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BUNV
''Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'' (BUNV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus. It is assigned to the ''Orthobunyavirus'' genus, in the ''Bunyavirales'' order. ''Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'' can infect both humans and ''Aedes aegypti'' (yellow fever mosquito). It is named for Bunyamwera, a town in western Uganda, where it was isolated in 1943. Reassortant viruses derived from ''Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'', such as ''Ngari virus'', have been associated with large outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever in Kenya and Somalia. Molecular biology The genetic structure of ''Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'' is typical for ''Bunyavirales'' viruses, which are an order of enveloped negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome split into three parts—Small (S), Middle (M), and Large (L). The L RNA segment encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L protein), the M RNA segment encodes two surface glycoproteins (Gc and Gn) and a nonstructural protein (NSm), whil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ngari Virus
Ngari virus (NRIV) is a single-stranded, negative sense, tri-segmented RNA virus. It is a subtype of the Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) and closely related to the Batai virus (BATV). NRIV is the only reassortment virus of the subtypes. There is evidence suggesting that NRIV stems from a naturally occurring reassortment event in which a host was infected with both BUNV and BATV. It is commonly found in areas that experience an outbreak of Rift Valley fever virus In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics. Typical rift features are a central linear downfaulted depression, called a graben, or more commonly a half-graben wi ... (RFVF) Transmission The primary form of transmission of the virus to humans is through mosquitos. Although mosquitos are the primary source, the virus was also detected in Ixodid ticks found on cattle in Guinea but there is no evidence indicating that they are able to spread th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batai Virus
''Batai orthobunyavirus'' (BATV) is a RNA virus belonging to order ''Bunyavirales'', genus ''Orthobunyavirus''. Introduction Batai virus (BATV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative sense RNA genome. It is a member of the genus Orthobunyavirus and belongs to the order Bunyavirales; it was first isolated from Culex mosquitoes in Malaysia in 1955. Evidence from serological surveillance and virus isolation shows that this virus is widely distributed around the world. Similar to other orthobunyaviruses it contributes to both human and animal disease. In humans it has been noted in causing severe fever, and in bovines has been associated with premature birth, birth defects, and increased abortion rates. It is transmitted through mosquito bites, ticks, and biting midges, and occurs from cold to tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Structure The structure of Batai virus (BATV) consists of an enveloped nucleocapsid that is composed of three RNA segments: small (S), medium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lokern Virus
Lokern virus (LOKV) is a single-stranded, negative sense, tri-segmented RNA virus. It is a subtype of the Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) and closely related to the Main Drain virus (MDV). The virus is a natural reassortment that received its S and L segments from MDV while its M segment shows a relatively low percentage of nucleotide identity in relation to any other orthobunyavirus, suggesting it came from an unknown or extinct virus. Transmission The primary form of transmission for LOKV is through mosquitoes. Multiple species of mosquitoes have been discovered with the ability to transmit the virus including ''Culex tarsalis'', ''Aedes nigromaculis'', ''Aedes melanimon'', ''Culiseta inornata'', and ''Culicoides variipennis''. Other than mosquitoes, the virus has been found in horses, cows, and dogs in Mexico. Geography Lokern virus has been found throughout Mexico and the western United States. Additional isolates have been discovered in Texas and Colorado from mosquitoes and cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aedes Aegypti
''Aedes aegypti'', the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax. This mosquito originated in Africa, but is now found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world. Biology ''Aedes aegypti'' is a long, dark mosquito which can be recognized by white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax. Females are larger than males. Microscopically females possess small palps tipped with silver or white scales, and their antennae have sparse short hairs, whereas those of males are feathery. ''Aedes aegypti'' can be mixed up with Aedes albopictus without a magnifying glass: The latter have a white stripe on the top of the mid thorax. Males live off fruit and only the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cache Valley Virus
''Cache Valley orthobunyavirus'' (CVV) is a member of the order '' Bunyavirales'', genus '' Orthobunyavirus'', and serogroup Bunyamwera, which was first isolated in 1956 from '' Culiseta inornata'' mosquitos collected in Utah's Cache Valley. CVV is an enveloped arbovirus, nominally 80–120 nm in diameter, whose genome is composed of three single-stranded, negative-sense RNA segments. The large segment of related bunyaviruses is approximately 6800 bases in length and encodes a probable viral polymerase. The middle CVV segment has a 4463-nucleotide sequence and the smallest segment encodes for the nucleocapsid, and a second non-structural protein. CVV has been known to cause outbreaks of spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations in ruminants such as sheep and cattle. CVV rarely infects humans, but when they are infected it has caused encephalitis and multiorgan failure.Cache Valley virus. (2012). http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Cache Valley virus. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort Sherman Virus
Fort Sherman virus (FSV) is a single-stranded, negative sense, tri-segmented RNA virus. The virus is an isolate of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) and closely related to Cache Valley virus (CVV). There are multiple strains of the virus, each with individual characteristics including the Panama, Brazil, and Argentina strains. Of the three strains, the Panama strain is the only reassortment Reassortment is the mixing of the genetic material of a species into new combinations in different individuals. Several different processes contribute to reassortment, including assortment of chromosomes, and chromosomal crossover. It is particu ... of them. Research suggests reassortment during the genealogy of the Panama strain. This was found while analyzing the M segment of the virus in which the Brazil and Argentina strains closely matched while the Panama strain matched closely with CVV. The L and S segments matched closely for all three strains. Transmission Three different species have bee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xingu Virus
Xingu may refer to: * Distinctly Brazilian topics: ** Major, and also original, senses: *** Xingu River, in north Brazil, southeast tributary of the Amazon *** Xingu peoples, indigenous peoples living near the Xingu River *** Xingu Indigenous Park, located in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil ** Strongly related to the river and/or peoples: *** ''Xingu'' (film), 2011 Brazilian drama by director Cao Hamburger *** Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Xingu, located in the area of the Xingu River *** Xingu corydoras (''Corydoras xinguensis''), a tropical freshwater fish *** Xingu River ray (''Potamotrygon leopoldi''), a tropical freshwater ray endemic to the river *** Xingu Beer, a beer named after the river. *** Embraer EMB 121 Xingu, twin turboprop light airplane * Exotic names (but lacking obvious relationship to Latin America): ** Xingu Hill, a project of musician John Sellekaers ** Prose fiction: *** Xingu, character in James Thurber's children's book ''The 13 Clocks'' *** ''Xi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Negative-sense SsRNA Virus
Baltimore classification is a system used to classify viruses based on their manner of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. By organizing viruses based on their manner of mRNA production, it is possible to study viruses that behave similarly as a distinct group. Seven Baltimore groups are described that take into consideration whether the viral genome is made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), whether the genome is single- or double-stranded, and whether the Sense (molecular biology), sense of a single-stranded RNA genome is positive or negative. Baltimore classification also closely corresponds to the manner of Viral replication, replicating the genome, so Baltimore classification is useful for grouping viruses together for both Transcription (biology), transcription and replication. Certain subjects pertaining to viruses are associated with multiple, specific Baltimore groups, such as specific forms of Translation (biology), translation of mRNA and the host r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Envelope
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in lipid bilayers, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and cell membrane to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins. The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion protein. Many enveloped viruses only have one protein visible on the surface of the particle, which is required for both mediating adhesion to the cell surface and for the subsequent membrane fusi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthobunyavirus
''Orthobunyavirus'' is a genus of the '' Peribunyaviridae'' family in the order '' Bunyavirales''. There are currently ~170 viruses recognised in this genus. These have been assembled into 103 species and 20 serogroups. The name ''Orthobunyavirus'' derives from Bunyamwera, Uganda, where the original type species '' Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'' was first discovered, along with the prefix () meaning 'straight.' Epidemiology The genus is most diverse in Africa, Australia and Oceania, but occurs almost worldwide. Most orthobunyavirus species are transmitted by gnats and cause diseases of cattle. The '' California encephalitis virus'', the ''La Crosse virus'' and the '' Jamestown Canyon virus'' are North American species that cause encephalitis in humans. Virology *The virus is spherical, diameter 80 nm to 120 nm, and comprises three negative-sense single stranded RNA molecules encapsulated in a ribonucleocapsid. *The three RNAs are described as S, M and L (for Small ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Virus
An RNA virus is a virusother than a retrovirusthat has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA ( ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, Covid-19, Dengue Virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classifies RNA viruses as those that belong to ''Group III'', ''Group IV'' or ''Group V'' of the Baltimore classification system. This category excludes ''Group VI'', viruses with RNA genetic material but which use DNA intermediates in their life cycle: these are called retroviruses, including HIV-1 and HIV-2 which cause AIDS. As of May 2020, all known RNA viruses encoding an RNA-directed RNA polymerase are believed to form a monophyletic group, known as the realm ''Riboviria''. The majority of su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
