Borghese Gallery

The or Borghese Gallery is an art gallery in Rome, Italy, housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana. At the outset, the gallery building was integrated with its gardens, but nowadays the Villa Borghese gardens are considered a separate tourist attraction. The Galleria Borghese houses a substantial part of the Borghese Collection of paintings, sculpture and antiquities, begun by Cardinal Scipione Borghese, the nephew of Pope Paul V (reign 1605–1621). The building was constructed by the architect Flaminio Ponzio, developing sketches by Scipione Borghese himself, who used it as a '' villa suburbana'', a country villa at the edge of Rome.

The museum displays one of the most prestigious art collections in the world, with masterpieces by artists such as Caravaggio, Bernini, Canova, Raphael and Titian. Scipione Borghese was an early patron of Bernini and an avid collector of works by Caravaggio, who is well represented in the collection by his '' Boy with a Basket of Fruit'', '' St Jerome Writing'', '' Sick Bacchus'' and others. Additional paintings of note include Titian's '' Sacred and Profane Love'', Raphael's ''Entombment of Christ'' and works by Peter Paul Rubens and Federico Barocci. Considered among the greatest masterpieces of Italian art, some of these works show the evolution of art between the Renaissance, the Baroque and the Neoclassicism, artistic movements born in the Italian peninsula and subsequently spread throughout Europe.

History

The ''Casino Borghese'' was erected in an area that in the seventeenth-century was outside the walls of Rome, with the closest access being the Porta del Popolo. At the origins, the villa grounds covered an area with a circumference of nearly 3 miles. The main building was designed by the Flemish architect Giovanni Vasanzio. The portico had spolia derived from the Arch of Claudius, once on the Via Flaminia.

By 1644, John Evelyn described it as "an Elysium of delight" with "Fountains of sundry inventions, Groves and small Rivulets of Water". Evelyn also described the ''Vivarium'' that housed ostriches, peacocks, swans and cranes "and divers strange Beasts". Prince Marcantonio IV Borghese (1730–1800), who began the recasting of the park's formal garden architecture into an English landscape garden, also set out about 1775, under the guidance of the architect Antonio Asprucci, to replace the now-outdated tapestry and leather hangings and renovate the ''Casina'', restaging the Borghese sculptures and antiquities in a thematic new ordering that celebrated the Borghese position in Rome. The rehabilitation of the much-visited villa as a genuinely public museum in the late eighteenth century was the subject of an exhibition at the Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, in 2000, spurred by the Getty's acquisition of fifty-four drawings related to the project.

In 1808, Prince Camillo Borghese, Napoleon's brother-in-law, was forced to sell the Borghese Roman sculptures and antiquities to the Emperor. The result is that the '' Borghese Gladiator'', renowned since the 1620s as the most admired single sculpture in Villa Borghese, must now be appreciated in the Musée du Louvre. The " Borghese Hermaphroditus" is also now in the Louvre.

The Borghese villa was modified and extended down the years, eventually being sold to the Italian government in 1902, along with the entire Borghese estate and surrounding gardens and parkland.

Collection

The Galleria Borghese includes twenty rooms across two floors.

The main floor is mostly devoted to classical antiquities of the 1st–3rd centuries AD (including a famous 320–30 AD mosaic of gladiators found on the Borghese estate at Torrenova, on the Via Casilina outside Rome, in 1834), and classical and neo-classical sculpture such as the '' Venus Victrix''.

The main floor's main large hall, called the '' Salone'', has a large ''trompe-l'œil'' ceiling fresco in the first room by the Sicilian artist Mariano Rossi makes such good use of foreshortening that it appears almost three-dimensional. The fresco depicts ''Marcus Furius Camillus relieving the siege of the Capitoline Hill by the Gauls''. The grotteschi decorations were painted by Pietro Rotari, and the animal decorations by Venceslaus Peter Boemo.

The first hall off the Salone, is the Camera di Cerere, with marble vase depicting ''Oedipus and the Sphinx''. The second hall has a ceiling frescoed by Francesco Caccianiga with the ''Fall of Phaeton''. The third hall houses Bernini's ''Apollo and Daphne''.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini at the Borghese

Many of the sculptures are displayed in the spaces for which they were intended, including many works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which comprise a significant percentage of his output of secular sculpture, starting with early works such as the '' Goat Amalthea with Infant Jupiter and Faun'' (1615) and '' Aeneas, Anchises & Ascanius'' (1618–19) to his dynamic '' Rape of Proserpine'' (1621–22), '' Apollo and Daphne'' (1622–25) and ''David'' (1623) which are considered seminal works of baroque sculpture. In addition, several portrait busts are included in the gallery, including one of Pope Paul V, and two portraits of one of his early patrons, '' Cardinal Scipione Borghese'' (1632).Bust of Scipione Borghese by BERNINI, Gian Lorenzo
/ref> The second Scipione Borghese portrait was produced after a large crack was discovered in the marble of the first version during its creation.

Halls

*Porch and Entrance Hall: The entrance hall houses a Roman statue of Augustus, the Gladiator Mosaic, as well as the sculpture ''The Truth'' by Bernini;

*Hall I of Pauline: Its walls are decorated with original antique reliefs and others dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. It houses busts of Valadier (Bacchus, Hermes), and in its center, the famous sculpture by Canova ''Pauline Borghese as Venus Victrix'', which gave its name to the room;

*Hall II of David: this hall is also called the "Room of the Sun" because of the painting on its vault representing the fall of Phaethon. The statue of ''David'' by Bernini stands at its centre. It also features Annibale Carracci's ''Samson in Prison'', as well as Greek sarcophagi from the 2nd century;

*Hall III of Apollo and Daphne: it houses Bernini's sculpture ''Apollo and Daphne'', also the theme of the painted vault at the end of the 18th century. The hall also houses Hellenistic and Roman sculptures, and works by the painter Dosso Dossi;

*Hall IV of the Emperors: this sumptuous hall decorated with stucco, marble, frescoes and paintings, owes its name of Gallery of the Emperors to its Roman busts displayed along the walls. Antonio Asprucci carried out its decoration from 1778 to 1780, mixing precious materials and using the most advanced techniques of the time. The wall niches house antique statues, including the ''Artemis Borghese'', a Greek original from the 4th century. Two major works by Bernini, '' The Rape of Proserpina'' in marble, and ''Neptune with Dolphin'' in bronze, stand alongside the '' Farnese Bull'' by Antonio Susini. The two dodecagonal tables are by Luigi Valadier and the four white marble vases with the ''Seasons'' by Maximilien Laboureur (1739-1812). The Rape of Proserpina, the paragon urns by Lorenzo Nizza and the porphyry tables and cups date from the time of Cardinal Scipione Borghese. The ceiling canvases were painted by Domenico De Angelis, who took up the theme of the myth of Galatea. The Sienese artist Giovan Battista Marchetti (1730-1800) created the perspective architecture of grotesques that frame them. The frieze painted under the impost of the ceiling and the stucco reliefs on the walls are inspired by the theme of sea divinities. The hexagonal tiles on a blue micromosaic background, imitating the antique, were designed by Tommaso Conca. The Roman mosaic pilasters are influenced by Raphaelesque models. The marble ornamentation of the floor is in harmony with the trompe-l'oeil decorations of the ceiling;

Roma, galleria borghese, galleria degli imperatori 02.jpg, Hall IV of the Emperors
09- Volta della Sala degli Imperatori, Galleria Borghese -FG09.jpg, Ceiling of Hall IV
Emperors' Room - Galleria Borghese - Rome, Italy - DSC04759.jpg, Details

*Hall V of the Hermaphroditu: ''The Sleeping Hermaphroditus'' is one of the 2 copies of the original bronze sculpture of Polykleitos. The sculpture was restored by Bernini who transformed its marble base into a mattress on which the character rests. Also, a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century representing a fishing scene;

*Hall VI of Aeneas and Anchises: It houses the marble statue of ''Aeneas and Anchises'', a work of Bernini's youth;

*Egyptian Hall VII: made between 1778 and 1782, this hall, which houses numerous sculptures, including a marble ''Faun on Dolphin'' from the Roman period, was designed by Antonio Asprucci. The decoration is inspired by Ancient Egypt and is a model of the taste of the time, which mixes archaeological rarities and exotic oddities. Tommasso Conca painted the ceiling, including the central canvas with ''Cybele pouring out gifts on Egypt'', and the ''History of Antony and Cleopatra'' on the walls. The architectural ornaments on the ceiling are by Giovan Battista Marchetti. On the floor, three mosaic fragments depict mascarons of ''Ocean'' and other marine personifications; the mosaic Roman calendar dates from the first half of the 3th century;

*Silenus's Hall VIII: during the rearrangement of the 18th century, Antonio Asprucci installed the group of Lysippus of ''Silenus carrying the infant Bacchus'' in the center of the hall, which then took the name of "Room of Silenus". All the decoration was then arranged on the theme of Silenus. The canvas with the ''Sacrifice of Silenus'' painted by Tommaso Conca is on the ceiling, surrounded by the monumental architectures of Giovan Battista Marchetti. Since 1834, the ''Dancing Satyr'' has replaced the Lysippos group, now in the Louvre Museum This hall is known for containing six masterpieces by Caravaggio: '' Boy with a Basket of Fruit'', '' Young Sick Bacchus'', '' Madonna and Child with Saint Anne (Dei Palafrenieri)'', ''David and the Head of Goliath'', ''Saint Jerome'', and finally ''Saint John the Baptist'';

*Hall IX of Dido: It is entirely dedicated to Italian or foreign artists of the Renaissance, such as Pinturicchio, Bronzino, Raphael, Botticelli or Del Sarto. There are two "tondi", one by Botticelli (''Madonna and Child with Angels'') and one by Fra Bartolomeo (''Adoration of the Child''), as well as two paintings by Raphael, including the '' Young Woman with Unicorn''. Also, a ''Madonna and Child'' by Perugino;

*Hall X of Hercules (or Hall of Sleep): This room was called the Hall of Sleep until the end of the 18th century because of the presence of a sculpture representing the allegory of sleep. Its name was later changed to the Hercules Room because of the paintings on the vault depicting the Labors of Hercules. Works by Italian Mannerists cover the walls, such as the ''Portrait of a Man'' by Parmesan, or the '' Danaë'' by Correggio. The famous painting ''Venus and Cupid the Honey Thief'' by Cranach the Elder is also there;

*Hall XI of Ganymede: the ''Conversion of St Paul'' (1545), by Garofalo is kept there;

*Hall XII of the Bacchae: It houses a ''Portrait of a Gentleman'' by Lorenzo Lotto (1535), and a ''Holy Family'' by Sodoma (1510);

*Hall XIII of Celebrity

*Hall XIV Lanfranco Gallery: this gallery was originally an open loggia from which one could admire the gardens behind the villa. Closed at the end of the 18th century, the loggia was transformed into a gallery, on this occasion the fresco of the ''Council of the Gods'' by Giovanni Lanfranco was preserved. Several works by Bernini can be seen there, as well as the terracotta statue of Louis XIV. Numerous paintings from the 17th century cover the walls, including four "tondi" by L'Albane with mythological subjects, ''The Prodigal Son'' by Guercino, as well as a self-portrait by Bernini;

*Hall XV of Aurora: ''The Last Supper'' by Bassano (1546), one of the masterpieces of Mannerist painting;

*Hall XVI of Flora: ''The Coral Fishing'', by Jacopo Zucchi (1580), a student of Vasari, is kept there;

*Hall XVII of Gualtieri of Antwerp: It presents works by Flemish painters, such as Francken the Younger (''The Antiquarian's Shop'') or David Teniers the Younger (''Drinker'');

*Hall XVIII of Jupiter and Antiope: two of the most important works by Rubens: ''Susan and the Elders'' and ''Lamentation over the Dead Christ'', are kept there;

*Hall XIX of Paris and Helen: five paintings on the vault illustrate the episodes of the Trojan prince Paris. Among the many paintings, we will remember those of Domenichino (''Hunt of Diana'', 1617), Annibale Carracci (''Jupiter and Juno'', 1602) and Giovanni Lanfranco (''Norandino and Lucina surprised by the ogre'', 1624);

*Hall XX of Psyche (or Hall of the Centaur): the ceiling from the 18th century represents the loves of Eros and Psyche. The room is dedicated to the great Venetian masters of the 15th and 16th centuries: Giorgione (''Passionate chorister'', 1507), Titian (the ''Sacred and Profane Love'', 1514), Veronese, Carpaccio, Giovanni Bellini, Lorenzo Lotto, but also the Sicilian Antonello of Messina (''Portrait of a Man'', 1475).

Nearby museums

Also in Villa Borghese gardens or nearby are the , which specialises in 19th- and 20th-century Italian art, and Museo Nazionale Etrusco, a collection of pre-Roman objects, mostly Etruscan, excavated around Rome.

Gallery

Sculptures

File:Bernini Truth unveiled by Time Gal Borghese.jpg, ''Truth Unveiled by Time'' by Bernini, c. 1645–1652
File:Roma 1003 40.jpg, ''Apollo and Daphne'' by Bernini, c. 1622
File:Amazon with barbarian and Greek, Roman, detail, c. 160 AD, marble - Galleria Borghese - Rome, Italy - DSC04659.jpg, Amazonomachy - sculpture group with an Amazon attacking a Barbarian and a Greek, c. 160 CE, Roman copy of Greek original
File:RapeOfProserpina.jpg, ''Rape of Proserpine'' by Bernini, c. 1621
File:Bernini's David.jpg, ''David'' by Bernini, c. 1623–1624
File:Paolina Borghese (Canova).jpg, '' Venus Victrix'' by Antonio Canova, c. 1805-1808
File:Bernini ScipioneBorghese.jpg, '' Bust of Scipione Borghese'' by Bernini, c. 1632

Paintings

File:DossoDossi.jpg, ''Melissa'' by Dosso Dossi, c. 1507
File:Caravaggio - Saint Jerome Writing, c1606.jpg, '' Saint Jerome Writing'' by Caravaggio, c. 1606
File:Rafael - A deposição.jpg, '' The Deposition'' by Raphael, c. 1507
File:Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio - St John the Baptist - WGA04196.jpg, '' St John the Baptist'' by Caravaggio, c. 1610
File:Jacopo da Ponte - The Last Supper - WGA01433.jpg, ''The Last Supper'' by Jacopo Bassano, c. 1546
File:Madonna and Child with St. Anne-Caravaggio (c. 1605-6).jpg, '' Madonna and the Serpent'' by Caravaggio, c. 1605–1606
File:Correggio - Danaë - WGA05341.jpg, '' Danaë'' by Correggio, c. 1530
File:Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio - Boy with a Basket of Fruit - WGA04074.jpg, '' Boy with a Basket of Fruit'' by Caravaggio, c. 1593
File:Domenichino - Diana and her Nymphs - WGA06390.jpg, '' Archery Contest of Diana and her Nymphs'' by Domenichino, c. 1616–1617
File:Titian - The Scourging of Christ - WGA22826.jpg, ''The Scourging of Christ'' by Titian, c. 1560
File:Sisto Badalocchio - The Entombment of Christ, 1610.jpg, ''Deposition'' by Sisto Badalocchio, c. 1610
File:Paolo Veronese - St John the Baptist Preaching - WGA24813.jpg, '' Saint John the Baptist Preaching'' by Paolo Veronese, c. 1562
File:Rubens Deposition.jpg, '' The Deposition'' by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1602
File:Gerrit van Honthorst cat02.jpg, ''The Concert'' by Gerrit van Honthorst, c. 1626–1630
File:Antonello da Messina 054.jpg, ''Portrait of a Man'' by Antonello da Messina, c. 1474–1475
File:Lady with unicorn by Rafael Santi.jpg, '' Young Woman with Unicorn'' by Raphael, c. 1505
File:Titian - Venus Blindfolding Cupid - WGA22908.jpg, '' Venus Blindfolding Cupid'' by Titian, c. 1565
File:Dominikus von Tizian.jpg, ''Saint Dominic'' by Titian, c. 1565
File:Parmigianino - Portrait of a Man - WGA17040.jpg, ''Portrait of Pianerlotto'' by Parmigianino, c. 1528
File:Lorenzo Lotto - Madonna and Child with St Ignatius of Antioch and St Onophrius - WGA13663.jpg, '' Madonna with Child between Sts. Flavian and Onuphrius'' by Lorenzo Lotto, c. 1508
File:Painting of Susanna and the Elders by Rubens.jpg, '' Susanna and The Elders'' by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1607–1608
File:Giovanni Bellini - Madonna and Child - WGA01777.jpg, ''Madonna and Child'' by Giovanni Bellini, c. 1510
File:Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio - Sick Bacchus - WGA04072.jpg, '' Young Sick Bacchus'' by Caravaggio, c. 1593
File:Gianlorenzo Bernini - Self-Portrait as a Young Man - WGA01971.jpg, Self Portrait by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, c. 1623

Notes

Sources

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External links

Official website

Borghese.Gallery
– created by Roman experts.

Amor sacro e amor profano (Sacred and Profane Love)
Description of the painting.



Reviews of Galleria Borghese

Satellite photo
— the Galleria Borghese is the villa in the center of the photograph surrounded by landscaped gardens.

Roman Map of the area with related services
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Houses completed in the 17th century
Art museums and galleries in Rome
Borghese, Villa
Art museums and galleries established in 1903
1903 establishments in Italy
Rome Q. III Pinciano
Villa Borghese