires), Colombia ( Boyacá), Mexico (

Tamaulipas Tamaulipas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas, is a state in Mexico; one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 43 municipalities. It is located in nor ...

Guanajuato Guanajuato, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato, is one of the 32 states that make up the Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Guanajuato, 46 municipalities and its cap ...

, Chihuahua, ''etc.''), United States (

Mexican Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of full or partial Mexican descent. In 2022, Mexican Americans comprised 11.2% of the US population and 58.9% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans. In 2019, 71% of Mexican Americans were born in the United State ...

S. Kumar, C. Bellis, M. Zlojutro, ''et al.'', "Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins." ''BMC Evol. Biol.'' 11 (1), 293 (2011).), Canada ( ShuswapR.S. Malhi, J.S. Cybulski, R.Y. Tito, ''et al.'', "Brief communication: Mitochondrial haplotype C4c confirmed as a founding genome in the Americas." ''Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.'' 141 (3), 494-497 (2010).) *****C1d1 *****C1d2 – Colombia (

Mestizo ( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturall ...

U.A. Perego, N. Angerhofer, M. Pala, ''et al.'', "The initial peopling of the Americas: a growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia." ''Genome Res.'' 20 (9), 1174-1179 (2010).) ******C1d2a – Colombia (

Mestizos ( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to ...

) ****C1e – Iceland ****C1f – Pamiri Tajik ( Gorno-Badakhshan),YFull MTree 1.02.7045 (as of January 11, 2021)
/ref> India ( Marathi), Scotland, Italy, Mesolithic NW Russia ****C1g – Mesolithic NW Russia (Karelia) ***C4 – Upper Palaeolithic (14050 - 13770 ybp) Ust-Kyakhta (Buryatia), Late Neolithic-Bronze Age

Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk Oblast (; ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara River, Angara, Lena River, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is ...

,Kilinc, G.M., Kashuba, N., Yaka, R., Sumer, A.P., Yuncu, E., Shergin, D., Ivanov, G.L., Kichigin, D., Pestereva, K., Volkov, D., Mandryka, P., Kharinskii, A., Tishkin, A., Ineshin, E., Kovychev, E., Stepanov, A., Alekseev, A., Fedoseeva, S.A., Somel, M., Jakobsson, M., Krzewinska, M., Stora, J., and Gotherstrom, A., "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." ''Sci Rep'' 8 (1), 8969 (2018) Late Neolithic-Iron Age

Yakutia Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), is a republics of Russia, republic of Russia, and the largest federal subject of Russia by area. It is located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of one million ...

, Tubalar (Ederbes), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Iiy, Adir-Kezhig), Yukaghir (Andrushkino), Yukaghir/Chuvan (Markovo), Russian,Derenko,M., Malyarchuk,B., Grzybowski,T., Denisova,G., Rogalla,U., Perkova,M., Dambueva,I., and Zakharov,I., "Origin and post-glacial dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C and D in northern Asia." ''PLoS ONE'' 5 (12), E15214 (2010). Myanmar ****C4a'b'c -

(6815 ybp), India (Jenu Kuruba) *****C4a – China (Guangdong, Han from Beijing) ******C4a1 –

from

and Hulunbuir,

Tashkurgan Tashkurgan, historically known as Sarikol and Shitoucheng, is a town in the far west of China, close to the country's border with Tajikistan. It is seat of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, in the autonomous region of Xinjiang. Tajiksethnic ...

(Kyrgyz, Sarikoli, Wakhi), Czech Republic, Denmark *******C4a1a – Korea, China, Uyghur, Buryat (South Siberia), Denmark, Sweden, France, Scotland, Canada ********C4a1a1 *********C4a1a1a **********C4a1a1a1 - Lepcha, Sherpa (Nepal) **********C4a1a1a2 - Lachungpa **********C4a1a1a3 - Wancho *********C4a1a1b - Poland, Finland (

Hamina Hamina (; , , Sweden ) is a List of cities in Finland, town and a Municipalities of Finland, municipality of Finland. It is located approximately east of the country's capital Helsinki, in the Kymenlaakso Regions of Finland, region, and formerly ...

) ********C-T195C! – Ireland, Scotland, England, USA, Hungary (Szeged regionMalyarchuk,B., Derenko,M., Denisova,G., ''et al.'', "Whole mitochondrial genome diversity in two Hungarian populations." ''Mol. Genet. Genomics'' (2018).), Poland, Belarus, Russia (Russian, Buryat), Turkey, Pakistan ( Hazara), India (Jammu and Kashmir), China (Bargut and Mongol in Inner Mongolia, ''etc.''), Korea *********C4a1a2 – China **********C4a1a2a – China (Han from Ili, Han from Henan, ''etc.'') **********C4a1a2b ***********C4a1a2b1 - China ***********C4a1a2b2 - Uyghur *********C4a1a3 – Bronze Age

(Ust'-Belaya, Khaptsagai, Silinskij, Chastaja Padi), Russian (Kemerovo Oblast), Koryak, Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (Nyukzha, Chumikan, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Sakkyryyr, Sebjan, Tompo, Markovo, Kamchatka), Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Adir-Kezhig), Altai Kizhi, Iran (Qashqai), Sweden **********C4a1a3a – Yakut, Buryat (Buryat Republic, Irkutsk Oblast), Bargut, Nentsi ***********C4a1a3a1 – Yakut, Nganasan (Vadei of Taimyr Peninsula) ************C4a1a3a1a - Evenk (Taimyr, Stony Tunguska) ************C4a1a3a1b - TofalarDryomov, S.V., Starikovskaya, E.B., Nazhmidenova, A.M. ''et al.'' Genetic legacy of cultures indigenous to the Northeast Asian coast in mitochondrial genomes of nearly extinct maritime tribes. ''BMC Evol Biol'' 20, 83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01652-1 **********C4a1a3b – Bargut, Uyghur ***********C4a1a3b1 - Chelkan, Tubalar **********C4a1a3c – Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula, Stony Tunguska) **********C4a1a3d – Yakut *********C4a1a4 – Buryat, Kazakhstan **********C4a1a4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region), Shor ********C4a1a5 – Teleut, Ladakh ********C4a1a6 *********C4a1a6a - Russia (Bashkortostan, Khamnigan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), Inner Mongolia ( Bargut, Buryat) *********C4a1a6b - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Uyghur ********C4a1a7 - DenmarkKlunk, J., Duggan, A.T., Redfern, R., ''et al.'', "Genetic resiliency and the Black Death: No apparent loss of mitogenomic diversity due to the Black Death in medieval London and Denmark." ''Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.'' (2019). *******C4a1b – China, Thailand ( Palaung) *******C4a1c - Russia (Bashkortostan, Adygei), Iran ( Azerbaijanian), China (Xibo,

from

Tianjin Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in North China, northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the National Central City, nine national central cities, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the ...

) ******C4a2 *******C4a2a – Yakut, Evenk ( Chumikan) ********C4a2a1 – Bronze Age (2275 - 2040 cal BC)

(specimen irk076 from burial 3 at the Shamanka 2 site, South Baikal), Shor, Chelkan, Teleut, Altai Kizhi, Yakut, Kazakh, Ket,O. A. Derbeneva, E. B. Starikovskaya, N. V. Volodko, D. C. Wallace, and R. I. Sukernik, "Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Kets and Nganasans and Its Implications for the Initial Peopling of Northern Eurasia." ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', Vol. 38, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1316–1321. Translated from ''Genetika'', Vol. 38, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1554–1560.Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, ''et al.'', "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." ''Genome Biology'' (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1Dryomov SV, Nazhmidenova AM, Starikovskaya EB, Shalaurova SA, Rohland N, Mallick S, ''et al.'' (2021), "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia." ''PLoS ONE'' 16(1):e0244228.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244228 Evenk (Stony Tunguska, Taimyr), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast, Inner Mongolia), China, Korea *********C4a2a1a – Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk ( Nyukzha, Iyengra, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even ( Tompo) *********C4a2a1b – Evenk (Nyukzha), Yakut **********C4a2a1b1 - Evenk (Nyukzha) *********C4a2a1c - China (

Zhejiang ) , translit_lang1_type2 = , translit_lang1_info2 = ( Hangzhounese) ( Ningbonese) (Wenzhounese) , image_skyline = 玉甑峰全貌 - panoramio.jpg , image_caption = View of the Yandang Mountains , image_map = Zhejiang i ...

, Uyghurs), Buryat, Todzhin (Iiy), Karanogay (

Dagestan Dagestan ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus, and is a part of the North Caucasian Fede ...

) **********C4a2a1c1 - Tofalar (Alygdzher, Nerkha, V. Gutara), Khamnigan **********C4a2a1c2 - Uyghurs *********C4a2a1d - Uyghurs **********C4a2a1d1 - Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Tofalar (V. Gutara), Evenk (Central Siberia) **********C4a2a1d2 - Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Evenk/Nivkh (Val) *********C4a2a1e - Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast) *********C4a2a1f - Buryat (South Siberia, Irkutsk Oblast) *********C4a2a1g - Ket *******C4a2b – Tibet, Korea ********C4a2b1 – Wancho ********C4a2b2 – China (Han from Beijing) *********C4a2b2a – Tibet (Sherpa) *******C4a2c – Bargut (Inner Mongolia) ********C4a2c1 – India (Jenu Kuruba) ********C4a2c2 – Lepcha *********C4a2c2a – Ladakh *****C4b –

from

Jilin ) , image_skyline = Changbaishan Tianchi from western rim.jpg , image_alt = , image_caption = View of Heaven Lake , image_map = Jilin in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_al ...

and Hulunbuir, Yukaghir, Altai Kizhi, Ukraine, Slovakia ******C4b1 – Yukaghir, Buryat,

from

*******C4b1a – Bargut (Inner Mongolia) *******C4b1b – Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Buryat ******C4b2 – Koryak *******C4b2a – Koryak, Chukchi ******C4b3 – Yakut, Altai Kizhi *******C4b3a – Yukaghir, Even (Berezovka),

from Xilingol ********C4b3a1 – Yukaghir *******C4b3b – Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska) ******C4b5 – Khamnigan, Buryat ******C4b6 – Altai Kizhi, Tubalar ******C4b7 – Yukaghir ******C4b8 – Yakut *******C4b8a – Nganasan *****C4c – Ijka ******C4c1 – Sioux (Carson County of South Dakota), Shuswap, Canada, USA, France, Spain *******C4c1a – Cherokee (Flint District of Oklahoma) *******C4c1b – Chippewa (Trempealeau in Wisconsin), Ottawa or Chippewa (Sault Saint Marie, Chippewa County, Michigan), Canada ******C4c2 – Métis (Red River, Manitoba), USA ****C4-T152C! – Russia (Bashkortostan), England *****C4-T152C!-A12780G - Uyghur ******C4d – Turkey, Tibet (Chamdo, Nyingchi, Shannan, Lhoba), Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Han from Beijing,

from Tongliao *****C4-T152C!-T4742C - Altai Republic (ancient DNA), Uyghur ******C4-T152C!-T4742C-T16093C - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Tibet ( Nyingchi) ******C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C - Sarikoli (

), Burusho (Pakistan) ******C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C-G11176A - Pamiri (

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of Tajikistan) *****C4e – Teleut, Shor ***C5 – India ****C5a – Azeri *****C5a1 –

( Bayannur,

Hohhot Hohhot,; abbreviated zh, c=呼市, p=Hūshì, labels=no formerly known as Kweisui, is the Capital (political), capital of Inner Mongolia in the North China, north of the China, People's Republic of China, serving as the region's administrativ ...

), Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Xibo (HGDP), Kazakhstan ******C5a1a - Khanty, Altai Kizhi ******C5a1b - Even ( Severo-Evensk district), Ulchi ******C5a1c - Yakut, Khamnigan (South Siberia) ******C5a1d - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia) ******C5a1e - Uyghur ******C5a1f - Uyghur *****C5a2 ******C5a2a – Buryat (South Siberia, Buryat Republic), Turkey *******C5a2a1 - Evenk (Nyukzha, Iyengra) ******C5a2b – Yukaghir ( Nelemnoye), Koryak, Chukchi, Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Kamchatka) *******C5a2b1 – Koryak ****C5b – PolandMalyarchuk,B., Litvinov,A., Derenko,M., Skonieczna,K., Grzybowski,T., Grosheva,A., Shneider,Y., Rychkov,S. and Zhukova,O., "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles." ''Forensic Sci Int Genet'' 30, 51-56 (2017). *****C5b1 –

( Bayannur,

Shanxi Shanxi; Chinese postal romanization, formerly romanised as Shansi is a Provinces of China, province in North China. Its capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi a ...

), Buryat (South Siberia), Tofalar, Todjin, Tuvan, Sojot, Ladakh, Japan ******C5b1a – Evenk (Central Siberia) *******C5b1a1 – Nganasan, Yakut, Buryat (South Siberia), Khamnigan (South Siberia), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) ********C5b1a1a - Tofalar (Nerkha, Alygdzher, V. Gutara), Todzhi-Tuva (Alygdzher), Buryat (South Siberia) *******C5b1a2 - Altai Kizhi (South Siberia), Irtysh-Barabinsk Tatar (

Novosibirsk Oblast Novosibirsk Oblast () is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative center, administrative and economic center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of N ...

) ******C5b1b – Khakas *******C5b1b* – Buryat (South Siberia), Russia ( Chechen Republic), Bulgaria ( Turk in

Dobrich Dobrich ( ; ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Bulgaria, 9th most populated city in Bulgaria, the administrative centre of Dobrich Province and the capital of the region of Southern Dobrudzha. It is located in the northeastern part of the cou ...

) *******C5b1b1 – Yakut ********C5b1b1a - Yakut, Even ( Sebjan), Evenk ( Stony Tunguska), Russian *******C5b1b2 - Uyghur ****C5-T16093C – Japan (Aichi), Korea, Han (Beijing) *****C5c – Tubalar, Teleut, Afghanistan, Persian (Iran), Czech Republic ******C5c-C16234T – Kurd (Iran), Armenia, Turkey, Kuwait *******C5c1 – Poland, Sweden, Greece ********C5c1a – Russian (Uzbekistan), Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, USA, Canada *****C5d – China, Vietnam (Hmong) ******C5d1 – Altai Kizhi, Tuvan, Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Yukaghir ******C5d2 – Khamnigan, China ***C7 – South Korea, China,Jiang,C., Cui,J., Liu,F., Gao,L., Luo,Y., Li,P., Guan,L. and Gao,Y., "Mitochondrial DNA 10609T Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Increase of Intracellular ROS and Is a Risk Factor of High Altitude Polycythemia." ''PLoS ONE'' 9 (1), E87775 (2014). Taiwan (Hakka), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Chiang Mai Province, and Lamphun Province), Vietnam (Kinh, Tay, Jarai) ****C7a – Han (Beijing, Yunnan, Denver, ''etc.''),Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva, ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans." ''PNAS'' May 8, 2012 109 (19) 7391-7396; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202484109. Uyghur, Taiwan (Paiwan, Minnan), Lahu, Thailand (incl. Urak Lawoi, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province, Black Tai in Loei Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province), Vietnam (Hani, Yao, Gelao) *****C7a1 – China,

( Alxa), Taiwan (Makatao), USA (Han Chinese in Denver), Korea ******C7a1a – Thailand (Mon in Lopburi Province) *******C7a1a1 – Wancho *******C7a1a2 – Dirang Monpa ******C7a1b – Northern Thailand ( Tai Lue), Vietnam ( Nung) ******C7a1c –

Uyghurs The Uyghurs,. alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central Asia and East Asia. The Uyghurs are recognized as the ti ...

(

Hebei Hebei is a Provinces of China, province in North China. It is China's List of Chinese administrative divisions by population, sixth-most populous province, with a population of over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. It bor ...

, Tongliao, Hinggan, Hulunbuir), Chinese ( Fengcheng, Shandong, Fujian, Taixing, ''etc.''), Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam *******C7a1c1 – Evenk (Central Siberia, Nyukzha River basin, Okhotsk region), Uyghur ******C7a1d – Wancho ******C7a1f – Thailand ( Karen) *******C7a1f1 – Thailand ( Karen, Shan, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from

Kanchanaburi Province Kanchanaburi (, ) is the largest of the western Provinces of Thailand, provinces (''changwat'') of Thailand. The neighboring provinces are (clockwise, from the north) Tak province, Tak, Uthai Thani province, Uthai Thani, Suphan Buri province, Sup ...

) ********C7a1f1a – Thailand ( S'gaw Karen, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province) *****C7a2 – China,Zhang,A.M., Bandelt,H.J., Jia,X., Zhang,W., Li,S., Yu,D., Wang,D., Zhuang,X.Y., Zhang,Q., and Yao,Y.G., "Is Mitochondrial tRNA Variant m.593T>C a Synergistically Pathogenic Mutation in Chinese LHON Families with m.11778G>A?" ''PLoS ONE'' 6 (10), E26511 (2011). Dai, Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Mon in Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Myanmar (Yangon) ******C7a2a – China (

Shantou Shantou, Chinese postal romanization, alternately romanization of Chinese, romanized as Swatow and sometimes known as Santow, is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong, China, with a total population of 5,502,031 as of the 20 ...

, ''etc.''), Taiwan (Hakka, Makatao, ''etc.'') *****C7a3 *****C7a4 *****C7a5 *****C7a6 ****C7-A16051G – Bargut (Inner Mongolia) *****C7b – Gallong, Naxi, Ukraine, Moldova, Austria ****C7c – Korea ****C7d – Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam ( Vietnamese), Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province), Cambodia ( Kampong Cham) ****C7e – Cambodia ( Takéo), Thailand ( Khmer in

Surin Province Surin (, ; , ; ) is one of Thailand's seventy-seven Provinces of Thailand, provinces (''changwat''). It lies in Isan#Administrative divisions, lower northeastern Thailand, also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are (from west clockwise) Burira ...

)

Popular culture

*In his popular book '' The Seven Daughters of Eve'', Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup ''Chochmingwu''. *Cellist

Yo-Yo Ma Yo-Yo Ma (born October 7, 1955) is a French-born American Cello, cellist. Born to Chinese people, Chinese parents in Paris, he was regarded as a child prodigy there and began to study the cello with his father at age four. At the age of seven, ...

belongs to the mtDNA haplogroup C. *Actor and film producer Adrian Grenier carries haplogroup C1b2.

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * {{Refend

National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly ''The National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as ''Nat Geo'') is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. The magazine was founded in 1888 as a scholarly journal, nine ...

'' C

Origin

Distribution

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Subclades

Tree

Popular culture

See also

References

Bibliography

External links