The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from

Islamic Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the mai ...

and associated cultural ( Arab, Persian,

Turkish Turkish may refer to: *a Turkic language spoken by the Turks * of or about Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities and mi ...

) traditions, which are expressed as words in Arabic or Persian language. The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Islam all in one place. Separating concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab culture, or from the language itself, can be difficult. Many Arabic concepts have an Arabic secular meaning as well as an Islamic meaning. One example is the concept of dawah. Arabic, like all languages, contains words whose meanings differ across various contexts. Arabic is written in its own alphabet, with letters, symbols, and orthographic conventions that do not have exact equivalents in the Latin alphabet (see Arabic alphabet). The following list contains transliterations of Arabic terms and phrases; variations exist, e.g. ''din'' instead of ''deen'' and ''aqidah'' instead of ''aqeedah''. Most items in the list also contain their actual Arabic spelling. __NOTOC__

A

; ; () (for male) () (for female) : Servant or worshipper. Muslims consider themselves servants and worshippers of God as per Islam. Common Muslim names such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul-Malik (Servant of the King), Abdur-Rahmān (Slave of the Most Beneficent), Abdus-Salām (Slave of

he originator of He or HE may refer to: Language * He (pronoun), an English pronoun * He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ * He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets * He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' i ...

Peace), Abdur-Rahîm (Slave of the Most Merciful), all refer to names of Allah. ; ʾAdab () : Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good ʾadab. However, the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be "the proper way to go about something," as in the example, ʾĀdāb al Qitāl, or, "The Proper Ways of Fighting in War," (Qitāl in Arabic means mortal combat) in which the word "etiquette" does not befit the context. A secondary meaning of ʾAdab is "literature". ; ʾAdhān () : call to

salat (, plural , romanized: or Old Arabic ͡sˤaˈloːh, ( or Old Arabic ͡sˤaˈloːtʰin construct state) ), also known as ( fa, نماز) and also spelled , are prayers performed by Muslims. Facing the , the direction of the Kaaba wit ...

(prayer), sometimes alternatively spelled and pronounced Azaan, Athaan and Adhan. ; ʿAdl () : justice, especially

distributive justice Distributive justice concerns the socially just allocation of resources. Often contrasted with just process, which is concerned with the administration of law, distributive justice concentrates on outcomes. This subject has been given considera ...

: social, economic, political, proprietary. ; AH (): ''Anno Hegirae'' The Islamic calendar starts counting years starting from the time when Muhammad had to leave Mecca and go to Medina, an event known as the Hijra. The first day of the first Islamic year is 1 Muḥarram 1 (AH) and corresponds to 16 July 622 ( CE). ; ʾAḥad (): literally "one." Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Ahad is one of the names of God. ; ʾAḥkām (): These are rulings and orders of the Qu'ran and Sunnah. A single ruling is called a Ḥukm. Five kinds of orders: Wajib or Fard (obligatory), Mustahab (preferred and recommended), Halal or Mubah (permissible), Makruh (disliked and not recommended), and Haram (forbidden) ; ʾAhl al-Bayt (): members of Muhammad's Household. Also known among Shia as the Maʿṣūmūn () (infallibles; spiritually pure). ; ʾAhl al-Fatrah (): people who live in ignorance of the teachings of a revealed religion, but according to the "Fitra", the "Natural Religion" innate to human nature as created by God. ; ʾAhl al-Kitāb () : "People of the Book", or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of scripture believed to be of divine origin which were mentioned in Quran: Jews, Christians. ; ʾĀkhirah () : hereafter or eternal life ; ʾAkhlāq () : The practice of virtue. Morals. ; Al-ʾIkhlāṣ () : Sincerity and genuineness in religious beliefs. ; Al-Bir () : Piety and righteousness and every act of obedience to

Allah Allah (; ar, الله, translit=Allāh, ) is the common Arabic word for God. In the English language, the word generally refers to God in Islam. The word is thought to be derived by contraction from '' al- ilāh'', which means "the god", an ...

. ; () : Literally "worlds", humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists. ;

Al Hijr (Kaaba) The Kaaba (, ), also spelled Ka'bah or Kabah, sometimes referred to as al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah ( ar, ٱلْكَعْبَة ٱلْمُشَرَّفَة, lit=Honored Ka'bah, links=no, translit=al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah), is a building at the c ...

(): A semi-circular wall north-west of Kaaba. ; ʿalayhi -s-salām () : "Peace be upon him" This expression normally follows after naming a prophet (other than Muhammad), or one of the noble Angels (i.e. Jibreel (Gabriel), Meekaal (Michael), etc.) ; () : "Praise be to God!" Qur'anic exclamation and also same meaning as hallelujah. ;

Allāh Allah (; ar, الله, translit=Allāh, ) is the common Arabic word for God. In the English language, the word generally refers to God in Islam. The word is thought to be derived by contraction from '' al- ilāh'', which means "the god", an ...

(): The name of God according to Islam. Also used as the Arabic word for God in general. ; Allāhumma () :"O Allah, my Lord" - used in a phrase or salutation, invocations or supplications ( dua). ; Allāhu ʾAkbar () : "Allah is hegreatest". Greater than anything or anyone, imaginable or unimaginable. ; () : lit. One who knows. A scholar (in any field of knowledge) ; a

jurist A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyses and comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly (but not always) with a formal qualification in law and often a legal practitioner. In the Uni ...

or scientist (who knows science) or a theologian (who knows religion); similar to Japanese sensei, "teacher". ; ''Amān'', lit. 'safety, protection, safe conduct' ; ʾAmānah (): the trust. Of all creation, only human beings &

jinns Jinn ( ar, , ') – also romanized as djinn or anglicized as genies (with the broader meaning of spirit or demon, depending on sources) – are invisible creatures in early pre-Islamic Arabian religious systems and later in Islamic mytho ...

carry the "trust", which is free will. ; ʾĀmīn (): Amen. ; () : "Commander of the Faithful" Historically the title of the Caliph. In some modern countries like Morocco, a ' or Commander of the faithful is the religious chief. ; ʾĀminah () : Muhammad's mother. Aminah fell sick and died in

Abwa Al-Abwā' on MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts ( ar, ٱَلْأَبْوَاء) is a Hejazi village between Mecca and Medina belonging to the area of Rabigh, on the western coast of Saudi Arabia. The Islamic Prophet Muhammad entered it befor ...

, near Madina (then Yathrib) when Muhammad was six years old. ; Al-ʾAmr Bi'l Maʿrūf () : Islamic doctrine of enjoining right. There exists in Islam the (obligatory) principle of encouraging other people to do the right thing. ; ʾAnfāl (): Spoils of war. (See Sūrat al-ʾAnfāl (8:1)) () ; (): "Helpers." The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah. ; () : Article of faith, tenet, creed, or dogma. ; () : Islamic practice of shaving the head of the newborn male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as well as 2 lambs. ; (): Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding ; ʾArkān singular rukn () : The five rukn "pillars" of Islam. (See rukn) ; A.S. (ʿAlayhi s-salām) (): This acronym evokes a blessing and is appended to the names of the prophets who came before Muhammad. It will also be applied to the mothers of those prophets. When following a woman's name, the feminine form is ʿAlayha s-salām. ; aṣaḥḥ: Arabic elative term, “more correct.” Used by Muslim scholars to introduce their own view while not entirely dismissing that of others. ; ʾAṣl () (pl. ʾuṣūl) : Root, origin, source; principle. ; ʾaslim taslam (): "Submit to Islam" (See dawah) ; (): List of God's 99 names. According to a hadith, the one who enumerates them all will enter Paradise. ; (): The third salat prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. Also means "era". ; () : The bridge by crossing which it is determined (judged) whether a person would go to heaven or hell. How a person crosses the Sirat depends on what they have done in their life and what they have believed in. ; al-ʿAsharatu Mubashsharun bil-Jannah or just ʿAsharatu Mubashsharah ( ar, العشرة المبشّرون بالجنة, ʿAsharatu l-mubashshirūn or ar, عشرة المبشّر, Asharatul-mubashshirūna bil Jannah, links=no): The ten companions of Muhammad who were promised paradise (only in

Sunni Islam Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagre ...

) ; () : Tenth day of the month of Muharram. It is the day God saved Moses and the children of Israel from the Pharaoh. The grandson of Muhammad, Imam Hussayn sacrificed his life along with 72 of his companions on the sand dunes of

Karbala Karbala or Kerbala ( ar, كَرْبَلَاء, Karbalāʾ , , also ;) is a city in central Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh, also known as Razzaza Lake. Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorat ...

. Sunni Scholars recommended to fast during this day. To the Shias, it is also a day on which they mourn the death of the third Shia Imam,

Husayn ibn Ali Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, أبو عبد الله الحسين بن علي بن أبي طالب; 10 January 626 – 10 October 680) was a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a son of Ali ibn Abi ...

, along with his family and companions, who were killed in the famous battle in

. They cry and weep and organize lamentating programmes where they not only learn how to live a proper Islamic life and improve their Spiritual Self but also cry at the end of the ritual to show their true love and faith towards imam Hussayn. ; (السلام عليكم): The Islamic greeting; literally "Peace be upon you"; In addition, ' () means "and the Mercy of God and His blessing". The response to this greeting is ' () --"And on you be the Peace and Mercy of God and His Blessing". ; ʾAstaghfir allāh (): "I seek forgiveness from God." Islamic expression. ; Aʿudhu billah (''ʾAʿūdhu billāh''): "I seek refuge in God". This is a paraphrase on the beginnings of the two last suras in the Qur'an. ; (): Friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer. (singular: wali) ; () : The parts of the body, male or female, must be covered in public but not between spouses, such as, body parts must be concealed of a woman before non-related men.(Non-related men means those she can marry lawfully). ; ʾĀyah (), plural ʾāyāt () : A sign. More specifically, a verse in the Qur'an. ; '' Āyatullāh'' (, also spelled ''Ayatollah''): ''Sign of God'' Title given to highly ranked religious scholars in Sh'ia sect. Azazīl : the proto Islamic name of iblīs (Potentially etymologically related to the name of a god/demon/daemon named azazel from the book of enoch). It is also believed to be his name before his banishment from heaven for not bowing down to Adam and Eve.

B

; Baiʿa (): See ; Baatil (): see Bāṭil ; Baitullāh (''baytu -llāh'') : A mosque, literally "house of God". Specifically means the Ka'aba at Makkah (Mecca). ; Bakka'in: a group known as the Weepers, who wept because they could not accompany Muhammad to Tabuk. ; Barakah () : a form of blessing, thought derive from God and passed on others via prophets, angels and saints. ; Bārak Allāhu Fīkum (): may Allah bless you; response to expression of thanks. ; Barzakh (): Barrier. Used in the Qur'an to describe the barrier between sweet and salty water. In theology, the one-way barrier between the mortal realm and the spirit world which the deceased soul crosses and waits for qiyamah judgment. ; Bashar () : humankind, mankind, man, human(s), etc. ; () : Insight, discernment, perceptivity, deep knowledge. Sometimes used by Sufis to denote the ability to directly perceive a transcendental Truth. ; Bāṭil (): void ; Bāṯin () : The interior or hidden meaning. A person who devotes himself to studying such hidden meanings is a ''batini''. ; B.B.H.N. (): Blessed be His Name – acronym for S.A.W.S. See P.B.U.H (Peace Be Upon Him). ; () : Innovation in religion, i.e. inventing new methods of worship. Bad Bidʿahs in Islam are considered a deviation and a serious sin by many Muslims. ; Bidʿah sayyiʾah (): Inquiry prohibited in Islam. ; Bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi () : "In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful". ; Burda () : In general terms, it means a "cloak" or "outer garment". Specific reference is to the "burda" of Muḥammad (see Qaṣīda al-Burda). ; () : an

oath of allegiance An oath of allegiance is an oath whereby a subject or citizen acknowledges a duty of allegiance and swears loyalty to a monarch or a country. In modern republics, oaths are sworn to the country in general, or to the country's constitution. For ...

to a leader, traditionally the Caliph, a

Sheikh Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a chief of a ...

or an

Imam Imam (; ar, إمام '; plural: ') is an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Muslims, Imam is most commonly used as the title of a worship leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, lead prayers, ser ...

C

; Caliph () ''khalīfah'' : literally successor; refers to the successor of Muhammad, the ruler of an Islamic theocracy.

D

; Dahri ():

atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...

– from the root ''ad dahr'' meaning time. In Islam, atheists are seen as those who think that time only destroys, hence the term ad dahriyyah or simply dahriya for the concept of atheism. ; Dajjāl () : The Islamic equivalent of the Antichrist; means "liar" or "deceiver". ; Ḍallāl (): going astray. ; Dār al-ʿAhd () : the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Christian tributary states. ; Dār al-ʾAmn () : means house of safety. ; Dār ad-daʿwa () : a region where Islam has recently been introduced. ; Dār al-ḥarb () :means house of war; refers to areas outside Muslim rule which a Muslim state can go to war with ; Dār al-Islām (): the abode, or land, of Islam. ; Dār al-Kufr () : means domain of disbelief; the term originally refers to the Quraish-dominated society of Mecca between Mohammed's flight to Medina (the Hijra) and the city's conquest. ;Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ (): domain of agreement ; Dār ash-shahāda () : ''See Dar al-Amn'' ; Darūd (): blessing ; Daʿwah () : the call to Islam, proselytizing. ; Darwīš () : an initiate of the Sufi Path, one who practices Sufism ; Dhikr () : A devotional practice whereby the name of God is repeated in a rhythmical manner. Remembrance of God; spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind people of God. It is also pronounced zikr. ;

Dhimmi ' ( ar, ذمي ', , collectively ''/'' "the people of the covenant") or () is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. The word literally means "protected person", referring to the state's obligatio ...

() (pl. dhimam) : "protected person"; Jews and Christians (and sometimes others, such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Hindus, and Zoroastrians), living in an Islamic state who must pay a separate tax (

jizya Jizya ( ar, جِزْيَة / ) is a per capita yearly taxation historically levied in the form of financial charge on dhimmis, that is, permanent Kafir, non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Sharia, Islamic law. The jizya tax has been unde ...

) instead of the zakah paid by Muslims and this exempts non-Muslims from military service under Islamic law. ;

Dhuhr The Zuhr prayer ( ar, صَلَاة ٱلظُّهْر ', "noon prayer") is one of the five mandatory salah (Islamic prayer). As an Islamic day starts at sunset, the Zuhr prayer is technically the fourth prayer of the day.Dīn () : (literally 'religion') the way of life based on Islamic revelation; the sum total of a Muslim's faith and practice. Dīn is often used to mean the faith and religion of Islam. ; Diyyah (): "blood money", recompense for loss of a life. ; Duʿāʾ () : personal prayer, supplication ; Dunya (): The physical Universe, as opposed to the Hereafter; sometimes spelled ''Dunia''.

E

Eid al-Fitr , nickname = Festival of Breaking the Fast, Lesser Eid, Sweet Eid, Sugar Feast , observedby = Muslims , type = Islamic , longtype = Islamic , significance = Commemoration to mark the end of fasting in Ramadan , dat ...

()
:Marks the end of Ramaadaan amzaan the Islamic holy month of fasting (sawm). Eid al-Adha
:Honours the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ismael as an act of obedience to God's command.

F

; Fadl: divine grace ; Fajarah () (also fujjār ()): Wicked evil doers. Plural of "fājir" (). ; fajr (): dawn, early morning, and the morning prayer. The time of the day when there is light in the horizon before sunrise. ; (): deliverance, salvation, well-being. ; Falsafah (): "philosophy" The methods and content of Greek philosophy which were brought into Islam. A person who tries to interpret Islam through rationalist philosophy was called a faylasuf (), "philosopher". ; () :

Sufi Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ...

term meaning extinction – a spiritual death of the lower self (Nafs) with associated bad characteristics. Having no existence outside of God. ; Faqīh ()(pl. fuqahāʾ)() : One who has a deep understanding of Islam, its laws, and jurisprudence. (see ''fiqh'') ; Al-Faraj (): the return of the Shia Mahdi ; (), plural furūḍ () : a religious duty, or an obligatory action: ''praying 5 times a day is fard'' Neglecting a fard will result in a punishment in the hereafter. (See wajib) ; Farḍ ʿain ( ): obligatory on every individual Muslim to aid in any way he can. ; Farḍ kifāyah (): an obligation on the Muslim community as a whole, from which some are freed if others take it up such as for jihad. ; Fāsid (): corrupt, invalid/violable (in Islamic finance) ; Fāsiq (): anyone who has violated Islamic law; usually refers to one whose character has been corrupted (plural "fāsiqūn"); in the Quran it refers to unbelievers who derided God for using similes and parables (in the Quran). ; Fātiḥa (): the short, opening sura of the Qur'an, which begins "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. Praise be to God, the Lord of the Worlds..." These words hold an important place in Muslim liturgies and forms the core of the salat. ; Fatwā () : a non-binding legal opinion of a scholar ( alim). However, binding on him for those who follow his taqlid ; Fī ʾAmān allāh (): "In the protection of God". Said when a person departs. Cf. ''aman''. ; Fiqh () : jurisprudence built around the shariah by custom ( al-urf). Literally means "deep understanding", refers to understanding the Islamic laws. (see ''faqih'') ; Fī sabīl allāh (): for the sake of Allah; common Islamic expression for performing acts such as charity or

Jihad Jihad (; ar, جهاد, jihād ) is an Arabic word which literally means "striving" or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it can refer to almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with Go ...

; Fitna (pl. fitan) () : ''trial'' or '' tribulation''; also refers to any period of disorder, such as a civil war, or the period of time before the end of the world or any civil strife. ; (): innate disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and beauty. Muslims believe every child is born with fitrah. ; Furqān (): the criterion (of right and wrong, true and false); for example, the Qur'an as furqan. ; Fuwaysiqah (): vermin, evil from the root fasaqa meaning to deviate from the right way

G

; Ghafara (): (verb in past tense) to forgive, to cover up (sins). A characteristic of God. ; Ghaflah (): heedlessness, forgetfulness of God, indifference ; Ghayb (): the unseen, unknown. ; Ghanīmah (): spoils of war, booty. ; Gharar (): excessive uncertainty; also "the sale of what is not present" such as fish not yet caught, crops not yet harvested. ; Ghasbi () : possessed unlawfully ; Ghāzi () : (archaic) roughly, "raider": used for whose who participated in war. Later a title for veterans. ;

Ghusl ( ar, غسل ', ) is an Arabic term to the full-body ritual purification mandatory before the performance of various rituals and prayers, for any adult Muslim after sexual intercourse/ejaculation or completion of the menstrual cycle. The washin ...

(): full ablution of the whole body (see wudu). Ghusl janaba is the mandatory shower after having sexual discharge.

H

;Ḥadath akbar (): major ritual impurity which requires Niyyat for cleaning. ; Ḥadath aṣghar () : minor ritual impurity ; Hādhā min faḍl rabbī (): Qur'anic expression and phrase meaning ''This is by the Grace of my Lord.'' ; Hādī (): a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or Al-Hadi. ; Ḥadīth (''ḥadīth'') plural ahādīth : literally "speech"; recorded saying or tradition of Muhammad validated by isnad; with sira these comprise the

sunnah In Islam, , also spelled ( ar, سنة), are the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw and followed and passed ...

and reveal shariah ; Ḥadīth mashhūr () : Well-known hadith; a hadith which reported by one, two, or more Companions from Muhammad or from another Companion, but has later become well-known and transmitted by an indefinite number of people during the first and second generation of Muslims. ; () : someone who memorized the entire Qur'an. Literal translation = memorizer or Protector. ; Ḥaiḍ () : menstruation ;Ḥājj (ّ) plural Ḥujjāj () and Ḥajīj (): Pilgrim, one who has made the Hajj. ;

Ḥajj The Hajj (; ar, حَجّ '; sometimes also spelled Hadj, Hadji or Haj in English) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried ...

(ّ) and Ḥijjah (plurals Ḥijjāt () and Ḥijaj ()): pilgrimage to Mecca. Sunnis regard this as the fifth

Pillar of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam (' ; also ' "pillars of the religion") are fundamental practices in Islam, considered to be obligatory acts of worship for all Muslims. They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel. The Sunni and Shia agree ...

. See

Dhu al-Hijjah Dhu al-Hijja ( ar, ذُو ٱلْحِجَّة, translit=Ḏū al-Ḥijja, ), also spelled Zu al-Hijja, is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic calendar. It is a very sacred month in the Islamic calendar, one in which the ''Hajj, Ḥajj'' (P ...

. ;Ḥajj at-Tamattuʿ (): performing ʿUmrah during the Hajj season, and on the Day of Tarwiah a pilgrim gets into the state of Ihram for Hajj. Before making ʿUmrah, approach the Miqat and declare the intention. End by sacrificing an animal. ; Ḥajj al-Qirān () : At Miqat, declare intention to perform both Hajj and 'Umrah together. After throwing the Jamrah of Al-'Aqabah, and getting hair shaved or cut that take off his Ihram garments and sacrifice animal. ; Ḥajj al-ʾIfrād () : At Miqat, declare intention for Hajj only. Maintain Ihram garments up to the Day of Sacrifice. No offering is required from him. ; () : a ruler's or governor's title; in some Muslim states, a judge. See Ahkam. ; Ḥākimīya () : sovereignty, governance. ; () : lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, free from sin praiseworthy, honourable. Doing a halal action won't result in punishment in the hereafter (See mustahabb, mandub) ; Ḥalaqah () : A gathering or meeting for the primary purpose of learning about Islam. ;Ḥalq () : Shaving of the head, particularly associated with pilgrimage to Mecca ; () : pre-Islamic non-Jewish or non-Christian monotheists. Plural: (). ; Ḥaqq (ّ): truth, reality, right, righteousness. Al-Haqq is one of 99 names of God. ; () : sinful ; () : sanctuary. ; (): Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other categorizations include authentic and fabricated). ; Hawa () (pl. ʾahwāʾ ()) : Vain or egotistical desire; individual passion; impulsiveness. ; Hidāyah () : guidance from God. ; () : literally "cover". It describes the covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a prescribed system of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity. (See

abayah The abaya "cloak" (colloquially and more commonly, ar, عباية ', especially in Literary Arabic: '; plural ', '), sometimes also called an ''aba'', is a simple, loose over-garment, essentially a robe-like dress, worn by some women in par ...

, al-amira, burqa, chador, jilbab, khimar, milfeh, niqab, purdah,

shayla Shayla ( ar, شيلة) is an Islamic headgear worn by some Muslim women in the presence of any male outside of their immediate family. It is different from a khimar, because it is usually wrapped and pinned. Sometimes it is worn in the form of a ...

) ; Hijra () : Muhammad and his followers' emigration from Mecca to Medina. Literally, "migration". This holiday marks the beginning of the Muslim New Year on the first day of the month of Muharram. See '' Rabi' al-awwal'' and abbreviation '' AH''. ; Ḥikmah (also ''Hikmat'') () : Literally this means "wisdom" and refers to the highest possible level of understanding attainable by a Muslim. In particular, it refers to the illuminative, mystical sort of wisdom that a Gnostic or Sufi might attain. ; Hilāl () : Crescent moon. ; () :

wilderness reserve Wilderness Reserve is a private estate of in Suffolk's Yox Valley assembled by Jon Hunt since 1995 incorporating estates of Sibton Park, , Heveningham Hall, , Cockfield Hall, and other land acquisitions within the catchments of the River Yox a ...

, protected forest, grazing commons; a concept of

stewardship Stewardship is an ethical value that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources. The concepts of stewardship can be applied to the environment and nature, economics, health, property, information, theology, cultural resources e ...

; () : One half of a juz', or roughly 1/60th of the Qur'an ; Hudā () : Guidance. ; Hudna () : Truce. Cease-fire (often temporary) ; () (sing. hadd) : Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by Allah on man; penalties of the Islamic law (

sharia Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the H ...

) for particular crimes described in the Qur'an – intoxication, theft, rebellion, adultery and fornication, false accusation of adultery, and apostasy. (See ''ta'zeer'') ; (): ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah. Also spelled Hukum. ; Ḥūrī ('; pl. ') : beautiful and pure young men and women that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven.

I

; (): submission, worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah. ; ʾIblīs (): Devil banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka

Satan Satan,, ; grc, ὁ σατανᾶς or , ; ar, شيطانالخَنَّاس , also known as Devil in Christianity, the Devil, and sometimes also called Lucifer in Christianity, is an non-physical entity, entity in the Abrahamic religions ...

. ; ʿId (): festival or celebration. Alternatively transliterated Eid. ; (): "the Festival of Sacrifice." The four-day celebration starting on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijja. ; (): "the Festival of Fitr (Breaking the fast)." A religious festival that marks the end of the fast of

Ramadan , type = islam , longtype = Religious , image = Ramadan montage.jpg , caption=From top, left to right: A crescent moon over Sarıçam, Turkey, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan. Ramadan Quran reading in Bandar Torkaman, Iran. ...

. ; (): a meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset during the month of Ramadan. ; (): state of consecration for

hajj The Hajj (; ar, حَجّ '; sometimes also spelled Hadj, Hadji or Haj in English) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried ...

. Includes dress and or prayer. ; (): perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over them. ; ʾIḥtiyāṭ (): Also Ahwat. A Precaution, either obligatory or optional. ; ʾIḥtiyāṭ mustaḥabb(ّ) : A preferred precaution. ; ʾIḥtiyāṭ wājib(): An obligatory precaution. ; ʾIʿjāz (): miracle, the character of the Qur'an in both form and content. ; ʾIjāzah (): a certificate authorizing one to transmit a subject or text of Islamic knowledge ; (): the consensus of either the ummah (or just the ulema) – one of four bases of Islamic Law. More generally, political consensus itself. Shi'a substitute obedience to the Imam; opposite of ikhtilaf ; ʾIjtihād (): During the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical problem. Has not been allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages. However, Liberal movements within Islam generally argue that any Muslim can perform

ijtihad ''Ijtihad'' ( ; ar, اجتهاد ', ; lit. physical or mental ''effort'') is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a le ...

, given that Islam has no generally accepted clerical hierarchy or bureaucratic organization. The opposite of

is taqlid (), Arabic for "imitation". ; ʾIkhtilāf (): disagreement among the madhhabs (scholars) of a religious principle; opposite of ijma. ;ʾIkrām (): honouring, hospitality, generosity – Dhul jalaali wal ikraam is one of the 99 names of Allah. ; ʾIkrāh () : mental or physical force. ; ʾIlāh (): deity, a god; including gods worshiped by polytheists. ; (): all varieties of knowledge, usually a synonym for science ; ʾImām (): literally, leader; e.g. a man who ''leads'' a community or ''leads'' the prayer; the

Shi'a Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam. It holds that the Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad designated Ali, ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his S ...

sect use the term only as a title for one of the twelve Allah-appointed successors of Muhammad. ; ʾImāmah () or

imamate {{expand Arabic, date=April 2021 The term imamate or ''imamah'' ( ar, إمامة, ''imāmah'') means "leadership" and refers to the office of an ''imam'' or a state ruled by an ''imam''. Theology *Imamate, in Sunni doctrine the caliphate :* Naqshb ...

: successorship of Muhammad and the leadership of mankind. ; ʾImān (): personal faith ; ʾInna lilāhi wa ʾinna ʾilaihi rājiʿūn () : To Allah we belong and to Him is our return – said to mourners ; ʾInfāq (): the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity ; ʾInjīl (): Arabic term for the holy book called The Gospel said to have been given to Jesus, who is known as

Isa Isa or ISA may refer to: Places * Isa, Amur Oblast, Russia * Isa, Kagoshima, Japan * Isa, Nigeria * Isa District, Kagoshima, former district in Japan * Isa Town, middle class town located in Bahrain * Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia * Mount Is ...

in Arabic; Muslims believe the holy book has been corrupted and modified, and the New Testament gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are not the word of Allah, only Christian stories about Jesus. ; ʾIn shāʾa -llāh (): "If God wills"; Inshallah is "resigned, accepting, neutral, passive. It is neither optimistic nor pessimistic

; Iqamah, ʾIqāmah (): the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan. ; ʾIrtidād (): apostasy (see murtadd). Also ''riddah'' ; (): Jesus – 'Isa ibn Maryam (English: Jesus son of Mary), (a matronymic since he had no biological father). The Qur'an asserts that Allah has no sons and therefore, 'Isa is not the son of Allah. Muslims honor 'Isa as a nabi and rasul. ; (): night; the fifth salat prayer ; ʾIṣlāḥ (): "reform". This term may mean very different things, depending on the context. When used in reference to reform of Islam, it may mean modernism, such as that proposed by

Muhammad Abduh ; "The Theology of Unity") , alma_mater = Al-Azhar University , office1 = Grand Mufti of Egypt , term1 = 1899 – 1905 , Sufi_order = Shadhiliyya , disciple_of = , awards = , infl ...

; or

Salafi The Salafi movement or Salafism () is a reform branch movement within Sunni Islam that originated during the nineteenth century. The name refers to advocacy of a return to the traditions of the "pious predecessors" (), the first three generat ...

literalism, such as that preached by Muhammad Nasiruddin al-AlbaniHabib Ali Jifri on Shaykh al-Buti
Marifah forum ; ʾIslām : "submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity. ; ʾIsnād (): chain of transmitters of any given hadith ; ʾIsrāʾ (): the night journey during which Muhammad (محمّد)is said to have visited Heaven. See miraj. ; ʾIstighfār (): requesting forgiveness ; ʾIstiḥādah (): vaginal bleeding except Haid and Nifas ; ʾIstiṣlāḥ (): public interest – a source of Islamic Law. ; ʾIstishhād (): martyrdom. ; ʾIthm (): Negative reward for bad deeds that is tallied on qiyamah (judgment day.) Opposite of thawab. ; ʾIʿtikāf (): seclusion in the masjid for the purpose of worship usually performed during the last 10 days of Ramadan. ; ʾItmām al-hujjah ():clarification of truth in its ultimate form. ;

Ittaqullah ''Ittaqullah'' ( ar, اتقوا الله) is an Arabic word or word-phrase composed of the words "Ittaqu" (the command or imperative form of the word ''taqwa''), and "Allah". It is found in several verses in the Quran The Quran (, ; Standar ...

():command to fear God or to be pious to Allah.

J

; Jāʾiz (): That which is allowed or permissible. As a rule, everything that is not prohibited is allowed. (See halal, mustahabb, mandub) ; Jahannam () : the Hell-fire; Hell ; Jāhilīyyah (الجاهليّة) : the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions. ; Jahl () : ignorance, foolishness. ; Jalsa () : sitting. ; () : "gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association. ; Janābah () : A state of spiritual impurity that occur due to sexual intercourse or ejaculation and necessitates major ritual ablution (ghusl), ; Janāzah () : Funeral. Ṣalāt al-Janāzah is a funeral prayer. ; Jannah () : Paradise, Heaven, the Garden ; Jazāka-llāhu khayran () : "May God reward you with good." Islamic expression of gratitude. ; Jihād () : struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of God, involving personal, physical, for righteousness and against wrongdoing; ; Jihād aṣ-ṣaghīr () : Offensive jihad declared by caliph. ; Jihād aṭ-ṭalab (): Offensive jihad. ; Jihād ad-dafʿa () : Defensive jihad. ; Jihād bil-māl (): Financial jihad. ; Jilbāb () : (pl. ''jalabib'') a long, flowing, garment worn by some as a more conservative means of fulfillment of sartorial hijab. (See also: abaya. burka, chador) ; Jinn (ّ) : A term referring to invisible beings, also the name of specific type of unseen creatures capable of salvation. ;

Jizya Jizya ( ar, جِزْيَة / ) is a per capita yearly taxation historically levied in the form of financial charge on dhimmis, that is, permanent Kafir, non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Sharia, Islamic law. The jizya tax has been unde ...

(): A tax specified in the Quran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control. ;Juḥod () : To deny. Jaahid (the denier). Disbelief out of rejection. When there comes to them that which they houldhave recognized, they refuse to believe in (kafaru) it. ( 2:89) Accordingly, juhud includes rejection (kufr at-taktheeb) and resistance (kufr al-'inaad) ; () : Friday prayer or

Sabbath In Abrahamic religions, the Sabbath () or Shabbat (from Hebrew ) is a day set aside for rest and worship. According to the Book of Exodus, the Sabbath is a day of rest on the seventh day, commanded by God to be kept as a holy day of rest, as G ...

. ; Juzʾ () : one of thirty parts of the Qur'an.

K

; () : cube-house; i.e., the cube-shaped building in Mecca which Muslims face to pray. ;

Kāfir Kafir ( ar, كافر '; plural ', ' or '; feminine '; feminine plural ' or ') is an Arabic and Islamic term which, in the Islamic tradition, refers to a person who disbelieves in God as per Islam, or denies his authority, or rejects ...

- non-Muslim (kāfir sing.; كفّار kuffār pl.) : from the word kafara, "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; non-Muslims in Islamic or non-Islamic countries or states, unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who is ungrateful to God as per Islam. Common derogatory term used by different Islamic factions such as sunni and shias to denounce each other as non-Muslims. Plural: Kāfirūn. Commonly used as an offensive term for black people by white South Africans. ; Kalām () (ʿilm al-kalām) : Literally, "words" or "speech," and referring to oration. The name applied to the discipline of philosophy and theology concerned specifically with the nature of faith, determinism and freedom, and the nature of the divine attributes. ; Khair (): Every kind of good ;

Khalīfah Khalifa or Khalifah (Arabic: خليفة) is a name or title which means "successor", "ruler" or "leader". It most commonly refers to the leader of a Caliphate, but is also used as a title among various Islamic religious groups and others. Khalifa ...

() : Caliph, more generally, one performing the duties of khilafa. ; Khalīl () : devoted friend ; Khalq () : Creation – the act of measuring; determining, estimating and calculating. Khalq is the noun form of the verb khalaqa (see bara, sawwara). ; Al-khāliq (): The Creator, Allah. ; Khamr (): Intoxicant, wine. ; (): the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer. ; Khatm (): to finish - refers to the complete recitation of the Qur'an. ;

Kharāj Kharāj ( ar, خراج) is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its produce, developed under Islamic law. With the first Muslim conquests in the 7th century, the ''kharaj'' initially denoted a lump-sum duty levied upon th ...

() : a land tax. ; Khayr : goodness. See birr (righteousness) See qist (equity) See 'adl (equilibrium and justice) See haqq (truth and right) See ma'ruf (known and approved) See taqwa (piety.) ;khilāf (): Controversy, dispute, discord. ; Khilāfah () : Man's trusteeship and

of Earth; Most basic theory of the Caliphate; Flora and fauna as sacred trust; Accountability to; God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of haram to protect water, hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over

Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...

lands, in

jihad Jihad (; ar, جهاد, jihād ) is an Arabic word which literally means "striving" or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it can refer to almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with Go ...

. ; Khilwa, () : An offense consisting of being caught alone in private with a member of the opposite sex who is not an immediate family member. ; al-khulafāʾ ar-rāshidūn () : four first caliphs, believed by most Muslims to be most righteous rulers in history ; Khimār () (pl. khumur () or ʾakhmirah ()) : headcovering (Q. 24:31). ; Khitān () : Male circumcision. ;Khuluq () pl. ʾakhlāq () : ethics ; Khushūʿ (): humility, devotion, concentration (especially in prayer). ; (): the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer. ; Kibr () : pride, arrogance ; Kibar () : old age ; Kitāb () : book; The Qurʾān is often referred to as "Al-Kitāb" (''The Book''). ; Kufr () : Unbelief, infidelity, blasphemy; also hubris. See Kafir and Kuffar ; Kufr al-ḥukm () : Disbelief from judgment. ; Kufr al-ʿInād () : Disbelief out of stubbornness ; Kufr al-ʾInkār () : Disbelief out of arrogance and pride. ; Kufr al-ʾIstibdāl () : Disbelief because of trying to substitute Allah's Laws. ; Kufr al-ʾIstiḥlāl () : Disbelief out of trying to make HARAM into HALAL. ; Kufrul-Istihzaha : Disbelief due to mockery and derision ; Kufr al-jahl (): Disbelief from not being aware of or not understanding. ; Kufr al-juhud (): Disbelief from obstinacy after being presented with truth. ; Kufr an-Nifāq (): Disbelief out of hypocrisy. ; Kufr al-ʾIʿrāḍ () : Disbelief due to avoidance. ; Kun () : God's command to the universe, 'Be!' is sufficient to create it.

L

; Lā ilāha illā-llāh () : "There is no god but God." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the first pillar of Islam. According to Islam, this is the message of all the Prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad. ; Labbayka -llāhumma () : God, I obey you (said during hajj) ; Laghw () : Dirty, false, evil vain talk ; () : Curse, execration, or imprecation. ; Laylat al-Qadr () : the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an.

M

; Madhhab () : pl. ''Madhāhib'' () school of religious jurisprudence (fiqh), school of thought. Also see ''fiqh''. ; Madrasah () : school, university ; Maghrib (): the fourth daily

prayer ; Mahdi () : "a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the end of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with injustice and aggression. ;Mahdūr ad-damm (): he whose blood must be wasted ; Maḥram () : a relative of the opposite gender usually described as being "within the forbidden limits"; a better description is "within the protected limits". means relatives who one can appear before without observing

hijab In modern usage, hijab ( ar, حجاب, translit=ḥijāb, ) generally refers to headcoverings worn by Muslim women. Many Muslims believe it is obligatory for every female Muslim who has reached the age of puberty to wear a head covering. While ...

and who one cannot marry. ; Maisir () : gambling, game of chance ; Makrūh () : Means "detested", though not haraam (forbidden); something that is disliked or offensive. If a person commits the Makruh, he does not accumulate ithim but avoiding the Makhruh is rewarded with

thawab ''Thawāb'' ( ar, ثواب) is an Arabic term meaning "reward". Specifically, in the context of an Islamic worldview, ''thawāb'' refers to spiritual merit or reward that accrues from the performance of good deeds and piety. Pronunciation The ...

. ; () : angels (Sing. Malak). Belief in angels is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and requiered for Muslims to believe in. ; Mā malakat ʾaymānukum () : one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess) ;Manāsik () : the rules specifying the requirements of a legally valid

;Mandūb () : commendable or recommended. Failure to do it would not be a sin. (See halal mustahabb) ; (): the methodology by which truth is reached ; Mansūkh () : That which is abrogated. The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see naskh ; Manzil (): one of seven equal parts of the Qur'an ; () : consensus of the community ; () sing. maqṣid () : goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law ;Maṣāliḥ () sing. maṣlaḥah (): public interests ; Masbuq (مَسْبُوق) :A person who is late for salat and has not joined the imam in the first rak’at. ; Mā shāʾa -llāh () : Allah has willed it ; () : the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ ;

Masjid A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers ( sujud) are performed, i ...

() pl. masājid, : place of prayer; mosque ; Masjid al-Ḥarām () : the mosque surrounding the

Kaʿbah The Kaaba (, ), also spelled Ka'bah or Kabah, sometimes referred to as al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah ( ar, ٱلْكَعْبَة ٱلْمُشَرَّفَة, lit=Honored Ka'bah, links=no, translit=al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah), is a building at the c ...

in Mecca. ; or (): Non-Arab Muslims ;Mawlā awlan () l. mawālin (ٍ): protector or master ; Mawlānā () : an Arabic word meaning "our master" (not literally). It is used mostly as a title preceding the name of a respected religious leader, in particular graduates of religious institutions. The term is sometimes used to refer to

Rumi Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī ( fa, جلال‌الدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Balkhī (), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā ( fa, مولانا, lit= our master) and Mevlevî/Mawlawī ( fa, مولوی, lit= my ma ...

. ; Maulvi () : an honorific Islamic religious title often, but not exclusively, given to Muslim religious scholars or Ulema preceding their names. Maulvi generally means any religious cleric or teacher ; Mecca ( ''Makkah'') : the holiest city in

Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...

; Medina (''Madīnah'') : "city"; Medinat-un-Nabi means "the City of the Prophet." See

Hijra (Islam) The Hijrah or Hijra () was the journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. The year in which the Hijrah took place is also identified as the epoch of the Lunar Hijri and Solar Hijri calendars; its date eq ...

; Mi'ād (): the Resurrection; God will resurrect all of humankind to be judged. Shi'as regard this as the fifth

. ; Miḥrāb () : a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer ; Millah (): In Arabic, millah means "religion," but it has only been used to refer to religions other than Islam, which is

din DIN or Din or din may refer to: People and language * Din (name), people with the name * Dīn, an Arabic word with three general senses: judgment, custom, and religion from which the name originates * Dinka language (ISO 639 code: din), spoken by ...

. ;

Millet Millets () are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most species generally referred to as millets belong to the tribe Paniceae, but some millets al ...

: (see Millah) (Turkish word also meaning a nation, community, or a people). In an Islamic state, "Ahl al Kitab" may continue to practice their former religion in a semi-autonomous community termed the millet. ;

Minaret A minaret (; ar, منارة, translit=manāra, or ar, مِئْذَنة, translit=miʾḏana, links=no; tr, minare; fa, گل‌دسته, translit=goldaste) is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques. Minarets are generall ...

() : a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made ;

Minbar A minbar (; sometimes romanized as ''mimber'') is a pulpit in a mosque where the imam (leader of prayers) stands to deliver sermons (, ''khutbah''). It is also used in other similar contexts, such as in a Hussainiya where the speaker sits and le ...

() : a raised pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons ; Minhaj () : methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures. ; Mīqāt () : intended place ; Miʿrāj () : the Ascension to the Seven Heavens during the Night Journey (See also: Al-Isra) ; Muʾadhdhin (): a person who performs the call to prayer ; Mosque () : a Muslim place of worship. ; Muʿāhadāt () : treaties ; () : suras Al-Falaq and an-Nas, the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from Black Magic) ; () : literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral. (See halal) ; Mubaligh () : person who recites Qur'an ;

Muftī A Mufti (; ar, مفتي) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion (''fatwa'') on a point of Islamic law (''sharia''). The act of issuing fatwas is called ''iftāʾ''. Muftis and their ''fatwas'' played an important role ...

() : an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fatawa (plural of "fatwa"). ; Muḥajjabah () : woman who wears

. ;Muḥkamāt : unequivocal verses of Qur'an. (See mutashabehat.) ; Muḥāribah () : a person who wages war against God ; Muḥammadun rasūl allāh () : "Muhammad is the messenger of God." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is the second most important statement in Islam. ;Mufsid () : evil-doer a person who spreads corruption not in accordance with Islam. Plural mufsideen. ;Muḥsin () : a person who performs good deed. Plural muhsineen. Opposite of Mufsidun. ; Muhājirūn () : The first Muslims that accompanied Muhammad when he traveled to Medina. ; Muharṭiq () : heretic. ; Mujāhid () : a fighter for Islam. Plural Mujāhidūn (). ;

Mujtahid ''Ijtihad'' ( ; ar, اجتهاد ', ; lit. physical or mental ''effort'') is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a le ...

() : a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue. Plural: ''Mujtahidun''. ;

Mullah Mullah (; ) is an honorific title for Shia and Sunni Muslim clergy or a Muslim mosque leader. The term is also sometimes used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and sharia law. The title has also been used in some Miz ...

() : are Islamic clergy. Ideally, they should have studied the Qur'an, Islamic traditions (hadith), and Islamic law (fiqh). ; Muʾmin () : A Muslim who observes the commandments of the Qur'an. ; Munāfiq () : hypocrite. Plural: ''Munafiqun'' ; Muntaiabah () pl. muntaqibāt () : woman who wears niqab ; Murābaḥah ( ) : a type of sharia-compliant mortgage (see Ijara) ; Murshid () : a Sufi teacher ; Murtadd () female apostate is Murtaddah: apostate (see irtidad see mahdur ad-damm.) ; Muṣḥaf (): a copy, codex or redaction of the Qur'an. ; Mushrik ()(pl. mushrikūn) (): One who associates others in worship with God; a polytheist. ;

() : a follower of the religion of Islam. One who submits their will to God (Allah) ; (ّ) : commendable or recommended. (See halal, mandub) ;Mutʿah () : literally enjoyment; compensation paid to a divorced woman; when used in the phrase ''nikāḥ al-mutʿah'' () it refers to temporary marriage that is practiced in Twelver Shia Islam. ;Mutashābihāt (): equivocal verses of Qur'an. (See Muhakkamat.) ; Mutaʿaṣṣibūn () : fanatics ; Muṭawwaʿ () plural muṭawwaʿūn () : religious man in certain regions, a volunteer teacher ; Muṭawwaʿūn () () (singular ''muṭawwaʿ''): Religious police. ; Mutawātir () : "agreed upon"—used to describe hadith that were narrated by many witnesses through different narration chains (isnads) leading back to Muhammad

N

; Nabī () : literally, prophets. In the Islamic context, a Nabi is a man sent by God to give guidance to man, but not given scripture. The Prophet Abraham was a Nabi. This is in contrast to Rasul, or Messenger. Plural: Anbiya. See: Rasul. ; Nafs () : soul, the lower self, the ego/id ; Nāfilah () : An optional, supererogatory practice of worship, in contrast to farida ; Najāsah (): Impurity ; Nājis (): impure ; Nakīr and Munkar () : two angels who test the faith of the dead in their graves ; Namaz: Ritual Prayer in

and Persian language. ; Naṣīḥa () : advice ; Naskh () : The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see mansukh. ; Naṣṣ (ّ) : a known, clear legal injunction ; Nifās (): the bleeding after childbirth (see Haid) ; Nifāq (): falsehood; dishonesty; hypocrisy ; Nihāļ () : Nihal is an Arabic name meaning "joyful." ;

Nikāḥ In Islam, nikah is a contract between two people. Both the groom and the bride are to consent to the marriage of their own free wills. A formal, binding contract – verbal or on paper – is considered integral to a religiously valid Islamic ...

(): the matrimonial contract between a bride and bridegroom within Islamic marriage ; Niqāb () : veil covering the face ; Niyyah (): intention ; Nubūwwah () : prophethood. Shi'a regard this as the third

. ; Nukrah: a great munkar – prohibited, evil, dreadful thing. ; Nūr () : Light, more theological connoted than ''daw, the proper term for light in Arabic. ''Nur'' is often associated with benevolence, as Light of Muhammad and angels of mercy as created from ''nur''. The term is closely associated with ''nar'', which denotes the burning light of fire, often associated with fierce forces, like angels of punishment, demons and hell.

P

; P.B.U.H. : an acronym that stands for "peace be upon him" a blessing which is affixed to Muhammad's name whenever it is written. In some circles and English writings,

s regard PBUH to signify "Peace and Blessings Upon Him" (the Rasul or Messenger of Allah). These are the primary English explications of the P.B.U.H. acronym. The Arabic version is S.A.W.

Q

; Qadhf (): false imputation of unchastity specifically punished by

. ; Qadar () : predestination. ; Qāḍī () :

judge A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. A judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility an ...

of Islamic Law ; Qalb () : Heart, considered the center of the self in Islamic anthropology ; Qiblah () : the direction Muslims face during prayer ; Qitāl fī sabīl allāh ( ) : fight in the cause of Allah. ; Qiyāmah (): resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment ; () : equitable retribution – a fine for murder if the heirs forgive the perpetrator. (See hudud, tazeer) ;Qiyām () : to stand, a position of

prayer ; Qiyās () : analogy – foundation of legal reasoning and thus fiqh ; Qudsī () : classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad from God. ;Qurbah () : closeness to God. Term is associated with Sufism. ; Qurʾān () : The word Qur'an means recitation. Muslims believe the Qur'an (Koran) to be the literal word of God and the culmination of God's revelation to mankind, revealed to Muhammad in the year AD 610 in the cave Hira by the angel Jibril.

R

; Rabb (ّ): Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master. ;R. A., raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhu (): May Allah be pleased with him. Variants are ''ʿanhā'' (her) and ''ʿanhum'' (them). ; Raḥmān (): Merciful; Ar-Rahman () means "The Most Merciful" ; Raḥīm (): compassionate; Ar-Rahim () means "The Most Compassionate" as in the Basmala ; Raḥimaḥullāh (): May Allah have mercy on him. Usually used after mentioning the companions of Muhammad ; Raḥmatullāh (): Mercy of Allah. Sometimes used as an alternative to ''

Rahimahullah Rahimahullah ( ar, رَحِمَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ, translit=raḥimahu llāh, lit=God have mercy on him) is a phrase often used after mentioning the righteous Islamic persons who lived after the companions of Muhammad Companion may refer to: ...

'' after mentioning a righteous person by saying, rahmatullahi ʿilayh (): Mercy of Allah be upon him/her ;

Rajm Rajm ( ar, رجم; meaning stoning)E. Ann Black, Hossein Esmaeili and Nadirsyah Hosen (2014), Modern Perspectives on Islamic Law, , pp. 222-223Rudolph Peters, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, , pp. 37 in Islam refe ...

() : stoning or banishment, used as an

epithet An epithet (, ), also byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) known for accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, di ...

for devils in some Islamic prayers. ; Rakʿah () : one unit of Islamic prayer, or

Salat (, plural , romanized: or Old Arabic ͡sˤaˈloːh, ( or Old Arabic ͡sˤaˈloːtʰin construct state) ), also known as ( fa, نماز) and also spelled , are prayers performed by Muslims. Facing the , the direction of the Kaaba wit ...

. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of raka'ah. ;

Ramaḍān , type = islam , longtype = Religious , image = Ramadan montage.jpg , caption=From top, left to right: A crescent moon over Sarıçam, Turkey, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan. Ramadan Quran reading in Bandar Torkaman, Iran. C ...

() : month of fasting when the Qur'an was first revealed. Spelt as Ramzaan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan as well. ; Rāshidūn () : Sunnis consider the first four caliphs as the "orthodox" or "rightly guided" caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman and 'Ali. ; Rasūl (): messenger; Unlike prophets ( Nabi), messengers are given scripture. Moses, David, Jesus and Mohammed are considered messengers. All messengers are considered prophets, but not all prophets are given scripture. See: Nabi. ; Riba () : interest, the charging and paying of which is forbidden by the Qur'an ;Ribat : Guarding Muslims from infidels ; Riddah (): apostasy, in which a person abandons Islam for another faith or no faith at all. ; Risālah (): literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious context as divine message. ; Rūḥ (): spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam. Sometimes used interchangeable with nafs; otherwise distinguished and identified with the sublime parts of human's soul. ; Rukn () plural ʾArkān () : means what is inevitable. One of the five pillars of Islam. (See fard, wajib) ; Rukūʿ () : the bowing performed during salat.

S

;

Sabb SABB may refer to: *SABB (Saudi bank) or Saudi British Bank, a subsidiary of HSBC * SABB S.A., an Argentine rolling stock manufacturer. Sabb may refer to: *Sabbatical officer or sabb, in UK students' unions * Sabb., an abbreviation related to the ...

(): blasphemy: insulting God (''sabb Allah'') or Muhammad (''sabb ar-rasūl'' or ''sabb an-nabī''). ; (): patience, endurance, self-restraint ; Ṣadaqah (): charity; voluntary alms above the amount for zakat. ;

Ṣaḥābah The Companions of the Prophet ( ar, اَلصَّحَابَةُ; ''aṣ-ṣaḥāba'' meaning "the companions", from the verb meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or m ...

() (sing. ''Ṣāḥib'') (): companions of Muhammad. A list of the best-known Companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad. ; Ṣāḥīḥ () : "Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith. ; Sakīnah () : divine "tranquility" or "peace" which descends upon a person when the Qur'an is recited. ; Salaf () : (righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims. Anyone who died after this is one of the ''khalaf'' or "latter-day Muslims". ;

Salafism The Salafi movement or Salafism () is a Islah, reform branch movement within Sunni Islam that originated during the nineteenth century. The name refers to advocacy of a return to the traditions of the "pious predecessors" (), the first three g ...

: a reform movement, basing Islamic teachings on Quran and Sunnah alone. Contrary to Classical Sunnism, it disregards former established consensus and the opinions of the Sahaba. ; Ṣalāt () sala(t): any one of the daily five obligatory prayers. Sunnis regard this as the second

; Salaat al-Istikharah: Prayer for guidance is done in conjunction with two rakaahs of supererogatory prayer. ; Salām () : peace (see sulh) ;

Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam Islam uses a number of conventionally complimentary phrases praising Allah (e.g., ), or wishing good things upon Muhammad or other prophets (e.g., ). These phrases are encompassed by a number of terms: Prayers upon Muhammad may be referred to ...

() : "May Allah bless him and grant him peace." The expression should be used after stating Muhammad's name. See abbreviation: ''S.A.W.'' or ''S.A.W.S.'' also ''P.B.U.H.'' ;Ṣamad () : eternal, absolute; Muslims believe Allah is "The Eternal." ; Salsabīl (): a river in heaven (al-firdaus) ; Sawa : awakening, revival ; S.A.W. (or S.A.W.S.) :

(). See ''P.B.U.H.'' ; () : fasting during the month of Ramadhan. The word ''sawm'' is derived from Syriac ''sawmo''. ; Sayyid () : (in everyday usage, equivalent to '

Mr. ''Mister'', usually written in its contracted form ''Mr.'' or ''Mr'', is a commonly used English honorific for men without a higher honorific, or professional title, or any of various designations of office. The title 'Mr' derived from earlier ...

') a descendant of a relative of Muhammad, usually via Husayn. ; Sema : refer to some of the ceremonies used by various

orders ; Shahādah () : The testimony of faith: ''La ilaha illa Allah. Muhammadun rasulullah.'' ("There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."). Sunnis regard this as the first

. Also may be used as a synonym for the term Istish'hād meaning martyrdom. ; Shahīd () pl. shuhadāʾ () : witness, martyr. Usually refers to a person killed whilst fighting in ''"jihād fī sabīl Allāh"'' (jihad for the sake of Allah). Often used in modern times for deaths in a political cause (including victims of soldiers, deaths in battle, et cetera) which are viewed by some Muslims as a spiritual cause not just a political cause. But the real meaning of Jihad is to defend Islam in any way; thus, it could be in an economic way or could refer to fighting for the rights of the oppressed or the believers; most often it refers to mastering one's own inclination for evil and shirk. ;

Shaykh Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliteration of Arabic, transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonl ...

() : a spiritual master, Muslim clergy ; () : "the path to a watering hole"; Islamic law; the eternal ethical code and moral code based on the Qur'an,

Sunnah In Islam, , also spelled ( ar, سنة), are the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw and followed and passed ...

, Ijma, and

Qiyas In Islamic jurisprudence, qiyas ( ar, قياس , "analogy") is the process of deductive analogy in which the teachings of the hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Quran, in order to apply a known injunction ('' nass'') to a new ...

; basis of Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh) ; Sharīf () : a title bestowed upon the descendants of Muhammad through Hasan, son of his daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib ; Shayṭān () : Evil being; a devil. With the article ''Al-'' it designates Satan (

Iblis Iblis ( ar, إِبْلِيس, translit=Iblīs), alternatively known as Eblīs, is the leader of the devils () in Islam. According to the Quran, Iblis was thrown out of heaven, after he refused to prostrate himself before Adam. Regarding the o ...

) in particular. In plural, it designates am indefined host of evil spirits; demons. Also applied to evil humans and evil jinn. ; () :A branch of Islam who believe in Imam Ali and his sons (Hassan and Hussayn) as custodians of Islam by the will of Mohammed. ; Shirk () : idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except God and of associating other gods with God. ; Shūrā () : consultation :; Majlis ash-shūrā () : advisory council in a Caliphate ; Sidrat al-Muntaha (): a lotus tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass. ;

Sīrah Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya (), commonly shortened to Sīrah and translated as prophetic biography, are the traditional Muslim biographies of the Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad from which, in addition to the Quran and Hadit ...

() : life or biography of Muhammad; his

moral example {{original research, date=January 2014 Moral example is trust in the moral core of another, a role model. It was cited by Confucius, Muhammad, Mohandas Gandhi and other important philosophers and theologians as the prime duty of a ruler - includin ...

– with hadith this comprises the

; aṣ-Ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm ( ) : the Straight Path ;Subah Sadiq : true dawn ; Subḥānahu wa taʿāla ()(abbreviated S.W.T.) : expression used following written name or vocalization of ''Allah'' in Arabic meaning highly praised and glorified is He. ; Subḥān allāh () : "Glory to God" – this phrase is often used when praising God or exclaiming awe at His attributes, bounties, or creation. ; () : a Muslim mystic; See: Sufism ( tasawwuf). ; Suḥūr () : the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn. ;

Sujūd Sujūd ( ar, سُجود, ), or sajdah (, ), is the act of low bowing or prostration to God facing the ''qiblah'' (direction of the Kaaba at Mecca). It is usually done in standardized prayers (salah). The position involves kneeling and bowing ...

(): kneeling down, a position of

. ; Ṣukūk (): bond that generates revenue from sales, profits, or leases rather than interest. ; Ṣulḥ () : A condition of peace, an armistice, or treaty. It is related to the word muṣālaḥah () which means peace, conciliation, or compromise. ;

() or sunnat an-Nabī () : the "path" or "example" of Muhammad, i.e., what he did or said or agreed to during his life. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example. Also referring to optional good deeds, such as pious deeds and voluntary ritual prayers. ;

Sunni Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagr ...

() : the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah (Arabic: ), which means the words and actions or example of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. ; Sūrah () : chapter; the Qur'an is composed of 114 suras

T

;Taʿāla (): Almighty ; Tābiʿīn (): followers of the

; Tafsīr (): exegesis, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an ; Ṭāghūt () (taghout): "false god" or idol; also tyranny. ; Tahajjud (): optional (supererogatory), late-night (pre-dawn) prayer ; Ṭahārah (): purification from ritual impurities by means of wudu or

ghusl ( ar, غسل ', ) is an Arabic term to the full-body ritual purification mandatory before the performance of various rituals and prayers, for any adult Muslim after sexual intercourse/ejaculation or completion of the menstrual cycle. The washin ...

; Ṭāhir (): pure, ritually clean ; Tahlīl () : Uttering the formula of faith: "Lā ilāha illā -llāh", (i.e. "There is no god but God"); Tahmid ():Tahmid means to praise Allah or saying "Alhamdillah".It derives from the same root ase Muhammad, mahmud and hamid(hmd) which means praise in Arabic. ; Taḥnīk (): 'Tahnik' is an Islamic ceremony of touching the lips of a newborn baby with honey, sweet juice or pressed dates. ; (): corruption, forgery. Muslims believe the Bible Scriptures were corrupted but the Qur'an is in its original form. ; Tajdīd (): to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice, literally meaning to make new in present tense ; Tajdīf (): blasphemy ;

Tajwīd In the context of the recitation of the Quran, ''tajwīd'' ( ar, تجويد ', , 'elocution') is a set of rules for the correct pronunciation of the letters with all their qualities and applying the various traditional methods of recitation ('' ...

(): a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation. ; Takāful ( ): Based on sharia Islamic law, it is a form of mutual insurance. See retakaful. ;

Takbīr The Takbir ( ar, تَكْبِير, , "magnification f God) is the name for the Arabic phrase ' (, ), meaning "God is the greatest". It is a common Arabic expression, used in various contexts by Muslims and Arabs around the world: in formal Salah ...

(): a proclamation of the greatness of Allah; a Muslim invocation. ; takhsis (, also ''takhsees''): in ''fiqh'', a qualification of a general ruling ''aam'' so that it only applies in certain cases. ;

Takfīr ''Takfir'' or ''takfīr'' ( ar, تكفير, takfīr) is an Arabic and Islamic term which denotes excommunication from Islam of one Muslim by another, i.e. accusing another Muslim to be an apostate. The word is found neither in the Quran nor in ...

(): declaration of individual or group of previously considered Muslim as kaffir. ; Takhrīj (): The science of hadith extraction and authentication, including validation of chains of transmitters of a hadith by this science's scholars and grading hadith validity. ; Takweeni (): Ontological ; Ṭalāq (): divorce ; Taqalan: accountable ones; those who are responsible for their deeds. Among them are the human and the jinn. ; Taqdīr () : fate, predestination ;

Taqlīd ''Taqlid'' (Arabic تَقْليد ''taqlīd'') is an Islamic term denoting the conformity of one person to the teaching of another. The person who performs ''taqlid'' is termed ''muqallid''. The definite meaning of the term varies depending on co ...

(): to follow the scholarly opinion of one of the four Imams of Islamic Jurisprudence. ; Taqīyyah (): 'precaution', that one is allowed to hide his true beliefs in certain circumstances or to lie to save himself of being killed or harmed. ; Taqwa (): righteousness; goodness; Piety: Taqwa is taken from the verbe Ittaqua, which means Avoiding, Fearing the punishment from Allah for committing sins. It is piety obtained by fearing the punishment of Allah. ; Tarāwīḥ (): extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer. ; Tarkīb (): the study of Arabic grammar issued from the Qur'an ; (): a Muslim

religious order A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion, usually characterized by the principles of its founder's religious practi ...

, particularly a

order ; Tartīl (): slow, meditative recitation of the Qur'an ; Taṣawwuf () or

Sufism Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, r ...

; Tasbīḥ () : Uttering the formula: "Subhan Allah", i.e. (Glory be to Allah) ;Taṣdīq (): "the evaluation of the degree of iman" (belief), "proof of iman; Tasdiq is proved by "acceptance of what the prophets brought down"; by Islamic works and deeds "which in turn are used to evaluate the level of iman". ;

Tashkīl The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include: consonant pointing known as (), and supplementary diacritics known as (). The latter include the vowel marks termed (; singular: , '). The Arabic script is a modified abjad, where s ...

(): vocalization of Arabic text by means of diacritical marks. An integral part of the Arabic writing system. Literally meaning to form or arrange ; Taslīm (): salutation at the end of prayer ; Taṭbīr (): Shia Ashura ceremony of self-flagellation by hitting head with sword. ; Tawafuq (): God-conscious understanding of a phenomenon. ; Tawakkul (): total reliance on Allah. ; Tawassul (): asking Allah Almighty through the medium and intercession of another person. ; Ṭawāf (): circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj. ;Tawfiq (): Divine help in getting to the purpose to one who deserves. ; Tawbah (): repentance ;

Tawḥīd Tawhid ( ar, , ', meaning "unification of God in Islam (Allāh)"; also romanization of Arabic, romanized as ''Tawheed'', ''Tawhid'', ''Tauheed'' or ''Tevhid'') is the indivisible oneness concept of monotheism in Islam. Tawhid is the religion ...

(): monotheism; affirmation of the Oneness of Allah. Muslims regard this as the first part of the

, the second part is accepting Muhammad as ''rasoul'' (messenger). The opposite of Tawheed is shirk ; Ta'weel (): explanation and elucidation, how something will occur and its result, or figurative interpretation. ; Tawrāh (): the Torah as revealed to Musa (Moses.) ; Ṭayyib (): all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib. ; Taʿzīr (): Discretionary punishment – a sentence or punishment whose measure is not fixed by the Shari'ah. (See hudud, qisas) ; Tazkīyah (): Purification of the Soul. ; Thawāb (): Reward for good deeds that is tallied on qiyamah (judgment day.) Opposite of ithim. ; Tilāwah (): ritual recitation of passages of the Qur'an. ; Ṭumaʾnīnah () : state of motionlessness, calm

U

; ʿUbūdīyah () : worship ; ʾUḍḥīyah (): sacrifice ; () or ulema: the leaders of Islamic society, including teachers,

s and judges. Singular alim. ; ʾUmmah () or umma: (literally ' nation') the global community of all Muslim believers ; () : the lesser pilgrimage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, can be performed throughout the year. ; ʿUqūbah () : the branch of sharia that deals with punishment. (See hudud, qisas, tazeer) ; () : custom of a given society, leading to change in the fiqh ; ʾUṣūl () (sing. ʾaṣl)() : Principles, origins. ; ʾUṣūl al-Fiqh () : the study of the origins and practice of Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh)

W

; Wa ʿalaykum as-salām (): Wa 'Alaykum as-Salaam!, meaning "and upon you be peace". (see As-Salamu Alaykum) ; Wafāt (): death. (Barah-wafat) Muhammad was born on the twelfth day of Rabi-ul-Awwal, the third month of the Muslim year. His death anniversary also falls on the same day, the word 'barah' standing for the twelve days of Muhammad's sickness. ; () : "unity of being". Philosophical term used by some Sufis. Related to

fanaa Fanaa ( ar, فناء ') in Sufism is the "passing away" or "annihilation" (of the self).Harmless, William. ''Mystics''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008 Fana means "to die before one dies", a concept highlighted by famous notable Persian m ...

; Waḥy () : revelation of God to His prophets for all humankind ; Wahn () : literal meaning is "weakness" or "feebleness". According to one hadith,hadith about ''wahn''
searchtruth.com Muhammad explained it as "love of the world and dislike of death" ; Wājib () : obligatory or mandatory see fard ; Walī () : friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper ; Waqf () : An endowment of money or property: the return or yield is typically dedicated toward a certain end, for example, to the maintenance of the poor, a family, a village, or a mosque. Plural: awqaf ; Warrāq () : traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier ; Wasaṭ () : the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation ; Wasīlah () : the means by which one achieves nearness to Allah (see tawassul ) ; Witr () : a voluntary, optional night prayer of odd numbers rakaats. ; Wuḍūʾ () : ablution for ritual purification from minor impurities before

(see

)

Y

;Yā Allāh () : O, God! ;Ya Rasūl Allāh () : O, Messenger of God!. Term used by companions when interacting with Muhammad. ;Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj (): Ya'jūj wa-Ma'jūj is the Islamic counterpart of

Gog and Magog Gog and Magog (; he, גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג, ''Gōg ū-Māgōg'') appear in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran as individuals, tribes, or lands. In Ezekiel 38, Gog is an individual and Magog is his land; in Genesis 10, Magog is a man and epo ...

; Yaqīn () : certainty, that which is certain ; Yarḥamuk-Allāh (): "May God have mercy on you", said when someone sneezes; the same as "(God) bless you" in English ; Allāh Yarḥamuhu (), fem. ''yarḥamuhā''(): "May God have mercy of his/her soul", (said when someone dies) ; Yawm ad-Dīn () : Day of Reckoning, Awe ; Yawm al-Ghaḍab () : Day of Rage, Wrath ; Yawm al-Qiyāmah () : "Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement

Z

; Zabūr () : the Psalms revealed to King Daoud (David) ; Zabīḥa (Dhabīḥah) () see dhabiha : Islamic method of slaughtering an animal, required for the meat to be halal. Using a sharp knife, the animal's windpipe, throat, and blood vessels of the neck are severed without cutting the spinal cord to ensure that the blood is thoroughly drained before removing the head. ; Ẓāhir() : Exterior meaning ; Zaidi () : Islamic sub-sect of Shi'ah, popularly found in Yemen, with similarities to

; Zakāt (), Al-Māl : tax, alms, tithe as a Muslim duty;

s regard this as the fourth

. Neither charity nor derived from Islamic economics, but a religious duty and social obligation. ; Zakāt al-Fiṭr (): Charity given at the end of Ramadan. ; Ẓālimūn () : polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust. ;

Zandaqa Zindīq (pl. zanādiqa) is a medieval Islamic term applied by Muslims to individuals who are considered to hold views or follow practices that are contrary to central Islamic dogmas.. Zandaqa is the noun describing these views. Zanadiqa is usuall ...

(): heresy ; Zināʾ () : sexual activity outside of marriage (covering the English words '' adultery'' and ''fornication'') ; Zindīq () : heretic, atheist ; Zulfiqar (Dhu-l-fiqār) () : Sword of Ali, presented to him by Muhammad ; Zurh : midday islamic prayer

Explanatory notes

* Arabic words are created from three-letter "roots" which convey a basic idea. For example, k-t-b conveys the idea of writing. Addition of other letters before, between, and after the root letters produces many associated words: not only "write" but also "book", "office", "library", and "author". The abstract consonantal root for Islam is s-l-m. * Some Islamic concepts are usually referred to in Persian or

Turkic Turkic may refer to: * anything related to the country of Turkey * Turkic languages, a language family of at least thirty-five documented languages ** Turkic alphabets (disambiguation) ** Turkish language, the most widely spoken Turkic language * ...

. Those are typically of later origin than the concepts listed here; for completeness it may be best to list Persian terms and those unique to Shi'a on their own page, likewise Turkic terms and those unique to the Ottoman period on their own page, as these are culturally very distinct. * The word "crusade" in English is usually translated in Arabic as "ḥamlah ṣalībīyah" which means literally "campaign of Cross-holders" (or close to that meaning). In Arabic text it is "" and the second word comes from "ṣalīb" which means "cross." * The verses in the Qur'an that usually refers to as ''jihād'' verses have the phrase "''Qitāl fī sabīl allāh''" (fighting for the sake of Allah).

References

* Suzanne Haneef, ''What Everyone Should Know about Islam and Muslims'', (Kazi Publications, Chicago), popular introduction * Muzaffar Haleem, ''The Sun is Rising In the West'', (Amana Publications, Beltsville, MD 1999). * Ziauddin Sardar, ''Muhammad for Beginners'', Icon Books, 1994, some fun, from very modern Sufi point of view. * Hans Wehr, ''

A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic The ''Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'' is an Arabic-English dictionary compiled by Hans Wehr and edited by J Milton Cowan. First published in 1961 by Otto Harrassowitz in Wiesbaden, Germany, it was an enlarged and revised English version o ...

'' (Spoken Language Services, Ithaca, NY, 1976). ed. J. Milton Cowan. . * Islam in the World by Malise Ruthven (Gantra Publications, 2006)

External links

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