Stylommatophora is an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017.
Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families
'.

Malacologia ''Malacologia'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of malacology, the study of mollusks. The journal publishes articles in the fields of molluscan systematics, ecology, population ecology, genetics, molecular genetics, evolution, an ...

, 61(1-2): 1-526. of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...

s and

slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced ...

s, terrestrial

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

molluscs Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

. This taxon includes most land snails and

s. Stylommatophorans lack an operculum, but some close their shell apertures with temporary "operculum" ( epiphragm) made of calcified mucus. They have two pairs of retractile tentacles, the upper pair of which bears

eye An eye is a sensory organ that allows an organism to perceive visual information. It detects light and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons (neurones). It is part of an organism's visual system. In higher organisms, the ey ...

s on the tentacle tips. All stylommatophorans are

hermaphrodite A hermaphrodite () is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic. The individuals of many ...

s. The two strong

synapomorphies In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to ...

of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles. Stylommatophora are known from the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...

period up to the present day. A molecular clock estimate puts the origin of the crown group also to the Cretaceous. Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor

2017 taxonomy

The most up-to-date formal classification of Stylommatophora is that of Bouchet et al. (2017). Parts of the 2017 system have become obsolete due to new phylogenetic studies and continuously updated information may be found at MolluscaBase. Rhytidoidea is apparently not a monophyletic group, but rather a collection of lineages from the southern hemisphere with unresolved relationships. suborder Achatinina ��Achatinoid Clade” * superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840 **

Achatinidae Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa. Well known species include '' Achatina achatina'' the Giant African Snail, and '' L ...

Swainson, 1840 ** Aillyidae H. B. Baker, 1955 **

Ferussaciidae Ferussaciidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Achatinoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883. Access ...

Bourguignat, 1883 ** Micractaeonidae Schileyko, 1999 * superfamily Streptaxoidea Gray, 1860 **

Streptaxidae Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Streptaxidae are monophyletic while all subfamilies and several genera are polyphyletic. Six Streptaxi ...

Gray, 1860 ** Diapheridae Panha & Naggs, 2010 suborder Scolodontina * superfamily Scolodontoidea H. B. Baker, 1925 ** Scolodontidae H. B. Baker, 1925 suborder Helicina ��Non-Achatinoid Clade”*''incertae sedis'' ** superfamily Coelociontoidea Iredale, 1937 *** Coelociontidae Iredale, 1937 ** superfamily Papillodermatoidea Wiktor, Martin & Castillejo, 1990 *** Papillodermatidae Wiktor, Martin & Castillejo, 1990 ** superfamily Plectopyloidea Möllendorff, 1898 *** Plectopylidae Möllendorff, 1898 *** Corillidae Pilsbry, 1905 *** Sculptariidae Degner, 1923 ** superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864 *** Punctidae Morse, 1864 ***

Charopidae Charopidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small air-breathing land snails (and semi-slugs such as ''Otoconcha dimidiata''), terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoi ...

Hutton, 1884 *** Cystopeltidae Cockerell, 1891 *** Discidae Thiele, 1931 *** Endodontidae Pilsbry, 1895 *** Helicodiscidae H. B. Baker, 1927 *** Oreohelicidae Pilsbry, 1939 ** superfamily Testacelloidea Gray, 1840 *** Testacellidae Gray, 1840 ** superfamily Urocoptoidea Pilsbry, 1898 *** Urocoptidae Pilsbry, 1898 *** Cerionidae Pilsbry, 1901 *** Epirobiidae F. G. Thompson, 2012 *** Eucalodiidae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1873 *** Holospiridae Pilsbry, 1946 * infraorder Succineoidei Elasmognatha**superfamily

Succineoidea Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed through ...

Beck, 1837 ***

Succineidae Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often ...

Beck, 1837 **superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 *** Athoracophoridae P. Fischer, 1883 *infraorder Rhytidoidei **superfamily

Rhytidoidea The Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...

Pilsbry, 1893 *** Rhytididae Pilsbry, 1893 *** Acavidae Pilsbry, 1895 *** Caryodidae Conolly, 1915 *** Clavatoridae Thiele, 1926 *** Dorcasiidae Connolly, 1915 *** Macrocyclidae Thiele, 1926 *** Megomphicidae H. B. Baker, 1930 *** Odontostomidae Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898 (according to Salvador et al. 2023, in Bouchet et al. classified in Orthalicoidea) ***

Strophocheilidae Strophocheilidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (B ...

Pilsbry, 1902 *infraorder Orthalicoidei **superfamily Orthalicoidea Martens, 1860 *** Orthalicidae Martens, 1860 *** Amphibulimidae P. Fischer, 1873 ***

Bothriembryontidae Bothriembryontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea. Taxonomy This family has been named Placostylidae and had no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of ...

Iredale, 1937 *** Bulimulidae Tryon, 1867 *** Cyclodontinidae Salvador & Breure, 2023 (see Salvador et al. 2023) *** Megaspiridae Pilsbry, 1904 ***

Simpulopsidae Simpulopsidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod Mollusca, molluscs in the superfamily Orthalicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase ...

Schileyko, 1999 *** Tomogeridae Jousseaume, 1877 (see Salvador et al. 2023) *infraorder Pupilloidei Orthurethra**superfamily

Pupilloidea Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropods in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei''. They are diverse in morphology, habitat, and ecological roles. Description They are characterized by the ...

Turton, 1831 ***

Pupillidae Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pupillidae W. Turton, 1831. Accessed through: ...

Turton, 1831 ***

Achatinellidae Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. Taxonomy It was previously the only family in the superfamily Achatinelloidea (according to the tax ...

Gulick, 1873 *** Agardhiellidae Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017 *** Amastridae Pilsbry, 1910 *** Argnidae Hudec, 1965 *** Azecidae Watson, 1920 *** Cerastidae Wenz, 1923 ***

Chondrinidae Chondrinidae is a family of mostly minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata. Anatomy In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in ...

Steenberg, 1925 *** Cochlicopidae Pilsbry, 1900 *** Draparnaudiidae Solem, 1962 ***

Enidae Enidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903 (1880). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies ...

B. B. Woodward, 1903 *** Fauxulidae Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017 *** Gastrocoptidae Pilsbry, 1918 *** Lauriidae Steenberg, 1925 *** Odontocycladidae Hausdorf, 1996 ***

Orculidae Orculidae is a family (biology), family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Orculidae Pilsbry, 1918. A ...

Pilsbry, 1918 *** Pagodulinidae Pilsbry, 1924 ***

Partulidae Partulidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900. Accessed ...

Pilsbry, 1900 *** Pleurodiscidae Wenz, 1923 ***

Pyramidulidae Pyramidulidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914. Accessed through: World R ...

Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914 *** Spelaeoconchidae A. J. Wagner, 1928 (Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina) *** Spelaeodiscidae Steenberg, 1925 *** Strobilopsidae Wenz, 1915 *** Truncatellinidae Steenberg, 1925 *** Valloniidae Morse, 1864 *** Vertiginidae Fitzinger, 1833 *infraorder Clausilioidei **superfamily Clausilioidea Gray, 1855 ***

Clausiliidae Clausiliidae, also known by the common name door snails, is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small, very elongate, mostly Gastropod shell#Chirality in gastropods, left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terre ...

Gray, 1855 ***'' Pilsbrylia'' Hylton Scott, 1952 (South America; placement following Salvador et al. 2023) *infraorder Arionoidei **superfamily Arionoidea Gray, 1840 *** Arionidae Gray, 1840 *** Anadenidae Pilsbry, 1948 *** Ariolimacidae Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898 *** Binneyidae Cockerell, 1891 ***

Philomycidae Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the G ...

Gray, 1847 *infraorder Limacoidei ��Limacoid Clade” **superfamily Limacoidea Batsch, 1789 *** Limacidae Batsch, 1789 ***

Agriolimacidae ''Agriolimacidae'' is a family of small and medium-sized land slugs, or shell-less snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. Distribution Distribution of Limacidae is Holarctic, this include: Nearctic, western Palearctic and eastern P ...

H. Wagner, 1935 ***

Boettgerillidae ''Boettgerilla'' is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Boettgerillidae. The generic name ''Boettgerilla'' is named after the German malacologist Oskar Boettger. Taxonomy ''Boettgerilla ...

Wiktor & I. M. Likharev, 1979 *** Vitrinidae Fitzinger, 1833 **superfamily

Gastrodontoidea Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade. Taxonomy According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfam ...

Tryon, 1866 *** Gastrodontidae Tryon, 1866 ***

Oxychilidae Oxychilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea. Distribution The distribution of Oxychilidae includes the Nearctic, western-Palearctic, eastern-Pale ...

Hesse, 1927 ***

Pristilomatidae Pristilomatidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea. According to the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi these snails belong to the "limacoid ...

Cockerell, 1891 **superfamily

Parmacelloidea Parmacelloidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod Mollusc, mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Pulmonata. These are limacoid or keelback slu ...

P. Fischer, 1856 ***

Parmacellidae Parmacellidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), t ...

P. Fischer, 1856 ***

Milacidae Milacidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing, keel (slug), keeled, land slugs. These are shell-less terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parmacelloidea. This family has no subfamilies (according to ...

Ellis, 1926 ***

Trigonochlamydidae Trigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Distribution The native distribution of Trigonochla ...

Hesse, 1882 **superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864 *** Zonitidae Mörch, 1864 **superfamily Trochomorphoidea Mörch, 1864 ***

Trochomorphidae Trochomorphidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Since 2017, its classification has be ...

Möllendorff, 1890 ***

Chronidae Chronidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea within the superorder Eupulmonata. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Chronidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: ...

Thiele, 1931 ***

Dyakiidae Dyakiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Some of the species in this family are si ...

Gude & B. B. Woodward, 1921 ***

Euconulidae Euconulidae is a taxonomic family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea. This land snail family is closely allied to the Zonitidae, the glass snails ...

H. B. Baker, 1928 ***

Staffordiidae Staffordiidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931. Acce ...

Thiele, 1931 **superfamily

Helicarionoidea Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei. Families There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea: * Helicarionidae * ...

Bourguignat, 1877 ***

Helicarionidae Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea. Distribution The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern Palearctic, Malagasy, ...

Bourguignat, 1877 ***

Ariophantidae Ariophantidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea (according to the Taxonomy of ...

Godwin-Austen, 1888 *** Urocyclidae Simroth, 1889 *infraorder Oleacinoidei **superfamily Oleacinoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 *** Oleacinidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 *** Spiraxidae H. B. Baker, 1939 **superfamily Haplotrematoidea H. B. Baker, 1925 *** Haplotrematidae H. B. Baker, 1925 *infraorder Helicoidei ��Helicoid Clade” **superfamily Sagdoidea Pilsbry, 1895 *** Sagdidae Pilsbry, 1895 *** Solaropsidae H. Nordsieck, 1986 *** Zachrysiidae Robinson, Sei & Rosenberg, 2017 **superfamily

Helicoidea Helicoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order (taxonomy), order Stylommatophora. Taxonomy 2017 taxonomy and l ...

Rafinesque, 1815 ***

Helicidae Helicidae is a large, diverse family of western Palaearctic, medium to large-sized, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails." It includes some of the largest European land snails, several species are common in anthropoge ...

Rafinesque, 1815 *** Cepolidae Ihering, 1909 *** Labyrinthidae Borrero, Sei, Robinson & Rosenberg, 2017 *** Thysanophoridae Pilsbry, 1926 ***

Camaenidae Camaenidae is a Family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families i ...

Pilsbry, 1895 *** Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895 *** Elonidae Gittenberger, 1977 *** Trissexodontidae H. Nordsieck, 1987 *** Helicodontidae Kobelt, 1904 *** Sphincterochilidae Zilch, 1960 ***

Geomitridae Geomitridae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea Helicoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-b ...

C. Boettger, 1909 *** Canariellidae Schileyko, 1991 ***

Hygromiidae Hygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.Helicellidae Ihering, 1909 Anatomy Some snails in genera within this family create and ...

Tryon, 1866 *** Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912 *** Trichodiscinidae H. Nordsieck, 1987 *** Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 1879

2005 taxonomy

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on evolutionary ancestry, Stylommatophora is a clade in the clade

Eupulmonata Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing gastropod molluscs. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are intertidal or inhabit coastal saltmarshes and mangroves. Possible synapomorphy of the group are gl ...

within informal group Pulmonata. It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily. The

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever

monophyly In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent comm ...

has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

Previous taxonomy

References

{{Authority control Extant Cretaceous first appearances