religious satire

Religious satire is a form of satire that refers to religious beliefs and can take the form of texts, plays, films, and parody. From the earliest times, at least since the plays of Aristophanes, religion has been one of the three primary topics of literary satire, along with politics and sex.Clark (1991
pp.116–8
quotation: Clark, John R. and Motto, Anna Lydia (1973
''Satire—that blasted art''
p.20Clark, John R. and Motto, Anna Lydia (1980
''Menippeans & Their Satire: Concerning Monstrous Leamed Old Dogs and Hippocentaurs''
in Scholia satyrica, Volume 6, 3/4, 1980 p.45 quotation: Satire which targets the clergy is a type of political satire, while religious satire is that which targets religious beliefs.Hodgart (2009
p.39
/ref> ''Religious satire'' is also sometimes called philosophical satire, and is thought to be the result of agnosticism or atheism. Notable works of ''religious satire'' surfaced during the Renaissance, with works by Geoffrey Chaucer, Erasmus and Albrecht Dürer.

''Religious satire'' has been criticised and at times censored to avoid offence, for example the film '' Life of Brian'' was initially banned in Ireland, Norway, some states of the US, and some towns and councils of the United Kingdom. This potential for censorship often leads to debates on the issue of freedom of speech such as in the case of the Religious Hatred Bill in January 2006. Critics of the original version of the Bill (such as comedian Rowan Atkinson) feared that satirists could be prosecuted.

Notable examples of religious satire and satirists

* Brian Merriman
* Bill Maher
* George Carlin
* Bill Hicks
* Ricky Gervais
* Doug Stanhope
* Pat Condell
* Lenny Bruce
* Lucian of Samosata
* Dave Allen
* Hannibal Buress
* Jim Jeffries
* Richard Pryor
* Theo van Gogh
* Tim Minchin
* Douglas Adams
* Monty Python
* The Kids in the Hall
* Porta dos Fundos

Films and documentaries

* '' St. Jorgen's Day'', by Yakov Protazanov (1930)
* '' Elmer Gantry'', by Richard Brooks (1961)
* '' Heavens Above!'', by John and Roy Boulting (1963)
* '' ''The Holy Mountain'''' (1973)
* ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' (1975)
* '' Monty Python's Life of Brian'' (1979)
* '' Pray TV'' (1980)
* '' Monty Python's The Meaning of Life'' (1983)
* '' Orgazmo'' by Trey Parker and Matt Stone (1997)
* '' Dogma'' by Kevin Smith (1999)
* '' Saved!'' by Brian Dannelly (2004)
* '' Religulous'' by Larry Charles and Bill Maher (2008)
* '' Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs'' (2008)
* '' The Invention of Lying'' by Ricky Gervais and Matthew Robinson (2009)
* ''OMG – Oh My God'' by Umesh Shukla (2012)
* '' How to Lose Your Virginity'' (2013)
* '' PK'' by Rajkumar Hirani (2014)
* '' The Last Hangover'' (2018)
* '' The First Temptation of Christ'' (2019)

Characters

* Zarquon is a legendary prophet from Douglas Adams' '' Hitchhikers' Guide to the Galaxy'' who was worshipped by a number of people. His name was used as a substitute for "God".

Literature and publications

* ''Al-Fuṣūl wa Al-Ghāyāt'' ("Paragraphs and Periods"), a parody of the Quran by Al-Maʿarri (10th–11th century)
* Collection of stories ''The Canterbury Tales'' (14th century) by Geoffrey Chaucer
* Essay ''The Praise of Folly'' (1509) by Desiderius Erasmus
* Novel '' A Tale of a Tub'' (1704) by Jonathan Swift
* Brian Merriman's ''Cúirt An Mheán Óiche'' ('' The Midnight Court'') (c.1780), an Irish language comic poem which satirizes, among other things, the hypocrisy inherent in an 18th-century rural Ireland where Christian morality has collapsed
* Robert Burns' poem ''Holy Willie's Prayer'' (1785), which is an attack on self-righteousness and hypocrisy within the Calvinist Church of Scotland
* ''Chronicles of Barsetshire'' by Anthony Trollope (1855–67)
* '' Letters from the Earth'', book of essays by Mark Twain
* ''Alexander the Oracle Monger'', a parody and exposé of a false prophet by Lucian of Samosata
* '' The Screwtape Letters'', by C. S. Lewis, 1943
* Christian satire and humor magazine '' The Wittenburg Door'' (1971–2008)
* Robert A. Heinlein's novel '' Job: A Comedy of Justice'' (1984)
* Christopher Moore's absurdist novel '' Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal'' (2002)
* The controversial "Islamophobic" Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons (2005)

Plays and musicals

* '' Tartuffe'' (1664) by Molière
* '' Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le prophète'' (1736) by Voltaire, notable for its critical depiction of Muhammad, described as a self-deceived, perverted religious fanatic and manipulator, and his hunger for political power behind the foundation of Islam.
* '' Inherit the Wind'' (1955), which fictionalizes the Scopes Monkey Trial of the 1920s
* '' Mistero Buffo'' (1969) by Dario Fo.
* '' Jerry Springer: The Opera'', notable for its irreverent treatment of Judeo-Christian themes
* ''A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant'' (2003), which makes fun of L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology
* '' Altar Boyz'' (2005) Off-Broadway musical about Christian Boysband
* ''Saturday's Voyeur'' is a parody of life in Utah and Mormon culture
* '' The Book of Mormon'' (2011) A broadway production about two young Mormon Missionaries sent to Uganda, written by South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone
* ''Letting Go of God'' (2004), Julia Sweeney, an autobiographical monologue taking aim at Catholicism and Mormonism

Television

* '' The Barchester Chronicles'', 1982 television serial produced by the BBC, from the Anthony Trollope novels satirizing Victorian clergy
* ''Futurama'' episode "A Pharaoh to Remember" features a religious ceremony in which a priest chants, "Great Wall of Prophecy, reveal to us God's Will, that we might blindly obey!" and celebrants answer, "Free us from thought and responsibility."
*''Curb Your Enthusiasm'' has episodes that have satirized Orthodox Judaism and Christianity
* ''South Park'' has satirized Christianity, Mormonism, Judaism, Islam, Scientology, and other religions
* ''Family Guy'' has satirized elements of Christianity and other religions in several episodes
* Satirical Australian documentary miniseries '' John Safran vs God'' (2004)
* British sitcom '' Father Ted'', which lampooned the role of the Catholic Church in Ireland
* ''Blackadder'' episode "The Archbishop" sees Edmund invested as Archbishop of Canterbury amid a Machiavellian plot by the King to acquire lands from the Catholic Church. In Series 2, in the episode " Money", the Bishop of Bath and Wells comments "Never, in all my years, have I encountered such cruel and foul-minded perversity! Have you ever considered a career in the church?"

Characters

* Princess Clara of '' Drawn Together'' is a devout Christian who is often used to lampoon conservative Christian viewpoints
* Ned Flanders of '' The Simpsons'' is an Evangelical Christian who practices '' sola scriptura''

On the web

* ''Sinfest'', an internet comic strip by Tatsuya Ishida that frequently stresses religious issues (since 2000)
* Semiweekly comic ''Jesus and Mo'' (since 2005)
* Comedic short film series ''Mr. Deity'', which stars God, his assistant, Jesus, Lucifer, and several other characters from the ''Bible'' (since 2006)
* The '' LOLCat Bible Translation Project'', a wiki-based project by Martin Grondin (since 2007)
* ''Net Authority'', a site that purported to be a Christian Internet censorship site (2001–2008).
* The Babylon Bee, a parody news site, mainly focusing on satirizing American Evangelical Christianity from a conservative Evangelical perspective (since 2016)

People

* Betty Bowers plays a character called "America's Best Christian". In the persona of a right-wing evangelical Christian, she references Bible verses, using the persona to point out the inconsistencies in the Bible

Parody religions

* Boogyism is a fun loving cult that follows the teachings of The Great Booga, an 8 ft stuffed bunny look-alike who created the entire universe after an accident involving an unattended barbecue. It has its own religious text, The Spiritual Arghh.
* The Flying Spaghetti Monster is the deity of the "Pastafarian" parody religion, which asserts that a supernatural creator resembling spaghetti with meatballs is responsible for the creation of the universe. Its purpose is to mock intelligent design.
* The Invisible Pink Unicorn is a goddess which takes the form of a unicorn that is paradoxically both invisible ''and'' pink. These attributes serve to satirize the apparent contradictions in properties which some attribute to a theistic God, specifically omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence.
* Discordianism is centered around the ancient Greco-Roman goddess of chaos, Eris, but draws much of its tone from Zen Buddhism, Christianity, and the beatnik and hippie countercultures of the 1950s and 1960s (respectively). Its main holy book, the '' Principia Discordia'' contains things such as a commandment to "not believe anything that you read," and a claim that all statements are both true and false at the same time.
* The Church of the SubGenius pokes fun at many different religions, particularly Scientology, Televangelism (and its associated scandals), and other modern beliefs.
* The worship of "Ceiling Cat" among Lolcats. Ceiling Cat's enemy is Basement Cat, a black cat representing the devil.

Miscellaneous

* Voltaire
* The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, a street performance organization that uses Catholic imagery to call attention to sexual intolerance and satirize issues of gender and morality.
* The Brick Testament, a project in which the stories of the Bible are illustrated with Lego.
* Purim Torah, traditional parodies of Jewish life written out, and/or acted out, for the holiday of Purim.
* " Sheep" by progressive rock band Pink Floyd includes a humorous version of Psalm 23.
* "Jesus He Knows Me" by rock band Genesis, a 1991 response to the then-current televangelism scandals

Reactions, criticism and censorship

Religious satire has been criticised by those who feel that sincerely held religious views should not
be subject to ridicule. In some cases religious satire has been censored – for example, Molière's play '' Tartuffe'' was banned in 1664.

The film '' Life of Brian'' was initially banned in Ireland, Norway, some states of the US, and some towns and councils of the United Kingdom. In an interesting case of life mirroring art, activist groups who protested the film during its release bore striking similarities to some bands of religious zealots within the film itself. Like much religious satire, the intent of the film has been misinterpreted and distorted by protesters. According to the Pythons, ''Life of Brian'' is not a critique of religion so much as an indictment of the hysteria and bureaucratic excess that often surrounds it.

The issue of freedom of speech was hotly debated by the UK Parliament during the passing of the Religious Hatred Bill in January 2006. Critics of the original version of the Bill (such as comedian Rowan Atkinson) feared that satirists could be prosecuted, but an amendment by the House of Lords making it clear that this was not the case was passed – by just one vote.

In 2006, Rachel Bevilacqua, a member of the Church of the SubGenius, known as Rev. Magdalen in the SubGenius hierarchy, lost custody and contact with her son after a district court judge took offense at her participation in the Church's X-Day festival.

See also

* Anti-Catholic satire and humor
* The Bible and humor
* Discordianism
* Humour in Islam
* Jewish humour
* Parody religion
* Religion in ''The Simpsons''

References

{{criticism of religion

Criticism of religion
Satire