Rhenium Compounds

Rhenium compounds are compounds formed by the transition metal rhenium (Re). Rhenium can form in many oxidation states, and compounds are known for every oxidation state from −3 to +7 except −2, although the oxidation states +7, +4, and +3 are the most common. Rhenium is most available commercially as salts of perrhenate, including sodium and ammonium perrhenates. These are white, water-soluble compounds. The tetrathioperrhenate anion eS₄sup>− is possible.

Chalcogenides

Oxides

Rhenium(IV) oxide (or rhenium dioxide) is an oxide of rhenium, with the formula ReO₂. This gray to black crystalline solid is a laboratory reagent that can be used as a catalyst. It adopts the rutile structure. It forms via comproportionation:
:2 Re₂O₇ + 3 Re → 7 ReO₂
Single crystals are obtained by chemical transport, using iodine as the transporting agent. At high temperatures it undergoes disproportionation. It forms perrhenates with alkaline hydrogen peroxide and oxidizing acids. In molten sodium hydroxide it forms sodium rhenate.

Rhenium(VI) oxide, or rhenium trioxide, is another oxide of rhenium. It is the only stable group 7 trioxide. It has an appearance somewhat like copper. It can be formed by reducing rhenium(VII) oxide with carbon monoxide at 200 Â°C or elemental rhenium at 400 Â°C. Re₂O₇ can also be reduced with dioxane.G. Glemser "Rhenium (VI) Oxide" Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 2. p. 1482. Rhenium trioxide crystallizes with a primitive cubic unit cell, with a lattice parameter of 3.742 Ã… (374.2 pm). The structure of ReO₃ is similar to that of perovskite (ABO₃), without the large A cation at the centre of the unit cell. Each rhenium center is surrounded by an octahedron defined by six oxygen centers. These octahedra share corners to form the 3-dimensional structure. The coordination number of O is 2, because each oxygen atom has 2 neighbouring Re atoms., p. 1047.

Rhenium(VII) oxide, or rhenium heptoxide, is another oxide of rhenium. It is the anhydride form of perrhenic acid, and is the raw material for all rhenium compounds. Solid Re₂O₇ consists of alternating octahedral and tetrahedral Re centres. Upon heating, the polymer cracks to give molecular (nonpolymeric) Re₂O₇. This molecular species closely resembles manganese heptoxide, consisting of a pair of ReO₄ tetrahedra that share a vertex, i.e., O₃Re–O–ReO₃.

Other chalcogenides

Rhenium disulfide is a sulfide with the formula ReS₂. It has a layered structure where atoms are strongly bonded within each layer. The layers are held together by weak Van der Waals bonds, and can be easily peeled off from the bulk material. It is a two-dimensional (2D) group VII transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD). ReS₂ was isolated down to monolayers which is only one unit cell in thickness for the first time in 2014. ReS₂ is found in nature as the mineral rheniite. It can be synthesized from the reaction between rhenium and sulfur at 1000 Â°C, or the decomposition of rhenium(VII) sulfide at 1100 Â°C:
:Re + 2 S → ReS₂
:Re₂S₇ → 2 ReS₂ + 3 S

Rhenium diselenide (ReSe₂) also has a layered structure, although, contrary to the other dichalcogenides, rhenium ditelluride does not. In addition, rhenium also forms a heptoxide, which can be produced by the direct reaction of those elements, or through the reaction of ReO₄^− and H₂S in 4N HCl.

Perrhenates

The perrhenate ion is the anion with the formula , or a compound containing this ion. The perrhenate anion is tetrahedral, being similar in size and shape to perchlorate and the valence isoelectronic permanganate. The perrhenate anion is stable over a broad pH range and can be precipitated from solutions with the use of organic cations. At normal pH, perrhenate exists as metaperrhenate (), but at high pH mesoperrhenate () forms. Perrhenate, like its conjugate acid perrhenic acid, features rhenium in the oxidation state of +7 with a d⁰ configuration. Solid perrhenate salts takes on the color of the cation. These salts are prepared by oxidation of rhenium compounds with nitric acid followed by neutralization of the resulting perrhenic acid.O. Glemser "Rhenium" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1476-85. Addition of tetrabutylammonium chloride to aqueous solutions of sodium perrhenate gives tetrabutylammonium perrhenate, which is soluble in organic solvents.

Halides

Rhenium can form at least four fluorides, of which rhenium heptafluoride is the most common. This is the only thermally stable metal heptafluoride. It has a pentagonal bipyramidal structure similar to IF₇, and can be prepared by the direct reaction of the elements at 400 Â°C. Combining this with additional rhenium metal at 300 Â°C in a pressure vessel would produce rhenium hexafluoride. It is one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides. Both of these fluorides have a very low melting point. In addition to this, rhenium also forms a pentafluoride, which form yellow-green crystals, and a tetrafluoride, which forms blue crystals.

The most common rhenium chlorides are ReCl₆, ReCl₅, ReCl₄, and ReCl₃. Unlike fluorine, chlorine cannot oxidize rhenium past +V; the hexachloride is made from the hexafluoride and the heptachloride is entirely unknown. Rhenium(III) chloride (ReCl₃ or sometimes written as Re₃Cl₉), is a dark-red hygroscopic solid, prepared from rhenium(V) chloride and insoluble in ordinary solvents. Historically, the trichloride is one of the earliest cluster compounds with recognizable metal-metal multiple bonds. Indeed, all the chlorides feature extensive Re-Re bonding, which appears characteristic of rhenium in oxidation states lower than VII. Salts of e₂Cl₈sup>2− feature a quadruple metal-metal bond. The metal-metal bonds and antibonds lie close to the Fermi level in many dinuclear chlororhenate complexes; both oxidized and reduced derivatives with lesser bond order (some of them mixed-valence) are known.

Rhenium(III) bromide also adopts the same structure, and is a black lustrous crystalline solid. It can be obtained by the direct reaction between rhenium metal and bromine at 500 Â°C under nitrogen:

: 6 Re + 9 Br₂ → 2 Re₃Br₉

Rhenium also forms two iodides, rhenium tetraiodide, which can be reduced from perrhenic acid with hydrogen iodide, and rhenium triiodide, which forms from the decomposition of this.

Like tungsten and molybdenum, with which it shares chemical similarities, rhenium forms a variety of oxyhalides. The oxychlorides are most common, and include ReOCl₄, ReOCl₃.

Organometallic compounds

Dirhenium decacarbonyl is a common entry point to other rhenium carbonyls. The general patterns are similar to the related manganese carbonyls. It is possible to reduce this dimer with sodium amalgam to Na e(CO)₅with rhenium in the formal oxidation state −1. Bromination of dirhenium decacarbonyl gives bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I), then reduced with zinc and acetic acid to pentacarbonylhydridorhenium:

:Re₂(CO)₁₀ + Br₂ → 2 Re(CO)₅Br
:Re(CO)₅Br + Zn + HOAc → Re(CO)₅H + ZnBr(OAc)

Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) is readily decarbonylated. In refluxing water, it forms the triaquo cation:
:Re(CO)₅Br + 3 H₂O → e(CO)₃(H₂O)₃r + 2 CO

With tetraethylammonium bromide Re(CO)₅Br reacts to give the anionic tribromide:
:Re(CO)₅Br + 2 NEt₄Br → Et₄sub>2 e(CO)₃Br₃+ 2 CO

Rhenium forms a variety of alkyl and aryl derivatives, often with pi-donor coligands such as oxo groups. Well known is methylrhenium trioxide ("MTO"), CH₃ReO₃ a volatile, colourless solid, a rare example of a stable high-oxidation state metal alkyl complex. This compound has been used as a catalyst in some laboratory experiments. It can be prepared by many routes, a typical method is the reaction of Re₂O₇ and tetramethyltin:
:Re₂O₇ + (CH₃)₄Sn → CH₃ReO₃ + (CH₃)₃SnOReO₃

Analogous alkyl and aryl derivatives are known. Although PhReO₃ is unstable and decomposes at –30 Â°C, the corresponding sterically hindered mesityl and 2,6-xylyl derivatives (MesReO₃ and 2,6-(CH₃)₂C₆H₃ReO₃) are stable at room temperature. The electron poor 4-trifluoromethylphenylrhenium trioxide (4-CF₃C₆H₄ReO₃) is likewise relatively stable. MTO and other organylrhenium trioxides catalyze oxidation reactions with hydrogen peroxide as well as olefin metathesis in the presence of a Lewis acid activator. Terminal alkynes yield the corresponding acid or ester, internal alkynes yield diketones, and alkenes give epoxides. MTO also catalyses the conversion of aldehydes and diazoalkanes into an alkene.

Rhenium is also able to make complexes with fullerene ligands such as Re₂(PMe₃)₄H₈(η²:η²C₆₀).

One of the first transition metal hydride complexes to be reported was (C₅H₅)₂ReH. A variety of half-sandwich compounds have been prepared from (C₅H₅)Re(CO)₃ and (C₅Me₅)Re(CO)₃. Notable derivatives include the electron-precise oxide (C₅Me₅)ReO₃ and (C₅H₅)₂Re₂(CO)₄.

Pictures of rhenium compounds

See also

* Perrhenate
* Perrhenic acid
* Rhenium

References

{{Rhenium compounds

Chemical compounds by element