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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to South America.
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
is the southern continent of the two
Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...
, situated entirely in the
Western Hemisphere The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and east of the 180th meridian.- The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere. Geopolitically, ...
and mostly (about 3/4) in the Southern Hemisphere. It lies between the
Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is bounded by the cont ...
and
Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ...
oceans. The continent is culturally,
ethnically An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people with shared attributes, which they collectively believe to have, and long-term endogamy. Ethnicities share attributes like language, culture, common sets of ancestry, traditions, society, rel ...
and racially diverse, home to
indigenous peoples There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territ ...
and to descendants of settlers from Europe, Africa and Asia. Due to its
history of colonialism The phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by various civilizations such as the Phoenicians, Babylonia, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Roman Empire, Rom ...
most South Americans speak
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...
or Portuguese, and its societies and states are commonly modeled after Western traditions.


Geography of South America


Geography by political division


Geography of countries

*
Geography of Argentina The geography of Argentina is heavily diverse, consisting of the Andes Mountains, pampas, and various rivers and lakes. Bordered by the Andes in the west and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, its neighbouring countries are Chile to the west, ...
*
Geography of Bolivia The geography of Bolivia includes the Cordillera Oriental (Bolivia), Eastern Andes Mountain Range (also called the Cordillera Oriental) which bisects Bolivia roughly from north to south. To the east of that mountain chain are lowland plains of th ...
*
Geography of Brazil The country of Brazil occupies roughly half of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil covers a total area of which includes of land and of water. The highest point in Brazil is Pico da Neblina at . Brazil is bordered by the count ...
*
Geography of Chile The geography of Chile is extremely diverse, as the country extends from a latitude of 17°South to Cape Horn at 56° and from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Andes in the east. Chile is situated in southern South America, bordering th ...
*
Geography of Colombia The Republic of Colombia is situated largely in the north-west of South America, with some territories falling within the boundaries of Central America. It is bordered to the north-west by Panama; to the east by Brazil and Venezuela; to the sou ...
*
Geography of Ecuador Ecuador is a country in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, for which the country is named. Ecuador encompasses a wide range of natural formations and climates, from the desert-like southern coast to the snowcappe ...
*
Geography of Guyana The Geography of Guyana comprises the physical characteristics of the country in Northern South America and part of Caribbean South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Suriname and Venezuela, with a land area of approximately 214 ...
*
Geography of Panama Panama is a country located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. Panama is located on the narrow and low Isthmus of Panama. This S-shaped isthmus is situated between 7° a ...
*
Geography of Paraguay Paraguay is a country in South America, bordering Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. The Paraguay River (Spanish: ''Río Paraguay'') divides the country into strikingly different eastern and western regions. Both the eastern region (officially called ...
*
Geography of Peru Peru is a country on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the Southern Hemisphere, its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about south of the equator. Peru shares l ...
*
Geography of Suriname Suriname is located in the northern part of South America and is part of Caribbean South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French Guiana and Guyana. It is mostly covered by tropical rainforest, containing a great diversity ...
*
Geography of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic republic in the southern Caribbean between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela. They are southeasterly islands of the Lesser Antilles, Monos, Huevos, Gaspar Grande (or G ...
*
Geography of Uruguay Uruguay is a country in the southeastern region of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere on the Atlantic seaboard of South America between 53 and 58 west longitude an ...
*
Geography of Venezuela Venezuela is a country in South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana. It is situated on major sea and air routes linking North and South America. Located at the northernmost end of ...


Geography of dependencies and other territories

*
Geography of Aruba The geography of Aruba, located at the juncture of the South American and Caribbean Plate, Caribbean tectonic plates, has been shaped by a complex interplay of geological processes. From its flat expanses to its rugged coastlines, Aruba's geograph ...
* Geography of Bonaire * Geography of Curaçao *
Geography of the Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean between 51°S and 53°S on a projection of the Patagonian Shelf, part of the South American continental shelf. In ancient geological time this shelf was part of Gondwana, and around 40 ...
*
Geography of French Guiana French Guiana is an overseas region of France, located on the northern coast of South America between Suriname and Brazil. The country is part of Caribbean South America and borders the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean. It has low-lying pla ...
*
Geography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia and a chain of ...


Geographical features of South America

*
List of islands of South America The following are lists of the islands of South America by country. Argentina Atlantic Ocean islands *''Isla Apipé'' *'' Isla Bermejo'' *''Isla de los Estados'' *'' Isla de San Martín'' *'' Isla del Cerrito'' *''Isla Martín García'' *'' I ...
* List of rivers of South America *
List of World Heritage Sites in South America This is a list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South America. Legend :Site; as per officially inscribed name :Location; at city, regional, or provincial level and geocoordinates :Criteria; as defined by the World Heritage Committee :Area; in h ...


Regions of South America


Directional regions

* Eastern South America: Federative Republic of Brazil * Northern South America (the part of South America located in the
Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined by humans as being in the same celestial sphere, celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the Solar ...
) ** North-eastern South America: The Guianas ** North-western South America: Caribbean South America * Southern South America: Southern Cone * Western South America: Andean States


Natural regions

*
Altiplano The Altiplano (Spanish language, Spanish for "high plain"), Collao (Quechuan languages, Quechua and Aymara language, Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla people, Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the most extens ...
*
Amazon basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributary, tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries ...
*
Amazon rainforest The Amazon rainforest, also called the Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin ...
**
Brazilian Amazon Brazilian commonly refers to: * Brazil, a country * Brazilians, its people * Brazilian Portuguese, its dialect Brazilian may also refer to: * "The Brazilian", a 1986 instrumental music piece by Genesis * Brazilian Café, Baghdad, Iraq (1937) * Bra ...
**
Peruvian Amazon Peruvian Amazonia (), informally known locally as the Peruvian jungle () or just the jungle (), is the area of the Amazon rainforest in Peru, east of the Andes and Peru's borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia. Peru has the second-l ...
*
Andes The Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the List of longest mountain chains on Earth, longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range ...
**
Tropical Andes The Tropical Andes is northern of the three climate-delineated parts of the Andes, the others being the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. The Tropical Andes' area spans . Geography and ecology file:Andes_clima.png, 200px, Map of the climatic regio ...
**
Dry Andes 200px, Map of the climatic regions of the Andes. The Dry Andes are shown in yellow. The Wet_Andes.html" ;"title="Tropical Andes are shown in green and the Wet Andes">Tropical Andes are shown in green and the Wet Andes in dark blue. The Dry Andes ...
**
Wet Andes 200px, Map of the climatic regions of the Andes. The Wet Andes are shown in dark blue. The Tropical_Andes.html" ;"title="Dry Andes are shown in yellow and the Tropical Andes">Dry Andes are shown in yellow and the Tropical Andes in green. The Wet ...
*
Atacama Desert The Atacama Desert () is a desert plateau located on the Pacific Ocean, Pacific coast of South America, in the north of Chile. Stretching over a strip of land west of the Andes Mountains, it covers an area of , which increases to if the barre ...
*
Brazilian Highlands The Brazilian Highlands or Brazilian Plateau () is an extensive geographical region covering most of the eastern, southern and central portions of Brazil, in all some 4,500,000 km2 (1,930,511 sq mi) or approximately half of the country's la ...
*
Caribbean South America Caribbean South America is a subregion of South America that borders the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the Caribbean region of Colombia and the Venezuelan Caribbean. Significant cities and metropolitan areas with populations over 250,000 on S ...
*
Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco or simply Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland tropical dry broadleaf forest natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion o ...
*
Guianas The Guianas, also spelled Guyanas or Guayanas, are a geographical region in north-eastern South America. Strictly, the term refers to the three Guianas: Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, formerly British Guiana, British, Surinam (Dutch colo ...
*
Llanos The Llanos ( Spanish ''Los Llanos'', "The Plains"; ) is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. It is an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, ...
*
Pampas The Pampas (; from Quechua 'plain'), also known as the Pampas Plain, are fertile South American low grasslands that cover more than and include the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, and Córdoba; all o ...
*
Pantanal The Pantanal () is a natural region encompassing the world's largest tropical wetland area, and the world's largest Flooded grasslands and savannas, flooded grasslands. It is located mostly within the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, but i ...
*
Patagonia Patagonia () is a geographical region that includes parts of Argentina and Chile at the southern end of South America. The region includes the southern section of the Andes mountain chain with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and glaciers ...
*
Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego (, ; Spanish for "Land of Fire", rarely also Fireland in English) is an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South America, South American mainland, across the Strait of Magellan. The archipelago consists of the main is ...
* Atlantic Forest *
Caatinga Caatinga () is a type of semi-arid tropical vegetation, and an ecoregion characterized by this vegetation in interior northeastern Brazil. The name "Caatinga" comes from the Tupi word '' ka'atinga'', meaning "white forest" or "white vegetat ...
*
Cerrado The Cerrado () is a vast ecoregion of Tropics, tropical savanna in central Brazil, being present in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Paraná ...
*
Chiquitano dry forests The Chiquitano dry forests is a tropical dry broadleaf forest ecoregion in Bolivia and Brazil. The ecoregion is named for the Chiquitano people who live in the region. Setting The Chiquitano dry forests cover an area of . The ecoregion lies eas ...


Political divisions of South America


Countries of South America

List of South American countries There are 12 sovereign states and 3 non-sovereign dependent territories in South America. The continent is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean. North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the n ...
*
Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...
*
Bolivia Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America. The country features diverse geography, including vast Amazonian plains, tropical lowlands, mountains, the Gran Chaco Province, w ...
*
Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
*
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...
*
Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ...
*
Ecuador Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...
*
Guyana Guyana, officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern coast of South America, part of the historic British West Indies. entry "Guyana" Georgetown, Guyana, Georgetown is the capital of Guyana and is also the co ...
*
Panama Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and ...
*
Paraguay Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the Argentina–Paraguay border, south and southwest, Brazil to the Brazil–Paraguay border, east and northeast, and Boli ...
*
Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...
*
Suriname Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America, also considered as part of the Caribbean and the West Indies. It is a developing country with a Human Development Index, high level of human development; i ...
*
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean, comprising the main islands of Trinidad and Tobago, along with several List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago, smaller i ...
*
Uruguay Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the A ...
*
Venezuela Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It com ...


Dependencies and other territories

*
Aruba Aruba, officially the Country of Aruba, is a constituent island country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in the southern Caribbean Sea north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná Peninsula, Paraguaná and northwest of Curaçao. In 19 ...
*
Bonaire Bonaire is a Caribbean island in the Leeward Antilles, and is a Caribbean Netherlands, special municipality (officially Public body (Netherlands), "public body") of the Netherlands. Its capital is the port of Kralendijk, on the west (Windward an ...
*
Curaçao Curaçao, officially the Country of Curaçao, is a constituent island country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located in the southern Caribbean Sea (specifically the Dutch Caribbean region), about north of Venezuela. Curaçao includ ...
*
Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands (; ), commonly referred to as The Falklands, is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and from Cape Dub ...
*
French Guiana French Guiana, or Guyane in French, is an Overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies. Bordered by Suriname to the west ...
*
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia and a chain of smaller islands known as the ...


Regions by country

*
Regions of Argentina The provinces of Argentina are often grouped into eight geographical regions. Regions From West to East and North to South, these are: *Pampas, Pampas region: Buenos Aires Province, Buenos Aires, Córdoba Province, Argentina, Córdoba, Santa Fe ...
*
Regions of Bolivia In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as areas, zones, lands or territories, are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and ...
*
Regions of Brazil Brazil is geopolitics, geopolitically divided into five regions (also called macroregions), by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, which are formed by the federative units of Brazil. Although officially recognized, the division ...
*
Regions of Chile Chile is divided into 16 regions (in Spanish language, Spanish, ''regiones''; singular ), which are the country's first-level administrative division. Each region is headed by directly elected Regional Governor (Chile), regional governor (''gober ...
*
Regions of Colombia Because of its natural structure, Colombia can be divided into six distinct natural regions. These consist of the Andean Region, covering the three branches of the Andes mountains found in Colombia; the Caribbean Region, covering the area adja ...
*
Regions of Ecuador Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...
*
Regions of Guyana Guyana is divided into 10 regions: Each Region is administered by a Regional Democratic Council (RDC) which is headed by a Chairman. The Regions are divided into neighbourhood councils, known as Neighbourhood Democratic Councils (NDCs). The ...
*
Regions of Paraguay Paraguay consists of 17 departments Department may refer to: * Departmentalization, division of a larger organization into parts with specific responsibility Government and military * Department (administrative division), a geographical and ...
*
Regions of Peru According to the ''Organic Law of Regional Governments'', the regions () are, with the departments, the first-level semi autonomous administrative subdivisions of Peru. Since its Peruvian War of Independence, 1821 independence, Peru had been divi ...
* Regions of Suriname *
Regions of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago is divided into seven regions, five boroughs, two city corporations and one ward. Trinidad The following are the municipalities and regions created after the amendment of Act No. 8 of 1992: The following regions were ...
* Regions of Uruguay *
Regions of Venezuela The Regions of Venezuela () are two groupings of Venezuela's states, capital district, and federal dependencies. Venezuela's natural regions (''Regiones naturales'') are divided by natural geography, and administrative regions (''Regiones pol� ...


Demography of South America

Demographics of South America As of 2017, South America has an estimated population of 418.76 million people. Population and density Largest population centres Religion An estimated 90.0% of South Americans are Christians (82% Catholic, 8% other Christian ...
*
List of South American countries by population This is a list of South American countries and dependencies by population in South America, total projected population from the United Nations and the latest official figure. Map Table See also * Demographics of South America * L ...
* List of South American countries by GDP PPP


Demographics by political division


= Demographics of countries

= *
Demographics of Argentina This is a demographics, demography of Argentina including population density, Ethnic group, ethnicity, Economy of Argentina, economic status, age and other aspects of the population. As of the , Argentina had a population of 46,044,703 - a 15.3% ...
*
Demographics of Bolivia The demographic characteristics of the population of Bolivia are known from censuses, with the first census undertaken in 1826 and the most recent in 2024. The National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia (INE) has performed this task since 195 ...
*
Demographics of Brazil Brazil had an official resident population of 203 million in 2022, according to IBGE.. Brazil is the seventh most populous country in the world and the second most populous in the Americas and Western Hemisphere. Brazilians are mainly concentr ...
*
Demographics of Chile Demography () is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration. Demographic analysis examine ...
* Demographics of Colombia *
Demographics of Ecuador Demographic features of the population of Ecuador include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Ecuador experienced rapid population ...
*
Demographics of Guyana This is a demography of Guyana including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Guyana's population (Guyanese people) is made up of f ...
*
Demographics of Panama This is a demography of the population of Panama including population density, ethnic group, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. Panama's 2020 census h ...
*
Demographics of Paraguay Paraguay's population is distributed unevenly through the country. The vast majority of the people live in the eastern region, most within of Asunción, the capital and largest city, which borders on Argentina to the south and west. The Gran C ...
*
Demographics of Peru This is a demography of the population of Peru including population density, ethnicity, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Peru is a multiethnic country, which means that it is home to people of many different histo ...
*
Demographics of Suriname This is a demography of the population of Suriname, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. Most Surinamese people live in ...
*
Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago This article is about the demography of the population of Trinidad and Tobago including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Popula ...
* Demographics of Uruguay *
Demographics of Venezuela Venezuela is a country in South America. The Venezuelan people comprise a combination of heritages, primarily Native American and European. The historically present Native American, Spanish colonists, and African slaves have all contributed to ...


= Demographics of dependencies and other territories

= *
Demographics of Aruba This is a demographics, demography of the population of Aruba, including population density, Ethnic group, ethnicity, nationality language use, education level, age, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspect ...
*
Demographics of Bonaire Demography () is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration. Demographic analysis examines ...
*
Demographics of Curaçao Demography () is the statistics, statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration. Demographic analy ...
*
Demographics of the Falkland Islands Demography () is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration. Demographic analysis examine ...
* Demographics of French Guiana *
Demographics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Demography () is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration. Demographic analysis examine ...


Politics of South America

* Conflicts in South America * Political parties in South America


Politics by political division


Politics of countries

*
Politics of Argentina The politics of Argentina take place in the framework of what the Constitution defines as a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where the President of Argentina is both Head of State and Head of Government. Legislative p ...
*
Politics of Bolivia The politics of Bolivia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president is head of state, head of government and head of a diverse multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the ...
*
Politics of Brazil The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The political and administrative ...
*
Politics of Chile Chile's government is a representative democratic republic, in which the President of Chile serves as both head of state and head of government, within a formal multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the president and their cab ...
*
Politics of Colombia Colombia is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system, where the President of Colombia is both head of state and head of government. The national government has separate executive, legislative, and judicial b ...
*
Politics of Ecuador The politics of Ecuador are multi-party. The central government polity is a quadrennially elected presidential, unicameral representative democracy. The President of Ecuador is head of state and head of the army on a multi-party system, and ...
*
Politics of Guyana Politics () is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of status or resources. The branch of social science that studies poli ...
*
Politics of Panama The politics of Panama take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system, whereby the President of Panama is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by t ...
*
Politics of Paraguay Politics of Paraguay takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic. The National Constitution mandates a separation of powers in three branches. Executive power is exercised solely by the President. Legislative ...
*
Politics of Peru The politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party syste ...
*
Politics of Suriname Politics of Suriname take place in a framework of a representative democracy, representative democratic parliamentary republic with an executive president, whereby the president of Suriname is the head of state and head of government, and of a Pl ...
*
Politics of Trinidad and Tobago The politics of Trinidad and Tobago function within the framework of a unitary state regulated by a parliamentary democracy modelled on that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, from which the country gained its independen ...
*
Politics of Uruguay The politics of Uruguay abide by a presidential system, presidential Representative democracy, representative democratic republic, under which the president of Uruguay is both the head of state and the head of government, as well as a multiform ...
*
Politics of Venezuela The politics of Venezuela are conducted under what is nominally a federal presidential republic, but is in practice an authoritarian system of government. Prior to the early 1990s, Venezuela was considered an unusually long-standing and stable ...


Politics of dependencies and other territories

*
Politics of Aruba Politics of Aruba, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic country, whereby the governor in his capacity as the King's representative is the ''de jure'' hea ...
* Politics of Bonaire *
Politics of Curaçao Politics () is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of status or resources. The branch of social science that studies politic ...
*
Politics of the Falkland Islands The politics of the Falkland Islands takes place in a framework of a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary representative democratic dependency as set out by the constitution, whereby the Governor exercises the duties of head of state in t ...
*
Politics of French Guiana French Guiana is not a separate territory but is both an overseas région and overseas department of France, with the same government institutions as areas on the French mainland. The administrative center is Cayenne. The President of Franc ...
*
Politics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia and a chain of ...


Elections by political division


= Elections in countries

= *
Elections in Argentina At the national level, Argentina elects a head of state (the President) and a legislature. The franchise extends to all citizens aged 16 and over, and voting is mandatory (with a few exceptions) for all those who are between 18 and 70 years of ...
*
Elections in Bolivia Bolivia elects on national level a head of state – the President of Bolivia, president – and a legislature. The president and the vice-president are elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Congress of Bolivia, Nation ...
*
Elections in Brazil Brazil elects on the national level a head of state — the president — and a legislature. The president is elected to a four-year term by absolute majority vote through a two-round system. The National Congress (''Congresso Nacional'') has t ...
*
Elections in Chile Elections in Chile are held countrywide, including the presidency, parliament, regional offices, and municipal positions. Chilean citizens and foreign residents with legal residency of at least five years, who are 18 years or older on election da ...
*
Elections in Colombia Elections in Colombia are regulated and controlled by the National Electoral Council (CNE) which also provides information on elections and election results. At the national level, the President of Colombia is elected as the head of state and th ...
*
Elections in Ecuador Ecuador elects on the national level a president and a legislature. The President of the Republic and the Vice President are elected on one ballot for a four-year term by the people. The National Assembly (''Asamblea Nacional'') has 137 members ...
*
Elections in Guyana Elections in Guyana take place within the framework of a multi-party representative democracy and a presidential system. The National Assembly is directly elected, with the nominee of the party or alliance that receives the most votes becoming ...
*
Elections in Panama Panama elects on national level a head of state, i.e. the president, and a legislature. The president and the vice-president are elected on one ballot for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (''Asamblea Nacional'') has 71 memb ...
*
Elections in Paraguay Paraguay elects on the national level a head of state — the president — and a legislature. The president of Paraguay is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Congress (''Congreso Nacional'') has two chambers. The Chambe ...
*
Elections in Peru In Peru, the people directly elect a head of state (the president) as well as a legislature. The president is elected by the people for a five-year term. The unicameral Congress (''Congreso'') has 130 members, also elected for a five-year term b ...
*
Elections in Suriname Suriname elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college based on the parliament. The National Assembly (''Nationale Assemblée'') has 51 ...
*
Elections in Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago elects its House of Representatives (the lower house of its legislature) on the national level. The head of government, the prime minister, is chosen from among the elected representatives on the basis of his or her command of ...
*
Elections in Uruguay Elections in Uruguay encompass three different types: general elections, departamental elections and municipal elections. At the national level, Uruguay elects a head of state (the President) and a legislature (the General Assembly). Voting is c ...
*
Elections in Venezuela Elections in Venezuela are held at a national level for the President of Venezuela as head of state and head of government, and for a unicameral legislature. The President of Venezuela is elected for a six-year term by direct election plurality ...


= Elections in dependencies and other territories

= *
Elections in Aruba Aruba elects a legislature on the national level. The Estates (''Staten'') have 21 members, elected for a four-year term by Open list Party-list proportional representation. Seats are distributed between parties that have gained at least one full ...
*
Elections in Bonaire Bonaire holds elections for the island council and the electoral colleges for the Senate. See also * Electoral calendar * Electoral system An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Elec ...
*
Elections in Curaçao An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated s ...
*
Elections in the Falkland Islands The politics of the Falkland Islands takes place in a framework of a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary representative democratic dependency as set out by the constitution, whereby the Governor exercises the duties of head of state in th ...
* Elections in French Guiana *
Elections in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia and a chain of smaller islands known as the S ...


Human rights by political division


= Human rights in countries

= *
Human rights in Argentina The history of human rights in Argentina is affected by the National Reorganization Process, last civil-military dictatorship in the country (1976-1983) and its aftermath. The dictatorship is known in North America as the "Dirty War", a named co ...
* Human rights in Bolivia *
Human rights in Brazil Human rights in Brazil include the right to life and freedom of speech; and condemnation of slavery and torture. The nation ratified the American Convention on Human Rights. The 2017 Freedom in the World report by Freedom House gives Brazil a sc ...
*
Human rights in Chile Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are great apes characterized by their hairlessness, bipedalism, and high intelligen ...
*
Human rights in Colombia Colombia is a sovereign state situated in South America. It has been a member of the United Nations since 5 November 1945, and is party to a variety of international agreements concerning human rights. It also has a series of domestic laws conc ...
*
Human rights in Ecuador Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...
* Human rights in Guyana *
Human rights in Panama Human Rights in Panama include many ongoing concerns and changes. In recent years, Panama has posted notable improvements to its human rights record. It has committed to respect and protect human rights according to international standards as part ...
*
Human rights in Paraguay Technically speaking, Paraguayan law prohibits discrimination on grounds of gender, race, language, disability, or social status, but there is nonetheless widespread discrimination. Under Paraguayan law, freedom of speech is technically guarante ...
* Human rights in Peru * Human rights in Suriname * Human rights in Trinidad and Tobago *
Human rights in Uruguay The Republic of Uruguay is located in South America, between Argentina, Brazil and the South Atlantic Ocean, with a population of 3,332,972. Uruguay gained independence and sovereignty from Spain in 1828 and has full control over its internal and ...
*
Human rights in Venezuela The record of human rights in Venezuela has been criticized by human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Concerns include attacks against journalists, political persecution, harassment of human rights defen ...


= Human rights in dependencies and other territories

= * Human rights in Aruba * Human rights in Bonaire *
Human rights in Curaçao Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are great apes characterized by their hairlessness, bipedalism, and high intelligenc ...
*
Human rights in the Falkland Islands The legal protection of human rights in the Falkland Islands is guaranteed by Chapter I of the Constitution of the Falkland Islands. The wording is broadly taken from documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Co ...
* Human rights in French Guiana * Human rights in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands


Law by political division


= Law of countries

= *
Law of Argentina The Legal system of Argentina is a civil law legal system. The pillar of the civil system is the Constitution of Argentina (1853). The Argentine Constitution of 1853 was an attempt to unite the unstable and young country of the United Provin ...
*
Law of Bolivia The law of Bolivia includes a constitution and a number of codes. Constitution Bolivia has had seventeen constitutions. Sources By 1840, sources of the law of Bolivia included: (1) Acts of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, prior to the revoluti ...
*
Law of Brazil The law of Brazil is based on statutes and, partly and more recently, a mechanism called ''súmulas vinculantes''. It derives mainly from the European civil law systems, particularly the Portuguese, the Napoleonic French and the German (espec ...
*
Law of Chile The legal system of Chile belongs to the Continental Law tradition. The basis for its public law is the 1980 Constitution, reformed in 1989 and 2005. According to it Chile is a ''democratic republic''. There is a clear separation of functions, be ...
*
Law of Colombia The Government of Colombia is a republic with separation of powers into executive, judicial and legislative branches. Legislative Branch of Colombia, Its legislature has Congress of Colombia, a congress, Judicial Branch of Colombia, its judicia ...
*
Law of Ecuador The politics of Ecuador are multi-party. The central government polity is a quadrennially elected presidential, unicameral representative democracy. The President of Ecuador is head of state and head of the army on a multi-party system, and ...
*
Law of Guyana Law is a set of rules that are created and are law enforcement, enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a Socia ...
*
Law of Panama The law of Panama is based on civil law with influences from Spanish legal tradition and Roman laws. For the first several years of its existence Panamanian law depended upon the legal code inherited from Colombia. The first Panamanian codes, pr ...
*
Law of Paraguay Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art ...
*
Law of Peru The law of Peru includes a constitution and legislation. The law of Perú is part of the Roman-Germanic tradition that concedes the utmost importance to the written law, therefore, statutes known as leyes are the primary source of the law. Consti ...
*
Law of Suriname Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art ...
*
Law of Trinidad and Tobago Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art ...
*
Law of Uruguay The legal system of Uruguay belongs to the Continental Law tradition. The basis for its public law is the 1967 Constitution, amended in 1989, 1994, 1996, and 2004. According to it, Uruguay is a ''democratic republic''. There is a clear separat ...
*
Law of Venezuela The legal system of Venezuela belongs to the Continental Law tradition. Venezuela was the first country in the world to abolish the death penalty for all crimes, doing so in 1863. Public law The basis for its public law is the 1999 Constituti ...


= Law of dependencies and other territories

= * Law of Aruba *
Law of Bonaire Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art ...
*
Law of Curaçao Law is a set of rules that are created and are law enforcement, enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a Socia ...
*
Law of the Falkland Islands Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art ...
*
Law of French Guiana Law is a set of rules that are created and are law enforcement, enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a Socia ...
*
Law of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Law is a set of rules that are created and are law enforcement, enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a Socia ...


Law enforcement by political division


= Law enforcement in countries

= *
Law enforcement in Argentina In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police with jurisdiction in all Argentine territory. Most routine police work is carried out by provincial/state police forces. In recent years, several cities ...
*
Law enforcement in Bolivia Law enforcement in Bolivia is reliant on the 40,000-member ''Cuerpo de Policía Nacional'' (National Police Corps) responsible for internal security and maintaining law and order. Unlike many South American countries, the Bolivian police force a ...
*
Law enforcement in Brazil In Brazil, the Constitution of Brazil, Federal Constitution establishes eight law enforcement institutions - seven titulars and one auxiliar. The titular institutions are: the Federal Police of Brazil, Federal Police, the Federal Highway Police ( ...
*
Law enforcement in Chile The () are the Chilean national law enforcement gendarmerie, who have jurisdiction over the entire national territory of the Republic of Chile. Created in 1927, their mission is to maintain order and enforce the laws of Chile. They reported to t ...
* Law enforcement in Colombia * Law enforcement in Ecuador *
Law enforcement in Guyana Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art ...
*
Law enforcement in Panama Law enforcement in Panama Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the C ...
*
Law enforcement in Paraguay Law enforcement in Paraguay Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the Argentina–Paraguay border, south and southwest, Brazil to the Brazil–Paraguay border ...
*
Law enforcement in Peru Law enforcement in Peru is carried out by two organizations under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior (Peru), Ministry of the Interior: * The National Police of Peru (, PNP), which acts as the national police force of Peru, and functions ...
*
Law enforcement in Suriname There are three major law enforcement/security entities in Suriname. Organisations Korps Politie Suriname The largest force and the most published in the media is the Korps Politie Suriname (KPS), the national police force of the Republic o ...
*
Law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art ...
*
Law enforcement in Uruguay The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , , "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often vocalize it as sta ...
*
Law enforcement in Venezuela Law enforcement in Venezuela is highly fragmented, being split across multiple police agencies of various types. The National Guard, with around 33,000 officers, is attached to the Ministry of Defence A ministry of defence or defense (see ...


= Law enforcement in dependencies and other territories

= * Law enforcement in Aruba * Law enforcement in Bonaire *
Law enforcement in Curaçao Law is a set of rules that are created and are law enforcement, enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a Socia ...
* Law enforcement in the Falkland Islands * Law enforcement in French Guiana * Law enforcement in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands


Governments of South America

*
South American Union The Union of South American Nations (USAN), sometimes also referred to as the South American Union, abbreviated in Spanish as UNASUR and in Portuguese as UNASUL, is an intergovernmental regional organization. It was set up by Hugo Chavez to c ...


History of South America


History of South America, by period

*
Pre-Columbian era In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, or as the pre-Cabraline era specifically in Brazil, spans from the initial peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of European col ...
*
Early modern period The early modern period is a Periodization, historical period that is defined either as part of or as immediately preceding the modern period, with divisions based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity. There i ...
**
European colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery, a large scale colonization of the Americas, involving a number of European countries, took place primarily between the late 15th century and the early 19th century. The Norse explored and colonized areas of Europe a ...
***
Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese colonization of the Americas () constituted territories in the Americas belonging to the Kingdom of Portugal. Portugal was the leading country in the European exploration of the world in the 15th century. The Treaty of Tordesillas in ...
****
Colonial Brazil Colonial Brazil (), sometimes referred to as Portuguese America, comprises the period from 1500, with the Discovery of Brazil, arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves ...
***
Spanish colonization of the Americas The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoa, Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella ...
****
Colonial Argentina Colonial Argentina is designated as the period of the History of Argentina when it was an overseas territory of the Spanish Empire. It begins in the Precolumbian age of the indigenous peoples of Argentina, with the arrival of the first Spanish ...
****
Colonial Bolivia The history of Bolivia involves thousands of years of human habitation. Lake Titicaca had been an important center of culture and development for thousands of years. The Tiwanaku people reached an advanced level of civilization before being conqu ...
****
Colonial Chile In Chilean historiography, Colonial Chile () is the period from 1600 to 1810, beginning with the Destruction of the Seven Cities and ending with the onset of the Chilean War of Independence. During this time, the Chilean heartland was ruled by ...
****
Colonial Peru The Viceroyalty of Peru (), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru (), was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, go ...
****
Colonial Venezuela Spanish expeditions led by Christopher Columbus, Columbus and Alonso de Ojeda reached the coast of present-day Venezuela in 1498 and 1499. The first colony, colonial exploitation was of the pearl oysters of the "Pearl Islands". Spain established ...


History of South America, by region

*
History of Andean South America The history of human habitation in the Andean region of South America stretches from circa 15,000 BCE to the present day. Stretching for 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, the region encompasses mountainous, tropical and desert environments. This ...


History of South America, by country

*
History of Argentina The history of Argentina can be divided into four main parts: the pre-Columbian time or early history (up to the sixteenth century), the colonial period (1536–1809), the period of nation-building (1810–1880), and the history of modern Argenti ...
*
History of Bolivia The history of Bolivia involves thousands of years of human habitation. Lake Titicaca had been an important center of culture and development for thousands of years. The Tiwanaku people reached an advanced level of civilization before being conqu ...
*
History of Brazil Before the arrival of the Europeans, the lands that now constitute Brazil were occupied, fought over and settled by diverse tribes. Thus, the history of Brazil begins with the indigenous people in Brazil. The Portuguese arrived to the land tha ...
**
Empire of Brazil The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a Representative democracy, representative Par ...
*
History of Chile The territory of Chile has been populated since at least 3000 BC. By the 16th century, Spanish invaders began to raid the region of present-day Chile, and the territory was a colony from 1540 to 1818, when it gained Chilean War of Independence, i ...
*
History of Colombia The history of Colombia includes its settlement by indigenous peoples and the establishment of agrarian societies, notably the Muisca Confederation, Quimbaya Civilization, and Tairona Chiefdoms. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a p ...
* History of Ecuador *
History of Guyana The history of Guyana begins about 35,000 years ago with the arrival of humans coming from Eurasia. These migrants became the Carib and Arawak tribes, who met Alonso de Ojeda's first expedition from Spain in 1499 at the Essequibo River. In the ...
*
History of Panama The history of Panama includes the history of the Isthmus of Panama prior to European colonization. Before the arrival of Europeans, Panama was widely settled by peoples speaking Chibchan languages, Choco languages, and Cueva language. There ...
*
History of Paraguay The history of Paraguay encompasses thousands of years of human habitation. Both agricultural and nomadic Guaycuruan lived in the region at the time of the Spanish Conquest. It became a relatively neglected part of the Spanish Empire due ...
*
History of Peru The history of Peru spans 15 millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization ...
*
History of Suriname The early history of Suriname dates from 3000 BCE when Native American (Americas), Native Americans first inhabited the area. The Dutch acquired Suriname from the English, and European settlement in any numbers dates from the 17th century, when i ...
*
History of Trinidad and Tobago The history of Trinidad and Tobago begins with the settlements of the islands by Indigenous First Peoples. Trinidad was visited by Christopher Columbus on his third voyage in 1498, (he never landed in Tobago), and claimed in the name of Spain. ...
*
History of Uruguay The history of Uruguay comprises different periods: the pre-Columbian time or early history (up to the 16th century), the Colonial Period (1516–1811), the Period of Nation-Building (1811–1830), and the history of Uruguay as an independent c ...
*
History of Venezuela The history of Venezuela reflects events in areas of the Americas colonized by Spain starting 1502; amid resistance from indigenous peoples, led by Native caciques, such as Guaicaipuro and Tamanaco. However, in the Andean region of western Ve ...


History of dependencies and other territories

*
History of Aruba Aruba, officially the Country of Aruba, is a constituent island country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in the southern Caribbean Sea north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná and northwest of Curaçao. In 1986, Aruba became a co ...
* History of Bonaire *
History of Curaçao The history of Curaçao starts with settlement by the Arawaks, an Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Amerindian people coming from the South American mainland. They are believed to have inhabited the island for many hundreds of years before the a ...
*
History of the Falkland Islands The history of the Falkland Islands () goes back at least five hundred years, with active exploration and colonisation only taking place in the 18th century. Nonetheless, the Falkland Islands have been a matter of controversy, as they have been ...
*
History of French Guiana The history of French Guiana dates back to the period prior to European colonization of the Americas, European colonization. Prior to the arrival of the first Europeans, there was no recorded history, written history in the territory. It was or ...
*
History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands The history of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is relatively recent. When European explorers discovered the islands, they were uninhabited, and their hostile climate, mountainous terrain, and remoteness made subsequent settlemen ...


History of South America, by subject

*
Military history of South America The military history of South America can be divided into two major periods – pre- and post-Columbian – divided by the entrance of European forces to the region. The sudden introduction of steel, gunpowder weapons and horses into the Americas ...
**
Spanish American wars of independence The Spanish American wars of independence () took place across the Spanish Empire during the early 19th century. The struggles in both hemispheres began shortly after the outbreak of the Peninsular War, forming part of the broader context of the ...
**
Latin American wars of independence The Latin American wars of independence may collectively refer to all of these anti-colonial military conflicts during the decolonization of Latin America around the early 19th century: * Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1833), multipl ...
**
South American dreadnought race A naval arms race among Argentina, Brazil, and Chile—the ABC countries, wealthiest and most powerful countries in South America—began in the early twentieth century when the Brazilian government ordered three dreadnoughts, formidable battl ...
* Slavery in South America **
Slavery in Brazil Slavery in Brazil began long before the Colonial Brazil, first Portuguese settlement. Later, colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases of settlement to maintain the subsistence economy, and natives were of ...


Culture of South America

Culture of South America The culture of South America draws on diverse cultural traditions. These include the native cultures of the peoples that inhabited the continents prior to the arrival of the Europeans; European cultures, brought mainly by the Spanish, the Port ...
* Coats of arms of South America *
Flags of South America This is a gallery of flags of South American countries and affiliated international organizations. International Flags of South American sovereign states Flags of South American dependencies and other territories Flags of South American cit ...
*
Religion in South America Religion in South America has been a major influence on art, culture, philosophy and law and changed greatly in recent years. Roman Catholicism has rapidly declined. Most of this is due to the growth of Protestantism, particularly evangelical C ...
**
Islam in South America Latin American Muslims are Muslims from countries in Latin America. A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in found that Muslims make up 0.1% of all of Latin America's population. History The 1492 discovery of Latin America by Columbus ...
** Christianity in South America **
Hinduism in South America Hinduism is a minority religion in South America, which is followed by even less than 1% of the total continent's population. Hinduism is found in several countries, but is strongest in the Indo-Caribbean populations of Guyana and Suriname. Ther ...
*
World Heritage Sites World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritag ...


Culture in South America, by country


Culture of countries

*
Culture of Argentina The culture of Argentina is as varied as the country Geography of Argentina, geography and is composed of a Demographics of Argentina, mix of ethnic groups. Modern Argentine culture has been influenced largely by the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Pl ...
*
Culture of Bolivia Bolivia is a country in South America, bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the west, and Peru to the west. The cultural development of what is now Bolivia is divided into three distinct peri ...
*
Culture of Brazil The culture of Brazil has been shaped by the amalgamation of diverse indigenous cultures, and the cultural fusion that took place among Indigenous peoples in Brazil, Indigenous communities, Portuguese people, Portuguese colonists, and Afro-Brazi ...
*
Culture of Chile The culture of Chile reflects the population and the geographic isolation of the country in relation to the rest of South America. Since colonial times, the Chilean culture has been a mix of Spain, Spanish colonial elements with elements of In ...
*
Culture of Colombia Many aspects of Colombian culture can be traced back to the early culture of Spain of the 16th century and its collision with Colombia's native civilizations (see: Muisca, Tayrona). The Spanish brought Catholicism, the feudal encomienda syste ...
*
Culture of Ecuador Ecuador is a multicultural and multiethnic nation, with the majority of its population is descended from a mixture of both European and Amerindian ancestry. The other 10% of Ecuador's population originate east of the Atlantic Ocean, predominantly ...
*
Culture of Guyana Guyanese culture reflects the influence of Indo-Guyanese, Indian, Afro-Guyanese, African, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Amerindian, British culture, British, Portuguese Guyanese, Portuguese, Chinese Guyanese, Chinese, Creole peoples, Creole ...
*
Culture of Panama Panamanian culture is a hybrid of African, Native Panamanian, and European culture - specifically Spanish. For example, the ''tamborito'' is a Spanish dance that was blended with Native American rhythms and dance moves. Dance is a symbol of th ...
*
Culture of Paraguay The culture of Paraguay reflects the Spanish and indigenous influences of the country. Paraguay's cultural heritage can be traced to the extensive interracial marriage, intermarriage between the original male Spanish settlers and indigenous Guara ...
*
Culture of Peru Peruvian culture is the gradual blending of Amerindian cultures with European and Asian ethnic groups. The ethnic diversity and rugged geography of Peru allowed diverse traditions and customs to co-exist. Peruvian culture has been deeply influen ...
*
Culture of Suriname Surinamese culture has strong Asian, African and European influences. The population is mainly composed of the contribution of people from India, Africa, China, Europe, and Indonesia, as well as indigenous peoples who lived in the area, befo ...
*
Culture of Trinidad and Tobago The culture of Trinidad and Tobago reflects the influence of Indian-South Asian, African, Indigenous, European, Chinese, North American, Latino, and Arab cultures. The histories of Trinidad and Tobago are different. There are differences in the c ...
*
Culture of Uruguay The culture of Uruguay is diverse since the nation's population is one of multicultural origins. Modern Uruguayan culture and lifestyle are heavily influenced by European traditions, due to the contributions of large numbers of Immigration to U ...
*
Culture of Venezuela The cultures of Venezuela are diverse and complex, influenced by the many different people who have made Venezuela their home. Venezuela has distinctive and original art, literature and music. People Venezuela's cultural heritage includes the ...


Culture of dependencies and other territories

*
Culture of Aruba The culture of Aruba, encompassing its language, music, and cuisine, is diverse and has been influenced by both regional and foreign cultures. One significant foreign influence originates from the Iberian Peninsula, which had a significant impact ...
* Culture of Bonaire *
Culture of Curaçao Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...
*
Culture of the Falkland Islands The culture of the Falkland Islands is essentially analogous to that of British culture. The Falkland Islands have a large non-native-born population, mainly white and from England (and to a much lesser extent, other parts of the British Isles), ...
* Culture of French Guiana *
Culture of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, attitudes, and habits of the individuals in these groups ...


Architecture of South America

*
Architecture of Argentina The architecture of Argentina can be said to start at the beginning of the Spanish colonisation, though it was in the 18th century that the cities of the country reached their splendour. Cities like Córdoba, Salta, Mendoza, and also Buenos ...
*
Architecture of Colombia Colombia's architectural heritage includes Spanish colonial architecture, such as Catholic churches. Its modern architecture represents various International Style architecture. In the postmodern architecture era, a wave of innovate and striking ...
* Architecture of Peru


The Arts in South America


Cuisine of South America

Cuisine of South America *
Cuisine of Argentina Argentine cuisine is described as a blending of cultures, from the Indigenous peoples of Argentina who focused on ingredients such as humita, potatoes, cassava, peppers, tomatoes, beans, and yerba mate, to Mediterranean influences brought b ...
* Cuisine of Bolivia *
Cuisine of Brazil Brazilian cuisine is the set of cooking practices and traditions of Brazil, and is characterized by European, Amerindian, African, and Asian ( Levantine, Japanese, and most recently, Chinese) influences. It varies greatly by region, reflect ...
* Cuisine of Chile * Cuisine of Colombia *
Cuisine of Ecuador Ecuadorian cuisine is diverse, varying with altitude and associated agricultural conditions. Ecuadorian cuisine is an amalgamation of Spanish, Andean, and Amazonian cuisines and to a lesser degree Italian, Lebanese, African, and Chinese. ...
*
Cuisine of Guyana Guyanese culture reflects the influence of Indian, African, Amerindian, British, Portuguese, Chinese, Creole, and Dutch cultures. Guyana is part of the mainland Caribbean region. Guyanese culture shares a continuum with the cultures of isla ...
*
Cuisine of Panama Panamanian cuisine is a mix of Spanish, Indigenous, and African techniques, dishes, and ingredients, reflecting its diverse population. Since Panama is a land bridge between two continents, it has a large variety of tropical fruits, vegetables an ...
* Cuisine of Paraguay * Cuisine of Peru * Cuisine of Suriname *
Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago cuisine is influenced by Indian cuisine, Indian-South Asian cuisine, South Asian, West African cuisine, West African, Creole cuisine, Creole, European cuisine, European, North American cuisine, North American, Chinese cuisi ...
*
Cuisine of Uruguay A cuisine is a style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Regional food preparation techniques, customs and ingredients combine to ena ...
* Cuisine of Venezuela


Languages of South America

Languages of South America The languages of South America can be divided into three broad groups: * the languages of the (in most cases, former) colonial powers, primarily Spanish and Portuguese; * many indigenous languages, some of which are co-official alongside th ...


Languages of South America, by country

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Languages of Argentina Spanish is the language that is predominantly understood and spoken as a first or second language by nearly all of the population of Argentina. According to the latest estimations, the population is currently greater than 45 million. English ...
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Languages of Bolivia The languages of Bolivia include Spanish language, Spanish and several dozen indigenous languages, most prominently Aymara language, Aymara, Quechua language, Quechua, Chiquitano language, Chiquitano, Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language, Guaraní ...
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Languages of Brazil Portuguese is the official and national language of Brazil, being widely spoken by nearly all of its population. Brazil is the most populous Portuguese-speaking country in the world, with its lands comprising the majority of Portugal's former P ...
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Languages of Chile Spanish is the ''de facto'' official and administrative language of Chile. It is spoken by 99.3% of the population in the form of Chilean Spanish, as well as Andean Spanish. Spanish in Chile is also referred to as ''"castellano''". Although an ...
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Languages of Colombia Around 99.2% of Colombians speak the Spanish language.https://web.archive.org/web/20100923081035/http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf , archived using Way Back Machine Sixty-five Amerindian languages, two Creole languages, the Portuguese la ...
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Languages of Ecuador There are a total of 14 languages of Ecuador. Spanish in Ecuador is very rich and consists of several dialects that have been creating regional identities within this country. On the other hand, of the original languages, both Kichwa and Shuar ...
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Languages of Guyana English is the official language of Guyana, which is the only South American country with English as the official language. Guyanese Creole (an English-based creole with African, Indian, and Amerindian syntax) is widely spoken in Guyana. Gu ...
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Languages of Panama This is a demography of the population of Panama including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. Panama's 2020 census has been postpo ...
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Languages of Paraguay The Republic of Paraguay is a mostly bilingual country, as the majority of the population uses Spanish language, Spanish and Guarani language, Guaraní. The Constitution of Paraguay of 1992 declares it as a multicultural and bilingual country, e ...
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Languages of Peru Peru has many languages in use, with its official languages being Spanish language, Spanish, Quechuan languages, Quechua and Aymara language, Aymara. Spanish has been in the country since it began being taught in the time of José Pardo y Barre ...
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Languages of Suriname Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America, also considered as part of the Caribbean and the West Indies. It is a developing country with a Human Development Index, high level of human development; i ...
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Languages of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean, comprising the main islands of Trinidad and Tobago, along with several smaller islets. The capital city is Port of Spai ...
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Languages of Uruguay Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the A ...
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Languages of Venezuela The languages of Venezuela refers to the official languages and various dialects spoken in established communities within the country. In Venezuela, Castillian is the official language and is the mother tongue of the majority of Venezuelans. Alth ...


Languages of dependencies and other territories

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Languages of Aruba The official languages of the Caribbean island-state of Aruba are Papiamento and Dutch, but most Arubans speak a minimum of four languages, including English and Spanish. Schools require students to learn English, Spanish and to a lesser exten ...
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Languages of Bonaire Bonaire is a Caribbean island in the Leeward Antilles, and is a special municipality (officially "public body") of the Netherlands. Its capital is the port of Kralendijk, on the west (leeward) coast of the island. Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao f ...
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Languages of Curaçao Language is a structured system of communication Communication is commonly defined as the transmission of information. Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether Intention, unintentional or failed tran ...
* Languages of the Falkland Islands *
Languages of French Guiana The Demographics of French Guiana are characterized by a young population with 44% below the age of 20 in 2017. The total population stood at 268,700 as of 1 January 2017. The demographic profile is a reflection of the territory's high fertil ...
* Languages of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands


Media of South America

* Media of Argentina * Media of Bolivia * Media of Colombia * Media of Paraguay *
Media of Peru The mass media in Peru includes a variety of different types of media, including television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based web sites. Much of the print-based media in Peru is over a century old, with some newspapers even ...
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Media of Venezuela Mass media in Venezuela comprise the mass and niche news and information communications infrastructure of Venezuela. Thus, the media of Venezuela consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines ...


Prostistution in South America

Prostitution in South America Legality of prostitution in the Americas varies by country. Most countries only legalized prostitution, with the act of exchanging money for sexual services legal. The level of enforcement varies by country. One country, the United States, is ...
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Prostitution in Argentina Prostitution is a type of sex work that involves engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment. The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is often defined as an activity requiring physical contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, non-pe ...
* Prostitution in Bolivia *
Prostitution in Brazil Prostitution in Brazil is Legality of prostitution, legal, in terms of exchanging sex for money, as there are no laws forbidding adults from being professional sex workers, but it is illegal to operate a brothel or to employ sex workers in an ...
* Prostitution in Chile *
Prostitution in Colombia Prostitution in Colombia is legal, regulated and limited to brothels in designated "tolerance zones". Sex workers are required to have regular health checks. However, the laws are rarely applied and prostitution is widespread, partly due to pover ...
* Prostitution in Ecuador * Prostitution in Guyana * Prostitution in Paraguay *
Prostitution in Peru Prostitution is a type of sex work that involves engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment. The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is often defined as an activity requiring physical contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, non-pe ...
* Prostitution in Suriname *
Prostitution in Trinidad and Tobago Prostitution in Trinidad and Tobago is legal but related activities such as brothel keeping, soliciting and pimping are illegal. In Trinidad, Port of Spain is the main place of sex work, including street prostitution on Roberts and Murray Streets. ...
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Prostitution in Uruguay Prostitution in Uruguay was legislated in 2002 through the sex work law (17.515). Before that, prostitution was unlegislated but it was not illegal, since the constitution allows any activity that is not forbidden by law. Prostitution is currently ...
* Prostitution in Venezuela


Racism in South America

Racism in South America The continent of South America is culturally and racially diverse. This article examines by country and region the current and historical trends in race relations and racism within South America. Racism of various forms is to be found worldwide ...
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Racism in Argentina Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race or ethnicity over another. It may also mean prejudice, discriminatio ...
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Racism in Brazil Racism has been present in Brazil since its Colonial Brazil, colonial period and is pointed as one of the major and most widespread types of discrimination, if not the most, in the country by several anthropologists, sociologists, jurists, histor ...


Religion in South America

Religion in South America Religion in South America has been a major influence on art, culture, philosophy and law and changed greatly in recent years. Roman Catholicism has rapidly declined. Most of this is due to the growth of Protestantism, particularly evangelical C ...
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Religion in Argentina Christianity is the most widely professed religion in Argentina, with Catholic Church being its largest denomination. This historical background is very much due to the Spanish influence brought about through the newly conquered territories. H ...
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Religion in Bolivia Christianity is the predominant religion in Bolivia, with Catholic Church, Catholicism being its largest denomination. Before the arrival of Spaniards, Spanish missionary, missionaries, the people residing in the territory of modern day Bolivia p ...
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Religion in Brazil The predominant religion in Brazil is Christianity, with Catholicism being its largest denomination. In 1891, when the first Brazilian Constitution of 1891, Brazilian Republican Constitution was set forth, Brazil ceased to have an official re ...
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Religion in Chile Christianity is the most widely professed religion in Chile, with Catholicism being its largest denomination. The country is secular and the freedom of religion is established under its Chilean Constitution of 1980, Constitution. Historically ...
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Religion in Colombia Religion in Colombia is dominated by various branches of Christianity and is an expression of the different influences in the Colombian culture including the Spanish, the Native Amerindian and the Afro-Colombian, among others. Colombia i ...
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Religion in Ecuador When it comes to religion, the Ecuadorian society is relatively homogeneous, with Christianity being the primary religion. Catholicism is the main Christian denomination in the country. There are also small minorities of other religions. There ...
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Religion in Guyana Religion in Guyana is dominated by various branches of Christianity, with significant minorities of the adherents of Hinduism and Islam. Guyana is a secular state and the nation's constitution guarantees freedom of religion and worship. Overvi ...
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Religion in Panama The predominant religion in Panama is Christianity, with Catholic Church being its largest denomination. Before the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the various ethnic groups residing in the territory of modern-day Panama practiced a multitude o ...
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Religion in Paraguay Christianity is the predominant religion in Paraguay, with Catholicism being its largest denomination. Before the arrival of Spaniards, Spanish missionary, missionaries, the people residing in the territory of modern day Paraguay practiced a var ...
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Religion in Peru Christianity is the most widely professed religion in Peru, with Catholicism being its largest denomination. Religion in Peru is traditionally related to religious syncretism originating from Catholicism with the ancient Inca religion after t ...
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Religion in Suriname Religion in Suriname is characterized by a range of religious beliefs and practices due to its ethnic groups in Suriname, ethnic diversity. The government is vocally supportive of religious diversity and tolerance, and these attitudes are present ...
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Religion in Trinidad and Tobago Religion in Trinidad and Tobago, which is a multi-religious country, is classifiable as follows: According to the 2011 census, the largest religious group was Christianity, with 55.2 percent of the population. This included Protestant Christi ...
* Religion in Uruguay *
Religion in Venezuela Christianity is the largest religion in Venezuela, with Catholicism having the most adherents. Venezuela is a secular nation and its constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Before the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the people residing ...


Sport in South America

Sport in South America Association football is the most popular sport in almost all South American countries. There are a wide range of sports played in the continent of South America. Popular sports include rugby union, baseball, basketball, tennis, golf, volleyball, h ...


Sport in South America, by country

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Sport in Argentina The practice of sports in Argentina is varied due to the population's diverse European origins and the mostly mild climate. Association football is the most popular discipline and other sports played both professionally and recreatively athlet ...
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Sport in Bolivia Bolivia is a country in South America, bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the west, and Peru to the west. The cultural development of what is now Bolivia is divided into three distinct peri ...
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Sport in Brazil Sport is a physical activity or game, often competitive and organized, that maintains or improves physical ability and skills. Sport may provide enjoyment to participants and entertainment to spectators. The number of participants in a par ...
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Sport in Chile Sports in Chile are performed at both amateur and professional levels, practiced both at home and abroad to develop and improve, or simply represent the country. Association football is the most popular sport in Chile, and is played for a range ...
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Sport in Colombia Sports in Colombia includes professional sports leagues, as well as amateur leagues for numerous sports. Football, cycling, and roller skating are the most popular sports in Colombia. The Government of Colombia sponsors numerous individuals and ...
* Sport in Ecuador *
Sport in Guyana Guyana, officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern coast of South America, part of the historic British West Indies. entry "Guyana" Georgetown is the capital of Guyana and is also the country's largest cit ...
* Sport in Panama *
Sport in Paraguay Sport in Paraguay is an important part of national culture. Association football is the most popular sport, while basketball is also very popular. Other sports such as padel, volleyball, futsal, swimming and tennis are popular as well. Other Par ...
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Sport in Peru Sports in Peru are popular and widespread. Football Football is the most popular sport in Peru, and the Peru national football team have competed in the FIFA World Cup five times. * 1930 * 1970 (Quarterfinals) * 1978 (Quarterfinals) * 1982 * ...
* Sport in Suriname *
Sport in Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean, comprising the main islands of Trinidad and Tobago, along with several List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago, smaller i ...
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Sport in Uruguay Sport in Uruguay has been an important part of Uruguayan culture, since the early start of the nation. Winners of such important awards such as the FIFA World Cup, the French Open, and Olympic medals, Uruguay has been a constantly successful s ...
* Sport in Venezuela


Sport in dependencies and other territories

* Sport in Aruba * Sport in Bonaire *
Sport in Curaçao Sport is a physical activity or game, often competitive and organized, that maintains or improves physical ability and skills. Sport may provide enjoyment to participants and entertainment to spectators. The number of participants in a par ...
* Sport in the Falkland Islands * Sport in French Guiana * Sport in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands


Economy and infrastructure of South America


Education in South America


South America lists

* List of newspapers in South America * List of radio stations in South America * List of television stations in South America


See also

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Outline of North America The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to North America. North America is a continent in the Earth's Northern and Western Hemispheres. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North A ...
* List of Caribbean-related topics * List of Central America-related topics *
Lists of country-related topics Each entry below presents a list of topics about a specific nation or state (country), followed by a link to the main article for that country. ''Entries for nations are in bold type, while those for subnational entities are in normal (unbolded) ty ...
** Index of Argentina-related articles ** List of Bolivia-related topics **
List of Chile-related topics The following is an outline of topics related to the Republic of Chile. Chile *Chile *ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Chile: Chile, CL *ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code for Chile: Chile, CHL *ISO 3166-2:CL region codes for Chile Archaeolo ...
** List of Falkland Islands-related topics **
Index of French Guiana-related articles Index (: indexes or indices) may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities * Index (''A Certain Magical Index''), a character in the light novel series ''A Certain Magical Index'' * The Index, an item on the Halo Array in the ...


External links

;News
Infolatam. Information and analysis of Latin America

The Council on Hemispheric Affairs
An independent source of Latin American news and opinion ;Sports
CONMEBOL -- Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (The South American Football Confederation)
South America also has Rugby, Auto Racing, Golf, and Kayaking. ;Music

* Diana Mercado from Barranquilla, Colombia Objetivo Fama 5 ;Tourism ;Articles
"The failure of Latin America"
an article by David Gallagher in th
TLS
February 29, 2008 {{DEFAULTSORT:South America
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
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