Tasikmalaya Regency
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Tasikmalaya Regency (pronounced ; , Sundanese: ) is a
regency In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...
(, sub-provincial region) in the Indonesian province of
West Java West Java (, ) is an Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to t ...
. With an area of , it is the biggest and most important in the southeast region of East Preanger (). Tasikmalaya Regency had a population of 1,687,776 at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 1,865,203 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the mid-2023 official estimate was 1,907,045 (comprising 965,602 males and 941,443 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3206) The regency was previously administered from
Tasikmalaya Tasikmalaya (also known as Tasik) is a landlocked city in West Java, Indonesia. The city is sometimes dubbed ''kota santri'' (city of religious learners) or "the City of a Thousand Pesantrens" for its abundance of Islamic boarding schools. Locat ...
City; however, Tasikmalaya City and Tasikmalaya Regency now are administratively independent of each other, and the area and population listed above exclude the city. The administrative centre of the regency is now at Singaparna, west of the city. Agricultural fields and forestry are the regency's dominant land uses. Most residents are farmers. Tasikmalaya is a major religious centre for West Java. The regency is known as the city of Muslim students (''
kota santri ''Kota santri'' ("city of santri" or "city of pious people") is an epithet used in Indonesia, predominantly in Java, given to a region historically important in the context of Education in Islam, Islamic education. The term ''santri'' generally mea ...
''),Mencari Kota Santri
''Times Indonesia''. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
with more than 800 traditional Islamic boarding schools (''
pesantren ''Pesantren'' is a traditional Islamic boarding school in Indonesia. It is taught either in private houses, a ''wiktionary:pondok, pondok'' or a mosque, the teaching includes classical Islamic texts and ''santri'' thought, taught by Kyai, ''kya ...
''). Tasikmalaya is known for
handicrafts A handicraft is a traditional main sector of craft making and applies to a wide range of creative and design activities that are related to making things with one's hands and skill, including work with textiles, moldable and rigid material ...
() and ''
salak Salak (''Salacca zalacca'') is a species of palm tree (family Arecaceae) native to Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. It is cultivated in other regions of Indonesia as a food crop, and reportedly naturalized in Bali, Lombok, Timor, Maluku, and Sul ...
'' (zalacca). The regency's most famous food is hot
steamed rice Cooked rice refers to rice that has been cooked either by steaming or boiling. The terms steamed rice or boiled rice are also commonly used. Any variant of Asian rice (both indica and japonica varieties), African rice or wild rice, glutino ...
mixed with oncom ('' nasi tutug oncom'').


History


Toponymy

The origin of the name Tasikmalaya is uncertain. The word has no apparent meaning in local languages. Three possibilities have been proposed, all of which are combinations of Sundanese words: (1) the name may be a
conflation Conflation is the merging of two or more sets of information, texts, ideas, or opinions into one, often in error. Conflation is defined as 'fusing blending', but is often used colloquially as 'being equal to' - treating two similar but disparate c ...
of ''tasik'' and ''(ma)layah'', literally "an ocean of hills"; (2) the source words may be ''tasik'', ''jeung'', and ''laya'', meaning "large tracts of sand" (, ); (3) the name's original words may be ''Tasik'' (lake, sea), and ''Malaya'' (a chain of mountains or highlands), also meaning "an ocean of hills". The "ocean" or large area is presumed to begin at Sukapura, formerly called Tawang or Tawang-Galunggung. ''Tawang'' means paddy fields or literary "a wide range of an open space". The eruption of Mount Galunggung created mountains, hills, and mounds of scattered sand in the formerly open region of Sukapura.


Ancient origins

In the 7th to 8th centuries, a realm with an unknown form of governance was centered near Mount Galunggung. The realm had the authority to designate the sovereigns of the Galuh Kingdom. Its rulers were Batara Semplakwaja, Batara Kuncung Putih, Batara Kawindu, Batara Wastuhayu, and finally Batari Hyang, who changed the form of governance into a monarchy (kingdom). According to the Geger Hanjuang
inscription Epigraphy () is the study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the wr ...
, the Kingdom of Galunggung was established on ''13th Bhadrapada 1033
Shaka Shaka kaSenzangakhona (–24 September 1828), also known as Shaka (the) Zulu () and Sigidi kaSenzangakhona, was the king of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828. One of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu, he ordered wide-reaching reform ...
'' (21 August 1111), and Queen Batari Hyang was its first ruler. Her famous teachings, known as ''Sang Hyang Siksakanda ng Kareksian'', were still used as an official doctrine in the era of Prabu Siliwangi (1482–1521), the monarch of
Pakuan Pajajaran Pakuan Pajajaran ( Sundanese: ᮕᮊᮥᮝᮔ᮪ᮕᮏᮏᮛᮔ᮪; known as Dayeuh Pakuan/Pakwan or Pajajaran) was the fortified capital city of Sunda Kingdom. The location roughly corresponds to modern Bogor city in West Java, Indonesia, approxi ...
. The Kingdom of Galunggung lasted for six more rulers, each in hereditary succession.


Modern

At the start of the 16th century, a government in Sukakerta faced an opportunity to secede from its sovereign ruler, the Pajajaran Kingdom, which was ruled by Prabu Surawisesa (successor to Sri Baduga Maharaja Prabu Siliwangi). His kingdom faced a threat of expansion from the
Banten Sultanate The Banten Sultanate (, ) was a Bantenese people, Bantenese Islamic trading sultanate, kingdom founded in the 16th century and centred in Bantam (city), Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English name of both w ...
and Demak with the spread of Islam. As this expansion weakened the kingdom, its territories tried to break away. In the early 17th century, three major forces ( Mataram,
Banten Banten (, , Pegon alphabet, Pegon: بنتن) is the westernmost Provinces of Indonesia, province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang and its largest city is Tangerang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capi ...
, and the
VOC VOC, VoC or voc may refer to: Science and technology * Open-circuit voltage (VOC), the voltage between two terminals when there is no external load connected * Variant of concern, a category used during the assessment of a new variant of a virus * ...
) were in conflict on the island of Java. After ten years of upheaval in the region of
Priangan Parahyangan () or Priangan (Sundanese script: ) is a cultural and mountainous region in West Java province on the Indonesian island of Java. Covering a little less than one-sixth of Java, it is the heartland of Sundanese people and their culture ...
, the head of Sukakerta, Wirawangsa, was assigned as the Regent of Sukapura and honoured with a nobility name of Wiradadaha I by
Sultan Agung Sultan Agung Adi Prabu Anyakrakusuma (; 1593 – 1654), commonly known as Sultan Agung, was the third Sultan of Mataram in Central Java ruling from 1613 to 1645. He was a skilled soldier who conquered neighbouring states and expanded and cons ...
of Mataram. Upon the promotion of its leader, the regency changed its name to ''Sukapura'' and the capital of the regency was moved from Dayeuh Tengah to Leuwiloa, Sukaraja. Years later, under the governance of Raden Tumenggung Surialaga (1813–14), the capital of the regency was brought to Tasikmalaya. In 1832, under the governance of Wiradadaha VIII, the capital was moved to Manonjaya, but after some consideration, particularly economically, it was switched back to Tasikmalaya. In 1913, the name of the regency, ''Sukapura'', was changed to ''Tasikmalaya'' by the government regent R.A.A. Wiratanuningrat (1908–1937). Based on the Geger Hanjuang inscription, the date of August 21 has been assigned as the date of Tasikmalaya regency's anniversary. The inscription, as it tells, was made to mark the establishment of the Kingdom of Galunggung and the inauguration of its first sovereign, Queen Batari Hyang, on 21 August 1111.


Government Regent history (1641 to 1937)

* 1641–1674: Raden Ngabehi Wirawangsa (Raden Tumenggung Wiradadaha I) * 1674: Raden Jayamanggala (Raden Tumenggung Wiradadaha II) * 1674–1723: Raden Anggadipa I (Raden Tumenggung Wiradadaha III) * 1723–1745: Raden Subamanggala (Raden Tumenggung Wiradadaha IV) * 1745–1747: Raden Secapati (Raden Tumenggung Wiradadaha V) * 1747–1765: Raden Jaya Anggadireja (Raden Tumenggung Wiradadaha VI) * 1765–1807: Raden Djayamanggala II (Raden Tumenggung Wiradadaha VII) * 1807–1837: Raden Anggadipa II (Raden Tumenggung Wiradadaha VIII) * 1837–1844: Raden Tumenggung Danudiningrat * 1844–1855: Raden Tumenggung Wiratanubaya * 1855–1875: Raden Tumenggung Wiraadegdana * 1875–1901: Raden Tumenggung Wirahadiningrat * 1901–1908: Raden Tumenggung Prawirahadingrat * 1908–1937: Raden Tumenggung Wiratanuningrat


Administrative Districts

Tasikmalaya Regency is divided into 39 local
districts A district is a type of administrative division that in some countries is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions ...
(, ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and the 2020 Census,Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. together with the official estimates as at mid-2023.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3206) The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of
administrative village A village is a human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Although villages are often located in rural areas, the term urban village ...
s in each district (all 351 classed as rural ''desa''), and their postcodes. The town of Singaparna (on the west side of
Tasikmalaya Tasikmalaya (also known as Tasik) is a landlocked city in West Java, Indonesia. The city is sometimes dubbed ''kota santri'' (city of religious learners) or "the City of a Thousand Pesantrens" for its abundance of Islamic boarding schools. Locat ...
City) is the administrative centre of the regency. Notes: (a) Cikalong District includes two small offshore islands - ''Pulau Batukolotok'' and ''Pulau Nusamanuk''.


Geography

The land of the regency is predominantly hilly, especially in the south. Some areas are mountainous, such as in the northwestern Galunggung highlands. Only 13% of the region is low-lying areas with an elevation between 0 and 200 metres. The average elevation is 200 to 500 metres. The highest point is Mount Galunggung, at 2,168 metres. Like much of Java, Tasikmalaya Regency is traversed by volcanic chains, and the soil is naturally fertile. Water resources are abundant, as the region experiences heavy rainfall. The regency is also situated on a low-cavity mountainside, which increases the rainfall catchment area and water absorption area. The area is known for producing
silk Silk is a natural fiber, natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be weaving, woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is most commonly produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoon (silk), c ...
goods printed with
batik Batik is a dyeing technique using wax Resist dyeing, resist. The term is also used to describe patterned textiles created with that technique. Batik is made by drawing or stamping wax on a cloth to prevent colour absorption during the dyein ...
, paper umbrellas, and handbags woven by hand from
bamboo Bamboos are a diverse group of mostly evergreen perennial plant, perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily (biology), subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family, in th ...
and
pandanus ''Pandanus'' is a genus of monocots with about 578 accepted species. They are palm-like, dioecious trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. Common names include pandan, screw palm and screw pine. The genus is classified ...
leaves. The production of
handicraft A handicraft is a traditional main sector of craft making and applies to a wide range of creative and design activities that are related to making things with one's hands and skill, including work with textiles, moldable and rigid material ...
s for domestic and international consumption is an important local industry; in 1998 and 1999, the export of handicrafts earned 2.6 billion
rupiah The rupiah (Currency symbol, symbol: Rp; ISO 4217, currency code: IDR) is the official currency of Indonesia, issued and controlled by Bank Indonesia. Its name is derived from the Sanskrit word for silver, (). Sometimes, Indonesians also inform ...
for the region. The regency was a major centre of early support and organization for Darul Islam, an Islamist group formed in 1948 to resist Dutch attempts to retake Java after World War II. After the Dutch were defeated, Darul Islam worked to establish a state in Indonesia governed by
Islamic law Sharia, Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah () is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology ''sharīʿah'' refers to immutable, intan ...
.


Climate

Like the rest of Preanger's regencies, the climate of Tasikmalaya Regency is normally a
tropical rainforest climate A tropical rainforest climate or equatorial climate is a tropical climate sub-type usually found within 10 to 15 degrees latitude of the equator. There are some other areas at higher latitudes, such as the coast of southeast Florida, United States ...
. It receives an average annual precipitation of 2.072 m. Although it experiences heavy rainfall the regency gets a considerable amount of heat. The average daily temperature of the regency is mildly varied, ranging from in lowland areas and in the upland areas.


Location

Following the excision of Tasikmalaya City, the residual Tasikmalaya Regency comprises an area of 2,708.82 km2. It is bounded on the east by
Garut Regency Garut Regency is a Regency (Indonesia), regency in the Indonesian province of West Java. It covers an area of 3,065.19 km2 (1,186.91 mi2). Geographically, it lies between 6°5734 – 7°4457 South latitude and 107°2434 – 108° ...
, marked by the Galunggung highlands, from southwest along to the northwest. Far to the north, the regency borders on
Majalengka Regency Majalengka Regency is the landlocked regencies ''(kabupaten)'' in West Java, Indonesia. It covers an area of and had a population of 1,166,473 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 1,305,476 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat S ...
and continues to the east with
Ciamis Regency Ciamis Regency (Indonesian: ''Kabupaten Ciamis'', Sundanese: ) is a landlocked regency in West Java, Indonesia, and shares a provincial border with Central Java. Its seat is the town of Ciamis, also the primary urban center. Formerly, the rege ...
and Tasikmalaya City, the latter which it surrounds on three sides. Finally, to the south, Tasikmalaya Regency is bounded by the Indian Ocean. Tasikmalaya Regency's greatest distance from north to south is about 75 km, and about 56.25 km from east to west.


Places of interest

Tasikmalaya Regency is one of Indonesia's foremost tourist destinations. It has a number of accessible tourist attractions, even though many are located deep in the rural area of the regency. In the southern area, where the regency borders the Indian Ocean, tourist destinations are primarily along the coastline of the regency, which features caves and beaches. To the interior—where the land is mostly hilly and characterised by tropical rainforests—waterfalls, natural
hot springs A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a Spring (hydrology), spring produced by the emergence of Geothermal activity, geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth. The groundwater is heated either by shallow ...
, and archaeological sites are the most visited attractions. Among Tasikmalaya Regency's tourist destinations is Kampung Naga (Dragon Village), an idyllic traditional village where inhabitants have a strong ancient Sundanese tradition. Mount Galunggung's volcanic crater is scenic, featuring a lake surrounded by rainforests. A number of natural hot springs are issued nearby the mountain, adding to the regency's tourist destinations.


List of tourist destinations in Tasikmalaya Regency

There are more than 70 spots of tourist destinations in Tasikmalaya Regency, some of them are listed below. * Ponpes Suryalaya * Cakrabuana site * Geger sunten site * Cipacing hotspring * Pamoyanan hotspring * Rajapolah handicrafts' centre * Citiis waterfall * KH. Z. Mustofa grave * Pamijahan sacred grave * Manonjaya mosque * Tanjungmalaya * Cirahong bridge * Gimbal and Cilangkap sites * Kabuyutan Ngarantengah site * Rd. A. Dewi Sartika grave * Sukapura museum * Batik of Sukaraja * Baginjing grave * Cigunung hotspring * Bumi Rongsok site * Cimanintin waterfall * Rangga Wulung cave * Cibalong hotspring * Cupu Agung cave * Hulu Kuya cave * Malawang cave * Arca and Wayang caves * Nyai cave and Ciodeng cave * Jasper Geopark * Karangtawulan beach * Cimanuk beach * Sindangjaya beach * Padabumi beach * Kalaparea beach * Sheikh Zaenudin sacred grave * Garuda Ngupuk * Parat cave and Lalay cave * Cimaranggi cave * Cipatujah beach * Cipatujah hotspring * Bubujung beach * Joglo sacred grave * Sarongge cave * Ambu Hawuk cave * Dengdeng waterfall * Pamayang fisherman village * Sidangkerta turtle conservation * Sindangkerta/Taman Lengser beach * Pamayangsari beach


Jasper Geopark

Pasirgintung village (in Cibuniasih subdistrict, Pancatengah district) is known for its numerous red
jasper Jasper, an aggregate of microgranular quartz and/or cryptocrystalline chalcedony and other mineral phases, is an opaque, impure variety of silica, usually red, yellow, brown or green in color; and rarely blue. The common red color is due to ...
rocks; however, now only about 120 rocks remain. The administration will conserve it as Jasper Geopark.Jasper Geopark
/ref>


See also

* Largest cities in Indonesia *
Sundanese cuisine Sundanese cuisine (; ) is the cuisine of the Sundanese people of West Java, Western Java, and Banten, Indonesia. It is one of the most popular foods in Indonesia. Sundanese food is characterised by its freshness; the famous lalab eaten with sa ...
*
Districts of West Java The province of the West Java in Indonesia is divided into regencies and cities, which in turn are divided administratively into districts, known as ''kecamatan''. The districts of West Java with the regency it falls into are as follows: *Agra ...
* Tasikmalaya City


Notes


References


Notes

* Christomy, Tommy (1959), "Signs of the Wali: Narratives at the sacred sites in Pamijahan, West Java", 201, (Canberra, AU), 2008, . Retrieved 6 January 2011. * Permadi, Agus (September 1975), "Prasasti Geger Hanjuang; Ngahanjuang-siangkeun Hari Jadi Tasikmalaya", ''Mangle'', 495, (Bandung, ID), 2009, cited in Miftahul Falah (August 21, 2009), "Etimologi Tasikmalaya", (in Indonesia). Retrieved 6 January 2011.


External links


Tasikmalaya Regency Government official site

West Java Government official site
* {{West Java Citanduy basin