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Orthobunyavirus
''Orthobunyavirus'' is a genus of the ''Peribunyaviridae'' family in the order '' Elliovirales''. The genus contains 138 species. The name ''Orthobunyavirus'' derives from Bunyamwera, Uganda, where Bunyamwera virus was first discovered, along with the prefix () meaning 'straight.' Epidemiology The genus is most diverse in Africa and Oceania, but occurs almost worldwide. Most orthobunyavirus species are transmitted by gnats and cause diseases of cattle. The California encephalitis virus, the La Crosse virus and the Jamestown Canyon virus are North American species that cause encephalitis in humans. Virology *The virus is spherical, diameter 80 nm to 120 nm, and comprises three negative-sense single stranded RNA molecules encapsulated in a ribonucleocapsid. *The three RNAs are described as S, M and L (for Small, Medium and Large) and are circa 1kb (kilobases), 4.5kb and 6.9kb in length *The S RNA encodes the Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) and a non structural pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jamestown Canyon Virus
Jamestown Canyon encephalitis is an infectious disease caused by the Jamestown Canyon virus, an orthobunyavirus of the California serogroup. It is mainly spread during the summer by different mosquito species in the United States and Canada. The virus is one of a group of mosquito-borne or arthropod-borne viruses, also called arboviruses, that can cause fever and meningitis or meningoencephalitis, mostly in adults. Jamestown Canyon virus disease is relatively rare; in the United States, the CDC found only 31 disease cases from 2000 to 2013, but it is likely under-recognized and probably endemic throughout most of the United States and parts of Canada. Signs and symptoms About 2 days to 2 weeks after the bite of an infected mosquito, disease symptoms of a nonspecific summertime illness with sore throat, runny nose and cough, followed by fever, headache, nausea and vomiting can develop. Many cases are asymptomatic, although the ratio of symptomatic to asymptomatic cases is unkno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunyamwera Virus
Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus. It is assigned to the '' Orthobunyavirus'' genus, in the ''Peribunyaviridae'' family. Bunyamwera virus can infect both humans and ''Aedes aegypti'' (yellow fever mosquito). It is named for Bunyamwera, a town in western Uganda, where it was isolated in 1943. Reassortant viruses derived from Bunyamwera virus, such as Ngari virus, have been associated with large outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever in Kenya and Somalia. Molecular biology The genetic structure of Bunyamwera virus is typical for viruses in '' Bunyaviricetes'', which are a class of enveloped negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome split into three parts—Small (S), Middle (M), and Large (L). The L RNA segment encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L protein), the M RNA segment encodes two surface glycoproteins (Gc and Gn) and a nonstructural protein (NSm), while the S RNA segment encodes a nucleocapsid pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
California Encephalitis Virus
California encephalitis virus was discovered in Kern County, California, and causes encephalitis in humans. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that can cause minor symptoms, such as headaches, to more severe symptoms such as seizures. Mosquitoes serve as its carrier and for this reason this virus is known as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus). California encephalitis virus belongs to the '' Orthobunyavirus'' genus of viruses. The La Crosse virus from the same genus is also a common cause of encephalitis in the United States. Other viruses with similar disease symptoms but genetically unrelated include: Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. Signs and symptoms The incubation period of California encephalitis is usually 3–7 days. An early symptoms phase of 1–4 days commonly precedes the onset of encephalitis, manifesting as fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headache, lethargy and abdominal pain. The encephalitis is characterized by fever, drowsiness ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peribunyaviridae
''Peribunyaviridae'' is a Family (biology), family of viruses in the order ''Elliovirales''. Its name partially derives from Bunyamwera, Uganda, where the founding species was first isolated. Taxonomy The family contains the following genera: * ''Gryffinivirus'' * ''Herbevirus'' * ''Khurdivirus'' * ''Lakivirus'' * ''Lambavirus'' * ''Orthobunyavirus'' * ''Pacuvirus'' * ''Shangavirus'' References External links ICTV Report: ''Peribunyaviridae'' {{Taxonbar, from=Q29001087 Peribunyaviridae, Virus families Bunyavirales ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunyamwera
Bunyamwera is a town in Bundibugyo District, Uganda. It lies just outside of Rwenzori Mountains National Park, which is to the south. The town is north of Kagugu, southeast of Bunyana, and southwest of Butama. Other nearby settlements include Bundimbuga, 1½ km north, and Bundikahondo, 2 km northwest. The peak of Busunga is 6 km northwest, Kyabwageya's peak is 10 km east, and Kinera's peak is 10 km east. The nearest hospital, Kasulenge Health Center II, is 9 km northeast. In the 1950s, Bunyamwera was considered a Konzo spur village, and children there went to primary school in the parish of Mutunda. Bunyamwera parish includes two hydropower plants, Ndugutu and Sindila. Bunyamwera is where '' Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'' was first isolated, and it also lends its name to that virus' genus '' Orthobunyavirus'', its family ''Peribunyaviridae'', and its order ''Bunyavirales ''Bunyaviricetes'' is a class of segmented negative-strand RN ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. GABA is sold as a dietary supplement in many countries. It has been traditionally thought that exogenous GABA (i.e., taken as a supplement) does not cross the blood–brain barrier, but data obtained from more recent research (2010s) in rats describes the notion as being unclear. The carboxylate form of GABA is γ-aminobutyrate. Function Neurotransmitter Two general classes of GABA receptor are known: * GABAA receptor, GABAA in which the receptor is part of a ligand-gated ion channel complex * GABAB receptor, GABAB metabotropic receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors that open or close ion channels via intermediaries (G proteins) Neurons that produce GABA as their output are called GABAergic neurons, and have chiefly inhibito ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culicoides Paraensis
''Culicoides paraensis'' is a species of midge found from the northern United States to Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ..., which acts as the vector of the Oropouche fever virus. References paraensis Diptera of North America Diptera of South America Insects described in 1905 {{Chironomoidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles
''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described by the German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen, J. W. Meigen in 1818, and are known as nail mosquitoes and marsh mosquitoes. Many such mosquitoes are Disease vector, vectors of the parasite ''Plasmodium'', a genus of protozoans that cause malaria in Plasmodium species infecting birds, birds, Plasmodium species infecting reptiles, reptiles, and Plasmodium species infecting mammals other than primates, mammals, including humans. The ''Anopheles gambiae'' mosquito is the best-known species of marsh mosquito that transmits the ''Plasmodium falciparum'', which is a malarial Parasitism, parasite deadly to human beings; no other mosquito genus is a vector of human malaria. The genus ''Anopheles'' diverged from other mosquitoes approximately (myr, mya), and, like other mosquitoes, the eggs, larvae, and pupae are Aquatic animal, aquatic. The ''Anopheles'' larva has no respiratory siphon through which to breathe, so it breathes an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genome Of Bunyamwera Virus
A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome. The study of the genome is called genomics. The genomes of many organisms have been sequenced and various regions have been annotated. The first genome to be sequenced was that of the virus φX174 in 1977; the first genome sequence of a prokaryote (''Haemophilus influenzae'') was published in 1995; the yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'') genome was the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced in 1996. The Human Genome Project was started in October 1990, and the first draft sequences of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthropod
Arthropods ( ) are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda. They possess an arthropod exoskeleton, exoskeleton with a cuticle made of chitin, often Mineralization (biology), mineralised with calcium carbonate, a body with differentiated (Metamerism (biology), metameric) Segmentation (biology), segments, and paired jointed appendages. In order to keep growing, they must go through stages of moulting, a process by which they shed their exoskeleton to reveal a new one. They form an extremely diverse group of up to ten million species. Haemolymph is the analogue of blood for most arthropods. An arthropod has an open circulatory system, with a body cavity called a haemocoel through which haemolymph circulates to the interior Organ (anatomy), organs. Like their exteriors, the internal organs of arthropods are generally built of repeated segments. They have ladder-like nervous systems, with paired Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral, ventral Ventral nerve cord, nerve cord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culex
''Culex'' or typical mosquitoes are a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis and avian malaria. They occur worldwide except for the extreme northern parts of the temperate zone, and are the most common form of mosquito encountered in some major U.S. cities, such as Los Angeles. Etymology In naming this genus, Carl Linnaeus used the nonspecific Latin term for a midge or gnat: '. Description Depending on the species, the adult ''Culex'' mosquito may measure from . The adult morphology is typical of flies in the suborder Nematocera with the head, thorax, and abdomen clearly defined and the two forewings held horizontally over the abdomen when at rest. As in all Diptera capable of flight, the second pair of wings is reduced and mod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coquillettidia
''Coquillettidia'' is a mosquito genus erected by entomologist Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1904 based primarily on unique features of its "peculiar" male genitalia.Harrison G. Dyar. 1904. Remarks on Genitalic Genera in the Culicidae. ''Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington'', VII(1): 42-49; 47; http://www.mosquitocatalog.org/files/pdfs/038400-1.pdf . The specific epithet honors Dyar's colleague Daniel William Coquillett. The genus comprises three subgenera, ''Austromansonia'', ''Coquillettidia'', and ''Rhynochotaenia'', and 57 species,Thomas V. Gaffigan, Richard C. Wilkerson, James E. Pecor, Judith A. Stoffer and Thomas Anderson. 2016. "Coquillettidia" in ''Systematic Catalog of Culicidae'', Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, http://www.wrbu.org/generapages/coquillettidia.htm , accessed 13 Feb 2016. of which '' Coquillettidia perturbans'' is perhaps the best known. Bionomics Not all species have been well documented, but females of some are known to feed primaril ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
