Bat coronavirus RaTG13 is a SARS-like betacoronavirus identified in the droppings of the horseshoe bat '' Rhinolophus affinis''. It was discovered in 2013 in bat droppings from a mining cave near the town of Tongguan in Mojiang county in

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

. In February 2020, it was identified as the closest known relative of

SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus previously had the Novel coronavirus, provisional nam ...

, the virus that causes

COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever ...

, sharing 96.1% nucleotide identity. However, in 2022, scientists found three closer matches in bats found 530 km south, in Feuang, Laos, designated as BANAL-52 (96.8% identity), BANAL-103 and BANAL-236.

History

In the spring of 2012, three miners cleaning bat feces in an abandoned copper mine near the town of Tongguan in

Mojiang Hani Autonomous County Mojiang Hani Autonomous County (; Hani language, Hani: ) is an autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China, autonomous county under the jurisdiction of Pu'er City, in the south of Yunnan, Yunnan Province, China. It borders Zhenyuan Yi, H ...

developed fatal

pneumonia Pneumonia is an Inflammation, inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of Cough#Classification, productive or dry cough, ches ...

. Out of concerns that the miner's cases could represent a novel disease, serum samples collected from the miners were sent to the Wuhan Institute of Virology and tested by Shi Zhengli and her group for Ebola virus, Nipah virus, and bat SARSr-CoV Rp3. The samples tested negative. To uncover a possible cause of the infection, different animals (including bats, rats, and musk shrews) were also sampled in and around the mining cave. Between 2012 and 2015, Shi Zhengli and her group isolated 293 different coronaviruses (284 alpha- and 9 beta-coronaviruses) from bat feces samples in the cave. One of the samples collected in 2013 from '' Rhinolophus affinis'' (the intermediate horseshoe bat) contained a novel sequence of ribonucleic acids later identified as "RaTG13". In 2020, Shi and her group retested the serum samples from the miners for SARS-CoV-2. The samples tested negative. In 2020, the strain identified in the sample was renamed from the original Ra4991 (4991st sample collected from ''Rhinolophus affinis'') to "RaTG13", to reflect the originating bat species (Ra from ''Rhinolophus affinis''), geographic location (TG from Tongguan), and year collected (13 from 2013). The name change has been considered innuendo by advocates of the lab leak theory for the

COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...

Virology

The sequence of RaTG13 was reconstructed from metagenomic sampling (a common practice in environmental virology), and as such, could potentially be an in-silico chimera. RaTG13 has not been confirmed to exist in nature, to have been cultured or isolated in any laboratory, or to be a viable human pathogen. A live virus "RaTG13" has never been detected in any laboratory sample from the WIV or elsewhere. Based on its sequence, RaTG13 is a positive-strand RNA virus with an outer membrane. Its genome is approximately 29,800 nucleotides. The genome encodes a replicase (ORF1a/1b) and four structural proteins; including a

spike protein In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an viral envelope, enveloped virus. as cited in The proteins are usually glycoproteins that ...

(S), membrane protein (M), envelope protein (E) and nucleocapsid protein (N); and five viral accessory proteins, including ORF3a (NS3), ORF6 (NS6), ORF7a (NS7a), ORF7b (NS7b) and ORF8 (NS8). RaTG13 bears strong resemblance to the

genome (it shares 96.1% nucleotide similarity), and its identification in animal droppings is a supporting piece of evidence for SARS-CoV-2's natural origin. The main area of divergence between RaTG13 and SARS-CoV-2 is in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein (S), which is the portion that binds to the receptor protein on the surface of the host cell and causes infection. The divergence in this domain indicates that, unlike SARS-CoV-2, the RaTG13 virus might not use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its entry site into the cell. Further, the S protein of RaTG13 virus lacks the furin cleavage motif RRAR↓S. The binding affinity between RATG13 and hACE2 is lower than that between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and hACE2.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic tree

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q91561236 SARS-CoV-2 Bat virome Coronaviridae Animal virology Sarbecovirus Zoonotic viral diseases

History

Virology

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic tree

See also

References