''Tylopilus'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of over 100 species of

mycorrhizal A mycorrhiza (; , mycorrhiza, or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, the plant root system and its surroundings. Mycorrhizae play ...

bolete A bolete is a type of mushroom, or fungal fruiting body. It can be identified thanks to a unique cap. On the underside of the cap there is usually a spongy surface with pores, instead of the gills typical of mushrooms. A similar pore surface i ...

fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

separated from '' Boletus''. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (''

Tylopilus felleus ''Tylopilus felleus'', commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the Boletaceae, bolete family. French mycologist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard, Pierre Bulliard described this species as ''Boletus ...

''), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the edible species '' T. alboater''. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.

Taxonomy

The genus was first defined by

Petter Adolf Karsten Petter Adolf Karsten (16 February 1834 – 22 March 1917) was a Finland, Finnish mycology, mycologist, the foremost expert on the fungi of Finland in his day, and known in consequence as the "father of Finnish mycology". Karsten was born in Merim ...

in 1881. The

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

, ''

'', was originally described in 1788 as a species of ''Boletus'' by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard. ''Tylopilus'' means "bumpy or swollen pileus", from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

''tylos'' "bump" and ''pilos'' "hat".

Molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, ...

analysis indicates the genus, like other large genera within the Boletales, is

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

. A lineage of ''Tylopilus chromapes'' (now ''

Harrya chromapes ''Harrya chromapes'', commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. In its taxonomic history, ''Harrya chromapes'' has been shuffled to several different genera, incl ...

'' and related species) has been shown to be only distantly related to other members of ''Tylopilus''. Hence ''T. chromapes'' is now the type species of the new genus ''

Harrya ''Harrya'' is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. It was circumscribed in 2012 to contain the species '' Harrya atriceps'' and the type '' Harrya chromapes''. The genus name of ''Harrya'' is in honour of Harry Delbert Thiers (1919–2000), ...

'' and, related to it, several Australian species moved to ''

Australopilus ''Australopilus'' is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. Circumscribed in 2012, it is monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one ...

''. ''T. valens'' was also moved to its own genus, ''

Pseudoaustroboletus ''Pseudoaustroboletus'' is a fungal genus in the family Boletaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ''Pseudoaustroboletus valens'', found in China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. It was originally given the name ''Boletus al ...

''.

Description

Fruit bodies of the genus ''Tylopilus'' are encountered as large stout bolete mushrooms, which generally arise from the ground or occasionally from wood. They have stout stipes, which do not have a ring. A key field character which distinguishes them from members of the genus ''Boletus'' is the presence of their pink-tinged pores (though these may be white when young). The "pink pore" feature is a polyphyletic morphology that does not unite the ''Tylopilus'' species using traditional morphological characters (Smith and Thiers or Singer's concepts). The

spore print 300px, Making a spore print of the mushroom ''Volvariella volvacea'' shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing warm orange ("tussock") color spore print. ...

manifests various shades of pinkish-brown, through reddish-brown and even chocolate brown.

Edibility

Many species have a bitter-metallic taste and are thus inedible, taste being a key feature in the identification of boletes. The black velvet bolete ('' T. alboater'') is a good edible, but is often ignored.

Species

Index Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and th ...

recognises 146 species in the genus ''Tylopilus''. At least 40 are found in western North America. A large number have been recorded from Australia, with 26 aligned with existing taxa and another 15 not assignable. Members of the genus are also abundant in South America, particularly in forests with trees of the genus ''

Dicymbe ''Dicymbe'' is a genus of 20 species of canopy trees in the family Fabaceae, within subfamily Detarioideae. It is found throughout the Guyana Shield region and parts of W Amazonia. Certain species within the genus are strongly associated with e ...

'' in Guyana, as well as Central America and elsewhere across tropical regions around the world. All are

mycorrhiza A mycorrhiza (; , mycorrhiza, or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, the plant root system and its surroundings. Mycorrhizae play ...

*'' Tylopilus acutesquamosus'' *'' Tylopilus albirubens'' *'' Tylopilus alboater'' *'' Tylopilus albofarinaceus'' *'' Tylopilus albopurpureus'' *'' Tylopilus alkalixanthus'' *'' Tylopilus alpinus'' *'' Tylopilus alutaceoumbrinus'' *'' Tylopilus ammiratii'' *'' Tylopilus appalachiensis'' *'' Tylopilus aquarius'' *'' Tylopilus arenarius'' *'' Tylopilus argentatae'' *'' Tylopilus argillaceus'' *'' Tylopilus ascendens'' *'' Tylopilus atratus'' *'' Tylopilus atripurpureus'' *''

Tylopilus atrobrunneus ''Tylopilus'' is a genus of over 100 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from '' Boletus''. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (''Tylopilus felleus''), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, ...

'' *'' Tylopilus atronicotianus'' *'' Tylopilus atroviolaceobrunneus'' *'' Tylopilus aurantiacus'' *'' Tylopilus aurantitubus'' *''

Tylopilus austrofelleus ''Tylopilus'' is a genus of over 100 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from ''Boletus''. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (''Tylopilus felleus''), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, s ...

'' *'' Tylopilus badiceps'' *'' Tylopilus balloui'' *'' Tylopilus beelii'' *'' Tylopilus brachypus'' *'' Tylopilus brevisporus'' *'' Tylopilus brunneirubens'' *'' Tylopilus bulbosus'' *'' Tylopilus callainus'' *'' Tylopilus castanoides'' *'' Tylopilus cellulosus'' *'' Tylopilus cervicolor'' *'' Tylopilus cervinicoccineus'' *'' Tylopilus chromoreticulatus'' *'' Tylopilus corneri'' *'' Tylopilus costaricensis'' *'' Tylopilus cremeus'' *'' Tylopilus cutifractus'' *'' Tylopilus cyanescens'' *'' Tylopilus cyanogranulifer'' *'' Tylopilus dunensis'' *'' Tylopilus exiguus'' *''

'' *'' Tylopilus ferrugineus'' *'' Tylopilus fuligineoviolaceus'' *'' Tylopilus funerarius'' *'' Tylopilus fuscatus'' *'' Tylopilus fuscescens'' *'' Tylopilus glutinosus'' *'' Tylopilus gomezii'' *'' Tylopilus griseipurpureus'' *'' Tylopilus griseiviridus'' *'' Tylopilus griseocarneus'' *'' Tylopilus griseolivaceus'' *'' Tylopilus griseolus'' *'' Tylopilus guanacastensis'' *'' Tylopilus hayatae'' *'' Tylopilus himalayanus'' *'' Tylopilus hondurensis'' *'' Tylopilus hongoi'' *'' Tylopilus humilis'' *''

Tylopilus intermedius ''Tylopilus intermedius'', commonly known as the bitter parchment bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States. Taxonomy The bolete was first officially species description, described in Alexander H. Sm ...

'' *'' Tylopilus isabellescens'' *'' Tylopilus jalapensis'' *'' Tylopilus javanicus'' *'' Tylopilus jiangxiensis'' *'' Tylopilus leucomycelinus'' *'' Tylopilus lividobrunneus'' *'' Tylopilus louisii'' *''

Tylopilus microsporus ''Tylopilus'' is a genus of over 100 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from ''Boletus''. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (''Tylopilus felleus''), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, s ...

Tylopilus rubrobrunneus ''Tylopilus rubrobrunneus'', commonly known as the reddish brown bitter bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was first described scientifically in 1967 by Samuel J. Mazzer and Alexander H. Smith from collections made in Mich ...

'' *'' Tylopilus rubrotinctus'' *'' Tylopilus rufobrunneus'' *'' Tylopilus rufonigricans'' *'' Tylopilus rugulosoreticulatus'' *'' Tylopilus sanctae-rosae'' *'' Tylopilus snellii Wolfe'' *'' Tylopilus striatulus'' *'' Tylopilus suavissimus'' *'' Tylopilus subcellulosus'' *'' Tylopilus subfusipes'' *'' Tylopilus subniger'' *'' Tylopilus subotsuensis'' *'' Tylopilus subpunctipes'' *'' Tylopilus subunicolor'' *'' Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus'' *'' Tylopilus sultanii'' *'' Tylopilus tabacinus'' *'' Tylopilus temucensis'' *'' Tylopilus tenuis'' *'' Tylopilus tristiculus'' *'' Tylopilus tristior'' *'' Tylopilus variobrunneus'' *'' Tylopilus veluticeps'' *'' Tylopilus vinaceipallidus'' *''

Tylopilus vinaceogriseus ''Tylopilus vinaceogriseus'' is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Costa Rica, where it grows under oak in montane Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects t ...

'' *'' Tylopilus vinosobrunneus'' *'' Tylopilus violaceobrunneus'' *'' Tylopilus violaceorubrus'' *'' Tylopilus violaceus'' *'' Tylopilus violatinctus'' *'' Tylopilus virescens'' *'' Tylopilus williamsii'' *'' Tylopilus zambianus''

References

External links

* *
Mushroom Expert - The Genus ''Tylopilus''
* {{Authority control Boletales genera Taxa named by Petter Adolf Karsten