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Hadrosteidae
Hadrosteidae is a family of arthrodire placoderms from the Late Devonian. It was originally erected for the late Frasnian '' Hadrosteus'', from the Kellwasserkalk facies. Later, the family was subjectively subsumed into Dinichthyidae due to ''Hadrosteus''' anatomical similarities with '' Dunkleosteus'' and ''Dinichthys''. In 1967, Obruchev placed the enigmatic arthrodire '' incertae sedis'' ''Diplognathus'', from the Eastern American Famennian, within Hadrosteidae, on the basis of how the two genera have similar denticle ("teeth") patterns of the inferognathals, though, Denison (1978) contests this placement. With the redefining of Dinichthyidae as a monotypic family for ''Dinichthys'', and only a few other genera placed within Dunkleosteidae Dunkleosteidae is an extinct family of arthrodire placoderms that lived during the Devonian period. The gigantic apex predator ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' is the best known member of this group. Phylogeny While members of Dunkleosteida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplognathus
''Diplognathus'' is a genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Late Famennian Cleveland Shale of Late Devonian Ohio, known only from incomplete fragments of jaws and skulls. What fragments are known suggest that the living animals were large-eyed piscivore A piscivore () is a carnivorous animal that eats primarily fish. The name ''piscivore'' is derived . Piscivore is equivalent to the Greek-derived word ichthyophage, both of which mean "fish eater". Fish were the diet of early tetrapod evoluti ...s with weak, but widely gaping jaws. ''D. mirabilis'' is thought to be fairly large, with infragnathals up to 45 centimeters in length. The second species, ''D. larfargei'', was much smaller, with inferognathals averaging about 4 centimeters in length. In 1967, Obruchev placed this genus within Hadrosteidae, on the basis of how the two genera have similar denticle ("teeth") patterns of the inferognathals, though Denison (1978) contested this placement, preferring to leave the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coccosteina
Coccosteina is an extinct infraorder of placoderms, armored fish most diverse during the Devonian.Heintz., Anatol, 1932, The structure of ''Dinichthys'', a contribution to your knowledge of the Arthrodira: In: The Bashford Dean Memorial Volume Archaic Fishes'', edited by Gudger, E. W., article IV, The American Museum of Natural History, 224pp. However, the term is no longer in use, as modern cladistical methods have produced alternative phylogenetic trees of Brachythoraci with new subdivisions. Systematics * Basal genus ''Maideria'' * Basal genus ''Xiangshuiosteus'' * Superfamily Buchanosteoidea ** Family Buchanosteidae * Superfamily Gemuendenaspoidea ** Family Gemuendenaspidae * Superfamily Homosteoidea ** Family Homostiidae * Superfamily Brachydeiroidea ** Family Brachydeiridae ** Family Leptosteidae * Superfamily Coccosteoidea ** Family Pholidosteidae ** Family Coccosteidae ** Family Plourdosteidae ** Family Torosteidae ** Family Incisoscutidae ** Family Camuropiscid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hadrosteus
''Hadrosteus'' is an extinct monospecific genus of large arthrodire placoderm from the Late Frasnian (Late Devonian) Kellwasserkalk facies of Bad Wildungen, Germany. It had large, double-pronged inferognathals (lower jawbones), and serrated edges along its mandible, strongly suggesting that it was a fish-eating predator. The head had a triangular snout, and the trunkshield was short, but high, with a median dorsal plate that was broader than wide. The average skull length is about 16 centimeters. Etymology The type species ''Hadrosteus rapax'' means "Rapacious Strong-Bone". Phylogeny ''Hadrosteus'' is a member of the clade Aspinothoracidi, which belongs to the clade Pachyosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. The cladogram below shows the phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frasnian
The Frasnian is one of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian Period. It lasted from million years ago to million years ago. It was preceded by the Givetian Stage and followed by the Famennian Stage. Major reef-building was under way during the Frasnian Stage, particularly in western Canada and Australia. On land, the first forests were taking shape. In North America, the Antler orogeny peaked, which were contemporary with the Bretonic phase of the Variscan orogeny in Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti .... The Frasnian coincides with the second half of the "charcoal gap" in the fossil record, a time when atmospheric oxygen levels were below 13 percent, the minimum necessary to sustain wildfires. North American subdivisions of the Frasnian include * Wes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Devonian First Appearances
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Arthrodires
Arthrodira (Greek for "jointed neck") is an order of extinct armored, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi that flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and penetrating most marine ecological niches. Arthrodires were the largest and most diverse of all groups of Placoderms. Description Arthrodire placoderms are notable for the movable joint between armor surrounding their heads and bodies. Like all placoderms, they lacked distinct teeth; instead, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate on their jawbone as a biting surface. The eye sockets are protected by a bony ring, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs. Early arthrodires, such as the genus '' Arctolepis'', were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, '' Dunkleosteus'', was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, reaching as much as 6 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed '' Rolfosteus'' measured j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dunkleosteidae
Dunkleosteidae is an extinct family of arthrodire placoderms that lived during the Devonian period. The gigantic apex predator ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' is the best known member of this group. Phylogeny While members of Dunkleosteidae were previously thought to be close relatives of the genus '' Dinichthys'' (when they were not synonymized as each other) and grouped together in the family Dinichthyidae, more recent phylogenetic studies have shown that the two taxa represent two very distinct clades within Arthrodira. Dunkleosteidae was then established as the sister taxon to the family Panxiosteidae, which together comprised the superfamily Dunkleosteoidea (one of the three major clades of Eubrachythoraci). Dunkleosteidae was thus cladistically defined as including the type genus ''Dunkleosteus'' and all other genera in Dunkleosteoidea more closely related to ''Dunkleosteus'' than to '' Panxiosteus''. The phylogeny of Dunkleosteidae from the 2013 Zhu & Zhu study is shown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispecific" or "monospecific" is sometimes preferred. In botanical nomenclature, a monotypic genus is a genus in the special case where a genus and a single species are simultaneously described. In contrast, an oligotypic taxon contains more than one but only a very few subordinate taxa. Examples Just as the term ''monotypic'' is used to describe a taxon including only one subdivision, the contained taxon can also be referred to as monotypic within the higher-level taxon, e.g. a genus monotypic within a family. Some examples of monotypic groups are: Plants * In the order Amborellales, there is only one family, Amborellaceae and there is only one genus, '' Amborella'', and in this genus there is only one species, namely ''Amborella trichopoda.' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Famennian
The Famennian is the latter of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian Epoch. The most recent estimate for its duration estimates that it lasted from around 371.1 million years ago to 359.3 million years ago. An earlier 2012 estimate, still used by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, estimated that it lasted from million years ago to million years ago. It was preceded by the Frasnian stage and followed by the Tournaisian stage. Major events In the seas, a novel major group of ammonoid cephalopods called clymeniids appeared, underwent tremendous diversification and spread worldwide, then just as suddenly went extinct. The beginning of the Famennian is marked by the final stages of a major extinction event, the Kellwasser Event, which is the largest component of the Late Devonian Mass extinction. The end of the Famennian experiences a smaller but still quite severe extinction event, the Hangenberg Event. A brief episode of glaciation, possibly linked to the Han ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incertae Sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is indicated by ' (of uncertain family), ' (of uncertain suborder), ' (of uncertain order) and similar terms. Examples *The fossil plant '' Paradinandra suecica'' could not be assigned to any family, but was placed ''incertae sedis'' within the order Ericales when described in 2001. * The fossil '' Gluteus minimus'', described in 1975, could not be assigned to any known animal phylum. The genus is therefore ''incertae sedis'' within the kingdom Animalia. * While it was unclear to which order the New World vultures (family Cathartidae) should be assigned, they were placed in Aves ''incertae sedis''. It was later agreed to place them in a separate order, Cathartiformes. * Bocage's longbill, ''Motacilla boc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinichthys
''Dinichthys'' (from el, δεινός , 'terrible' and el, ἰχθύς 'fish') is an extinct monospecific genus of giant, marine arthrodire placoderm from the Late Devonian ( Famennian stage), comparable in size, shape, and ecological role to the better-known '' Dunkleosteus''. Fossils were recovered from the Ohio Shale Formation along the Olentangy River in Delaware County, Ohio. Classification History ''Dinichthys'' was originally described in 1868 by John Newberry on the basis of an incomplete skull roof and mandibles ( holotype AMNH 81). Subsequently, many unrelated large arthrodires were originally classified together within this genus, including species now assigned to '' Dunkleosteus'', '' Eastmanosteus'', and '' Titanichthys''. Notably, the type species of ''Dunkleosteus'' was originally described as ''Dinichthys terrelli'' by Newberry in 1873, and was later separated into ''Dunkleosteus'' by Jean-Pierre Lehman in 1956. ''Dunkleosteus'' was still thought to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
