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Law Enforcement In Peru
Law enforcement in Peru is carried out by two organizations under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior (Peru), Ministry of the Interior: * The National Police of Peru (, PNP), which acts as the national police force of Peru, and functions at both a state and local level. It acts mainly as a traffic control force, although other squadrons nominally fight crime, such as the Black Eagles, the only effectively organized of them. *Watchman (law enforcement), Watchmen Units (), which function as a dedicated municipal police force with limited jurisdiction in certain Peruvian cities and districts of Lima. ''Serenazgo'' officers have fewer legal powers than the National Police. The majority of the police force is plagued by corruption. History The history of law enforcement in Peru dates back to the age of the Incan Empire and subsequent Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire. The establishment of a police force as a separate institution, however, only took place ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Departments Of Peru
According to the ''Organic Law of Regional Governments'', the regions () are, with the departments, the first-level semi autonomous administrative subdivisions of Peru. Since its 1821 independence, Peru had been divided into departments (Regions) Peru’s 24 departments each have a regional government and legislature responsible for administration, economic planning, and public services. These governments operate with autonomy while still coordinating with national authorities. Each department is led by a regional governor, who is elected by popular vote for a four-year term. The governor is responsible for implementing regional policies, managing budgets, and overseeing infrastructure projects. Supporting the governor is the regional legislative council, composed of elected representatives from different provinces within the department. This council approves budgets, monitors public investments, and ensures government accountability. Each department is further divided into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruvian Navy
The Peruvian Navy (, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Military of Peru, Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to from the Peruvian littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting emergency management, disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations. The ''Marina de Guerra del Perú'' celebrates the anniversary of its creation in 1821 on October 8 and also commemorates the decisive Battle of Angamos, the final part of the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific between Peru and Chile at the end of 1879. History 19th century The ''Marina de Guerra del Perú'' was established on 8 October 1821 by the government of general José de San Martín. Its first actions were undertaken during the History of Peru#Wars of independence (1811–1824), War of Independence (1821–1824) using captured Spanish warships. The Peruvian Nav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Guard (Spain)
The Civil Guard (; ) is one of the two national law enforcement agencies of Spain. As a national gendarmerie, it is military in nature and is responsible for civil police, policing under the authority of both the Ministry of the Interior (Spain), Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence (Spain), Ministry of Defence. The role of the Ministry of Defence is limited except in times of war when the Ministry has exclusive authority. The corps is colloquially known as the ' (the meritorious or the reputables). In annual surveys, it generally ranks as the national institution most valued by Spaniards, closely followed by other law enforcement agencies and the Spanish Armed Forces, armed forces. It has both a regular national role and undertakes specific foreign peacekeeping missions and is part of the European Gendarmerie Force. As a national gendarmerie force, the Civil Guard was modelled on the French National Gendarmerie and has many similarities. As part of its daily d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manuel Pardo (politician)
Manuel Justo Pardo y Lavalle (9 August 1834 – 16 November 1878) was a Peruvian politician who served as the 20th President of Peru. He was the first civilian President in Peru's history. Biography Born into an aristocratic family of Lima, Peru, Pardo was the son of Felipe Pardo y Aliaga and Petronila de Lavalle y Cabero. His father was a writer and diplomat who was a grandchild of the Marquises of Fuentehermosa. His mother was a daughter of the 2nd Count of Premio Real and a sister of politician Juan Bautista de Lavalle. He spent his early years in Chile where his father served successively as Minister Plenipotentiary for the governments of Felipe Santiago Salaverry and Ramón Castilla. Pardo received his early education at the Commercial School of Valparaíso and the National Institute of Chile. Upon his return to Lima, he attended the prestigious College of Our Lady of Guadalupe and the San Carlos Convictorium. Pardo y Lavalle then studied philosophy and letters at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juan Manuel Del Mar
Juan Manuel del Mar Bernedo (December 29, 1805 – June 16, 1862) was a 19th-century Peruvian politician. He served as the 4th Vice President of Peru The Republic of Peru has two vice presidents, the first vice president and the second vice president, who are elected along with the president in democratic elections. Their only constitutional mission is to replace the president in case of dea ... from October 1858 to June 1862. References * Basadre, Jorge: ''Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933'', Octava Edición, corregida y aumentada. Tomo 4. Editada por el Diario "La República" de Lima y la Universidad "Ricardo Palma". Impreso en Santiago de Chile, 1998. * Tauro del Pino, Alberto: ''Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú''. Tercera Edición. Tomo 10. LLO/MEN. Lima, PEISA, 2001. * Vargas Ugarte, Rubén: ''Historia General del Perú''. La República (1844-1879). Noveno Tomo. Segunda Edición. Editor Carlos Milla Batres. Lima, Perú, 1984. External links * Porta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramón Castilla
Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (; 31 August 1797 – 30 May 1867) was a Peruvian ''caudillo'' who served as President of Peru three times as well as the Interim President of Peru (Revolution Self-proclaimed President) in 1863. His earliest prominent appearance in Peruvian history began with his participation in a commanding role of the army of the Libertadores that helped Peru become an independent nation. Later, he led the country when the economy boomed due to the exploitation of guano deposits. Castilla's governments are remembered for having abolished slavery and modernized the state. He assumed the presidency for the first time after general Domingo Nieto's death for a short period in 1844, then in 1845 until 1851, again from 1855 to 1862 and, finally, during a brief period in 1863. First years Castilla was born in Tarapacá (then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru), the second son of Pedro Castilla, of Spanish-Argentine origin, and Juana Marquezado de Romero, who was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José Rufino Echenique
José Rufino Pompeyo Echenique Benavente (November 16, 1808 – June 16, 1887) served as the 12th President of Peru from 1851 to 1855. He participated in the Peruvian War of Independence and the Peruvian Civil Wars of 1834 and 1843–44. Echenique won the 1851 Peruvian presidential election to succeed Ramón Castilla. Under his government, the first civil laws of Peru were promulgated, and slavery was abolished. The finalizing phase of the construction of the Tacna-Arica railroad was also completed. Echenique was overthrown by the Liberal Revolution of 1854 led by Ramón Castilla in 1855 after a ball hosted by his wife, Victoria Tristán. He served as the President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1864, and President of the Senate from 1868 to 1871. His son, Juan Martín Echenique, was also active in Peruvian politics. Echenique hosted the Post-Impressionist painter Paul Gauguin and Gauguin's mother in his presidential home in central Lima from 1849 to 1854, during Gauguin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luis José De Orbegoso
Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada-Galindo, de Burutarán y Morales (August 25, 1795 – February 5, 1847), was an aristocratic Peruvian soldier and politician, who served as the 5th President of Peru as well as the first President of North Peru. He supported liberalism. This was a time of profound social instability and continuing civil war which led his government to coexist with that of Pedro Pablo Bermúdez, and later with Felipe Santiago Salaverry. Biography Orbegoso was born in Chuquizongo, Huamachuco, on August 25, 1795, into prominent families of Trujillo, North Peru. He was the son of Justo de Orbegoso y Burutarán and Francisca Moncada-Galindo y Morales, 4th Countess of Olmos. His father was an oidor of the Real Audiencia of Quito and later a mayor of Trujillo. His mother was a member of an ancient family established in Trujillo which obtained the title of Count of Olmos in 1690. Orbegoso was the heir of his mother although he never succeeded her because Peru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrés De Santa Cruz
Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (; 30 November 1792 – 25 September 1865) was a Bolivian general and politician who served as interim president of Peru in 1827, the interim president of Peru from 1836 to 1838 and the sixth president of Bolivia from 1829 to 1839. He also served as Supreme Protector of the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation from 1836 to 1839, a political entity created mainly by his personal endeavors. Early life and education Santa Cruz was born on 30 November 1792, in the town of Huarina, La Paz. His father was José Santa Cruz y Villavicencio, a Spaniard, and his mother Juana Basilia Calahumana, an Aymara woman from the town of Huarina. In later years, Andrés de Santa Cruz would claim that through his mother, he descended directly from Inca rulers. He began his studies in his hometown at the San Francisco Convent, and continued them at the San Antonio Abad Seminary in the city of Cuzco. In 1809 he left the seminary and returned to La Paz. M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of Peru (1826)
The 1826 constitution of the Republic of Peru, also known as the "For-Life Constitution" () was a constitution adopted by the Republic of Peru at the request of Simón Bolívar. In lieu of a formal meeting of the Constituent Assembly of Peru, the constitution was adopted by the electoral college and promulgated on 8 December 1826 by a council of government headed by Peruvian general Andrés de Santa Cruz. Bolívar was sworn in as President of Peru on 7 December, on the second anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho. The 1826 constitution was a modified version of the , which Bolívar had designed and controversially created a for-life presidency. Bolívar designed that constitution after the liberation of Bolivia from the Spanish and secured its ratification there earlier in 1826, then sought to secure its adoption in Peru and Gran Colombia. With the collapse of his governments in Bolivia and Peru in 1827, however, these constitutions were repealed and Bolívar was deposed as pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
