Tylopilus Himalayanus

''Tylopilus'' is a genus of over 100 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from ''Boletus''. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (''Tylopilus felleus''), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the edible species '' T. alboater''. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.

Taxonomy

The genus was first defined by Petter Adolf Karsten in 1881. The type species, ''Tylopilus felleus'', was originally described in 1788 as a species of ''Boletus'' by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard. ''Tylopilus'' means "bumpy or swollen pileus", from the Greek ''tylos'' "bump" and ''pilos'' "hat".

Molecular analysis indicates the genus, like other large genera within the Boletales, is polyphyletic. A lineage of ''Tylopilus chromapes'' (now ''Harrya chromapes'' and related species) has been shown to be only distantly related to other members of ''Tylopilus''. Hence ''T. chromapes'' is now the type species of the new genus ''Harrya'' and, related to it, several Australian species moved to ''Australopilus''. ''T. valens'' was also moved to its own genus, ''Pseudoaustroboletus''.

Description

Fruit bodies of the genus ''Tylopilus'' are encountered as large stout bolete mushrooms, which generally arise from the ground or occasionally from wood. They have stout stipes, which do not have a ring. A key field character which distinguishes them from members of the genus ''Boletus'' is the presence of their pink-tinged pores (though these may be white when young). The "pink pore" feature is a polyphyletic morphology that does not unite the ''Tylopilus'' species using traditional morphological characters (Smith and Thiers or Singer's concepts). The spore print manifests various shades of pinkish-brown, through reddish-brown and even chocolate brown.

Edibility

Many species have a bitter-metallic taste and are thus inedible, taste being a key feature in the identification of boletes. The black velvet bolete ('' T. alboater'') is a good edible, but is often ignored.

Species

, Index Fungorum recognises 146 species in the genus ''Tylopilus''. At least 40 are found in western North America. A large number have been recorded from Australia, with 26 aligned with existing taxa and another 15 not assignable. Members of the genus are also abundant in South America, particularly in forests with trees of the genus ''Dicymbe'' in Guyana, as well as Central America and elsewhere across tropical regions around the world. All are mycorrhizal.

*''Tylopilus acutesquamosus''
*'' Tylopilus albirubens''
*''Tylopilus alboater''
*''Tylopilus albofarinaceus''
*''Tylopilus albopurpureus''
*'' Tylopilus alkalixanthus''
*'' Tylopilus alpinus''
*'' Tylopilus alutaceoumbrinus''
*'' Tylopilus ammiratii''
*''Tylopilus appalachiensis''
*''Tylopilus aquarius''
*''Tylopilus arenarius''
*'' Tylopilus argentatae''
*''Tylopilus argillaceus''
*'' Tylopilus ascendens''
*'' Tylopilus atratus''
*''Tylopilus atripurpureus''
*''Tylopilus atrobrunneus''
*'' Tylopilus atronicotianus''
*''Tylopilus atroviolaceobrunneus''
*''Tylopilus aurantiacus''
*''Tylopilus aurantitubus''
*''Tylopilus austrofelleus''
*'' Tylopilus badiceps''
*'' Tylopilus balloui''
*'' Tylopilus beelii''
*'' Tylopilus brachypus''
*''Tylopilus brevisporus''
*'' Tylopilus brunneirubens''
*'' Tylopilus bulbosus''
*'' Tylopilus callainus''
*'' Tylopilus castanoides''
*'' Tylopilus cellulosus''
*'' Tylopilus cervicolor''
*'' Tylopilus cervinicoccineus''
*'' Tylopilus chromoreticulatus''
*'' Tylopilus corneri''
*'' Tylopilus costaricensis''
*'' Tylopilus cremeus''
*'' Tylopilus cutifractus''
*'' Tylopilus cyanescens''
*'' Tylopilus cyanogranulifer''
*'' Tylopilus dunensis''
*'' Tylopilus exiguus''
*''Tylopilus felleus''
*''Tylopilus ferrugineus''
*'' Tylopilus fuligineoviolaceus''
*'' Tylopilus funerarius''
*'' Tylopilus fuscatus''
*'' Tylopilus fuscescens''
*'' Tylopilus glutinosus''
*'' Tylopilus gomezii''
*''Tylopilus griseipurpureus''
*''Tylopilus griseiviridus''
*''Tylopilus griseocarneus''
*'' Tylopilus griseolivaceus''
*'' Tylopilus griseolus''
*''Tylopilus guanacastensis''
*'' Tylopilus hayatae''
*'' Tylopilus himalayanus''
*''Tylopilus hondurensis''
*'' Tylopilus hongoi''
*'' Tylopilus humilis''
*''Tylopilus intermedius''
*'' Tylopilus isabellescens''
*'' Tylopilus jalapensis''
*'' Tylopilus javanicus''
*'' Tylopilus jiangxiensis''
*'' Tylopilus leucomycelinus''
*''Tylopilus lividobrunneus''
*'' Tylopilus louisii''
*''Tylopilus microsporus''
*'' Tylopilus minor''
*'' Tylopilus mitissimus''
*'' Tylopilus montanus''
*'' Tylopilus montoyae''
*'' Tylopilus nebulosus''
*'' Tylopilus neofelleus''
*''Tylopilus nicaraguensis''
*'' Tylopilus nigricans''
*'' Tylopilus nigripes''
*'' Tylopilus obscureviolaceus''
*'' Tylopilus obscurus''
*'' Tylopilus ochraceosquamosus''
*''Tylopilus olivaceirubens''
*''Tylopilus olivaceobrunneus''
*'' Tylopilus olivaceoporus''
*''Tylopilus oradivensis''
*'' Tylopilus orsonianus''
*'' Tylopilus otsuensis''
*'' Tylopilus pachycephalus''
*''Tylopilus pakaraimensis''
*'' Tylopilus peralbidus''
*'' Tylopilus pernanus''
*'' Tylopilus perplexus''
*'' Tylopilus phaeoruber''
*''Tylopilus phaseolisporus''
*'' Tylopilus piniphilus''
*''Tylopilus pisciodorus''
*'' Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceoides''
*'' Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus''
*''Tylopilus potamogeton''
*''Tylopilus praeanisatus''
*''Tylopilus primulinus''
*'' Tylopilus pseudoalpinus''
*''Tylopilus pseudoballoui''
*''Tylopilus psittacinus''
*'' Tylopilus punctatofumosus''
*'' Tylopilus purpureorubens''
*''Tylopilus pygmaeus''
*'' Tylopilus rhoadsiae''
*'' Tylopilus rhodoconius''
*'' Tylopilus rigens''
*''Tylopilus rubriporus''
*''Tylopilus rubrobrunneus''
*'' Tylopilus rubrotinctus''
*'' Tylopilus rufobrunneus''
*''Tylopilus rufonigricans''
*'' Tylopilus rugulosoreticulatus''
*''Tylopilus sanctae-rosae''
*'' Tylopilus snellii Wolfe''
*'' Tylopilus striatulus''
*''Tylopilus suavissimus''
*''Tylopilus subcellulosus''
*'' Tylopilus subfusipes''
*'' Tylopilus subniger''
*'' Tylopilus subotsuensis''
*''Tylopilus subpunctipes''
*'' Tylopilus subunicolor''
*'' Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus''
*'' Tylopilus sultanii''
*'' Tylopilus tabacinus''
*'' Tylopilus temucensis''
*'' Tylopilus tenuis''
*''Tylopilus tristiculus''
*'' Tylopilus tristior''
*'' Tylopilus variobrunneus''
*'' Tylopilus veluticeps''
*''Tylopilus vinaceipallidus''
*''Tylopilus vinaceogriseus''
*'' Tylopilus vinosobrunneus''
*'' Tylopilus violaceobrunneus''
*'' Tylopilus violaceorubrus''
*'' Tylopilus violaceus''
*'' Tylopilus violatinctus''
*'' Tylopilus virescens''
*'' Tylopilus williamsii''
*''Tylopilus zambianus''

References

External links

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Mushroom Expert - The Genus ''Tylopilus''
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{{Authority control

Boletales genera
Taxa named by Petter Adolf Karsten