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Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an
**Infraorder
The taxonomy of this group according to the
Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
{{Authority control Obsolete gastropod taxa Carboniferous first appearances Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
...
, and before that, a subclass) of snails
A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gas ...
and slug
Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced ...
s characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung The respiratory system of gastropods varies greatly in form. These variations were once used as a basis for dividing the group into subclasses. The majority of marine gastropods breathe through a single gill, supplied with oxygen by a current of wat ...
instead of a gill
A gill () is a respiration organ, respiratory organ that many aquatic ecosystem, aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow r ...
, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and ...
Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...
in a molecular study per Jörger ''et al.'', dating from 2010.
Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous
The Carboniferous ( ) is a Geologic time scale, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), system of the Paleozoic era (geology), era that spans 60 million years, from the end of the Devonian Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the ...
period to the present.
Pulmonates have a single atrium and kidney, and a concentrated symmetrical nervous system. The mantle cavity is on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic
A hermaphrodite () is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic.
The individuals of many ...
, and some groups possess love dart
A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcium carbonate, calcareous or chitinous Dart (missile), dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stor ...
s.
Linnean taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to thetaxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
The Gastropoda#Taxonomy, taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the Class (biology), class of molluscs consisting of all snails and s ...
was as follows:
Order Pulmonata Cuvier
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, baron Cuvier (23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier (; ), was a French natural history, naturalist and zoology, zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuv ...
in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
*Suborder Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchia. T ...
Pilsbry, 1948
***Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Otinoidea
Otinoidea is a superfamily of very small, air-breathing sea snails and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Rathouisioidea
Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora.
Taxonomy
The following two families were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
* ...
Sarasin, 1889
*Suborder Basommatophora
Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), w ...
Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails
***Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
***Superfamily Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy o ...
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The same is used for a zoo ...
, 1840
***Superfamily Chilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant spec ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Glacidorboidea
The Glacidorbidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of freshwater snails.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
Glacidorbidae is the only family in the superfamily Glacidorboidea. Glacidorboidea has been classified within the info ...
Ponder, 1986
***Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Lymnaeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: htt ...
Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Planorboidea
Lymnaeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: htt ...
Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to ...
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The same is used for a zoo ...
, 1840
*Suborder Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing gastropod molluscs. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are intertidal or inhabit coastal saltmarshes and mangroves.
Possible synapomorphy of the group are gl ...
Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
**Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
***Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
**Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
***Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
**Infraorder Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of ...
A. Schmidt, 1856 – land snails and slugs
***Subinfraorder Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of ...
***Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
***Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropods in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei''.
They are diverse in morphology, habitat, and ecological roles.
Description
They are characterized by their ...
Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily Partuloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropods in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei''.
They are diverse in morphology, habitat, and ecological roles.
Description
They are characterized by the ...
Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily Pupilloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropods in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei''.
They are diverse in morphology, habitat, and ecological roles.
Description
They are characterized by the ...
Turton, 1831
***Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a long ...
***Superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986.
Taxonomy
Fami ...
Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Achatinoidea
The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Achatinina.
2005 taxonomy
According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 there are four families with ...
Swainson, 1840
***Superfamily Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish m ...
Baker, 1960
***Superfamily Arionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks ( ...
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The same is used for a zoo ...
in Turnton, 1840
***Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
***Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. Nord ...
Mörch, 1864
***Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
***Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfam ...
Tryon, 1866
***Superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order (taxonomy), order Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy
2017 taxonomy and l ...
Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Helixarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae
* Ari ...
Bourguignat, 1877
***Superfamily Limacoidea
Limacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & ...
Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Orthalicoidea
Orthalicoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Orthalicoidei of the suborder Helicina.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999. Accessed through: Wor ...
Albers-Martens, 1860
***Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
***Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
***Superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Taxonomy
The superfamily Punctoidea is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within the clad ...
Morse, 1864
***Superfamily Rhytidoidea
The Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...
Pilsbry, 1893
***Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
***Superfamily Streptaxoidea
Streptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Achatinina of the order Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy
2005 taxonomy
There have been recognized the only family Streptaxidae w ...
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The same is used for a zoo ...
, 1806
***Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
***Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea
Trigonochlamydidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Ga ...
Hese, 1882
***Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
***? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pattern ...
P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
***? Superfamily Succineoidea
Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed through ...
Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
2005 taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks (Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and sl ...
was as follows:
Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade EupulmonataInformal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila *SuperfamilyAmphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy o ...
**Family Amphibolidae
Amphibolidae is a family of air-breathing snails with opercula, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
This family of pulmonate gastropods, for breathe air, but also have opercula and at least some species go through a free-swimming velig ...
*Superfamily Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to ...
**Family Siphonariidae
Siphonariidae, also known as false limpets, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing sea snails, marine and brackish water pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
__TOC__
Shell description
Empty siphonariid limpet shells can be di ...
** † Family Acroreiidae
Acroreiidae is an extinct family of air-breathing snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Siphonariidae. The living siphonariids are all marine pulmonates, false sea limpets that breathe air.
Taxonomy
The family Acroreiidae is ...
= Clade Hygrophila
= *SuperfamilyChilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant spec ...
**Family Chilinidae
**Family Latiidae
*Superfamily Acroloxoidea
**Family Acroloxidae
Acroloxidae, commonly known as river limpets, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family of very small, freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod limpet-like mollusks with a simple flattened conical gastropod shell, shell in ...
*Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Lymnaeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: htt ...
**Family Lymnaeidae
Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila (cl ...
*Superfamily Planorboidea
Lymnaeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: htt ...
**Family Planorbidae
Planorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family (biology), family of air-breathing freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod Mollusca, molluscs. Unlike most molluscs, the blood of ram's horn sn ...
**Family Physidae
Physidae, common name, commonly called the bladder snails, is a family (biology), family of small air-breathing freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Lymnaeoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). Mol ...
Clade Eupulmonata
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora *Superfamily Trimusculoidea **FamilyTrimusculidae
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button sn ...
*Superfamily Otinoidea
Otinoidea is a superfamily of very small, air-breathing sea snails and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around ...
**Family Otinidae
**Family Smeagolidae
*Superfamily Ellobioidea
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family (biology), family of small air-breathing Land snail, land, Sea snail, marine, and brackish snails; pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiida ...
**Family Ellobiidae
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land, marine, and brackish snails; pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of M ...
= Clade
Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchia. T ...
( = Gymnomorpha
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchia. T ...
) =
*Superfamily Onchidioidea
**Family Onchidiidae
Onchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) slugs. They are shell-less marine (except for two species)preview pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea.
These animals a ...
*Superfamily Veronicelloidea
Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora.
Taxonomy
The following two families were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
...
**Family Veronicellidae
The Veronicellidae, also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs.
The herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia and Africa.
They act as interme ...
**Family Rathouisiidae
Rathouisiidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Veronicelloidea, the leatherleaf slugs and their allies.
This family has no subfamilies according to the ''Taxonomy o ...
= Clade
Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of ...
=
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
= Subclade
Elasmognatha
Elasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered.
Taxonomy
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet ...
=
*Superfamily Succineoidea
Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed through ...
**Family Succineidae
Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slug
Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often ...
*Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pattern ...
**Family Athoracophoridae
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive patter ...
= Subclade
Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of ...
=
*Superfamily Partuloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropods in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei''.
They are diverse in morphology, habitat, and ecological roles.
Description
They are characterized by the ...
**Family Partulidae
Partulidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900. Accessed ...
**Family Draparnaudiidae
''Draparnaudia'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Partuloidea.
''Draparnaudia'' is the only genus in the family Draparnaudiidae.
Both the family name an ...
*Superfamily Achatinelloidea
**Family Achatinellidae
Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Taxonomy
It was previously the only family in the superfamily Achatinelloidea (according to the tax ...
*Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropods in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei''.
They are diverse in morphology, habitat, and ecological roles.
Description
They are characterized by their ...
**Family Cochlicopidae
Cochlicopidae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the ...
**Family Amastridae
Amastridae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small, air-breathing, land snails, Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Amast ...
*Superfamily Pupilloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropods in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei''.
They are diverse in morphology, habitat, and ecological roles.
Description
They are characterized by the ...
**Family Pupillidae
Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pupillidae W. Turton, 1831. Accessed through: ...
**Family Argnidae
Argnidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Distribution
Distribution of Argnidae include Europe: southern and eastern Alps and Carpathian Mountains.
**Family Chondrinidae
Chondrinidae is a family of mostly minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in ...
** † Family Cylindrellinidae
**Family Lauriidae
Lauriidae is a family of land snails. It is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Th ...
**Family Orculidae
Orculidae is a family (biology), family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Orculidae Pilsbry, 1918. A ...
**Family Pleurodiscidae
Pleurodiscus is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
''Pleurodiscus'' is the only genus in the family Pleurodiscidae.
Species
Species within the genus ''Pleurodiscus'' ...
**Family Pyramidulidae
Pyramidulidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914. Accessed through: World R ...
**Family Spelaeodiscidae
Spelaeodiscidae is a family of very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000&n ...
**Family Strobilopsidae
Strobilopsidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Taxonomy
The family Strobilopsidae is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the c ...
**Family Valloniidae
Valloniidae is a taxonomic family of small and minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Valloniidae Morse, 1864. Accessed through: World ...
**Family Vertiginidae
Vertiginidae, common name the whorl snails, is a family of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Distribution
The distribution of the Vertiginidae is in the ...
*Superfamily Enoidea
**Family Enidae
Enidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903 (1880). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies ...
**Family Cerastidae
Cerastidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Stylommatophora.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cerastidae Wenz, 1923. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http ...
= Informal Group
Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a long ...
=
*Superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. Nord ...
**Family Clausiliidae
Clausiliidae, also known by the common name door snails, is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small, very elongate, mostly Gastropod shell#Chirality in gastropods, left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terre ...
** † Family Anadromidae
Anadromidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata (according to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
The family Anadromidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging ...
** † Family Filholiidae
†Filholiidae is an extinct family of fossil air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropo ...
** † Family Palaeostoidae
Palaeostoidae is an extinct family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the ...
*Superfamily Orthalicoidea
Orthalicoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Orthalicoidei of the suborder Helicina.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999. Accessed through: Wor ...
**Family Orthalicidae
Orthalicidae (orthalicid land snails) are a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks are classified in the subfamily Orthalicoidea of the order Stylommatophora.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase ...
**Family Cerionidae
Cerionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Urocoptoidea.
Pre-2008 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), the family Cerionidae is ...
**Family Coelociontidae
** † Family Grangerellidae
**Family Megaspiridae
Megaspiridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Breure A. S. H. & Romero P. (2012). "Support ...
**Family Placostylidae
Bothriembryontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea.
Taxonomy
This family has been named Placostylidae and had no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of th ...
**Family Urocoptidae
*Superfamily Achatinoidea
The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Achatinina.
2005 taxonomy
According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 there are four families with ...
**Family Achatinidae
Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa.
Well known species include '' Achatina achatina'' the Giant African Snail, and '' L ...
**Family Ferussaciidae
Ferussaciidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Achatinoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883. Access ...
**Family Micractaeonidae
''Micractaeon koptawelilensis'' is a species of land snail, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Gastropoda by ...
**Family Subulinidae
*Superfamily Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish m ...
**Family Aillyidae
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish m ...
*Superfamily Testacelloidea
**Family Testacellidae
**Family Oleacinidae
**Family Spiraxidae
Spiraxidae is a family (biology), family of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods in the superfamily Testacelloidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxon ...
*Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the informal group Sigmurethra.
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is the only species in the genus ''Papilloderma'', which is the only genu ...
**Family Papillodermatidae
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the informal group Sigmurethra.
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is the only species in the genus ''Papilloderma'', ...
*Superfamily Streptaxoidea
Streptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Achatinina of the order Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy
2005 taxonomy
There have been recognized the only family Streptaxidae w ...
**Family Streptaxidae
Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade
Stylommatophora.
Streptaxidae are monophyletic while all subfamilies and several genera are polyphyletic.
Six Streptaxi ...
*Superfamily Rhytidoidea
The Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...
**Family Rhytididae
Rhytididae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snails, carnivorous terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod Mollusca, molluscs in the superfamily Rhytidoidea.Mollus ...
**Family Chlamydephoridae
''Chlamydephorus'' is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Chlamydephoridae. It is the only genus within the family Chlamydephoridae.Herbert D. G. (1997). "The terrestrial slugs of KwaZul ...
**Family Haplotrematidae
Haplotrematidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haplotrematoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). Mollu ...
**Family Scolodontidae
Scolodontidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 ...
*Superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986.
Taxonomy
Fami ...
**Family Acavidae
Acavidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Rhytidoidea.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chr ...
**Family Caryodidae
Caryodidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet ...
**Family Dorcasiidae
**Family Macrocyclidae
Macrocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod ...
**Family Megomphicidae
**Family Strophocheilidae
Strophocheilidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (B ...
*Superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Taxonomy
The superfamily Punctoidea is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within the clad ...
**Family Punctidae
Punctidae, common name the "dot snails" or "pinhead snails", is a family (biology), family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra (acco ...
** † Family Anostomopsidae
Anostomopsidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropods in the order Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Sc ...
**Family Charopidae
Charopidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small air-breathing land snails (and semi-slugs such as ''Otoconcha dimidiata''), terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoi ...
**Family Cystopeltidae
Cystopeltidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy ...
**Family Discidae
Discidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.
Genera
The family Discidae has no subfamilies. Genera within the family Discidae include:
* '' Anguispira'' Morse, ...
**Family Endodontidae
Endodontidae is a taxonomic family of very small air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Punctoidea.
This family, which includes both snails and slugs, appears to have once been much mo ...
**Family Helicodiscidae
Helicodiscidae is a family (biology), family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), ...
**Family Oreohelicidae
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this famil ...
**Family Thyrophorellidae
*Superfamily Sagdoidea
Sagdoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Helicoidei of the suborder Helicina.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Sagdoidea Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: World R ...
**Family Sagdidae
Sagdidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks with highest diversity in the Greater Antilles. It has been classified in its own superfamily Sagdoidea and as a member of the superfamily Helicoidea. ...
=
limacoid clade
The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina.
Distribution
The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be ...
=
*Superfamily Staffordioidea
**Family Staffordiidae
Staffordiidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931. Acce ...
*Superfamily Dyakioidea
**Family Dyakiidae
Dyakiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Some of the species in this family are si ...
*Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfam ...
**Family Gastrodontidae
Gastrodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBas ...
**Family Chronidae
Chronidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea within the superorder Eupulmonata. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Chronidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: ...
**Family Euconulidae
Euconulidae is a taxonomic family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea.
This land snail family is closely allied to the Zonitidae, the glass snails ...
**Family Oxychilidae
Oxychilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of Oxychilidae includes the Nearctic, western-Palearctic, eastern-Pale ...
**Family Pristilomatidae
Pristilomatidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.
According to the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi these snails belong to the "limacoid ...
**Family Trochomorphidae
Trochomorphidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Since 2017, its classification has be ...
**Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
***Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
***Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
***Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
*Superfamily Parmacelloidea
Parmacelloidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod Mollusc, mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Pulmonata. These are limacoid or keelback slu ...
**Family Parmacellidae
Parmacellidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), t ...
**Family Milacidae
Milacidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing, keel (slug), keeled, land slugs. These are shell-less terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parmacelloidea.
This family has no subfamilies (according to ...
**Family Trigonochlamydidae
Trigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Distribution
The native distribution of Trigonochla ...
*Superfamily Zonitoidea
**Family Zonitidae
Zonitidae, common name the true glass snails, are a family of mostly rather small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Zonitoidea.
Zonitidae is the only family in the superfamily Zonitoidea. T ...
*Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae
* ...
**Family Helicarionidae
Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern Palearctic, Malagasy, ...
**Family Ariophantidae
Ariophantidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea (according to the Taxonomy of ...
**Family Urocyclidae
Urocyclidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, semi-slugs and land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea.
Some species within this family make and use l ...
*Superfamily Limacoidea
Limacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & ...
**Family Limacidae
Limacidae, also known by their common name the keelback slugs, are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large, air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Limacoidea.
Distribution
The distributio ...
**Family Agriolimacidae
''Agriolimacidae'' is a family of small and medium-sized land slugs, or shell-less snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Distribution
Distribution of Limacidae is Holarctic, this include: Nearctic, western Palearctic and eastern P ...
**Family Boettgerillidae
''Boettgerilla'' is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Boettgerillidae.
The generic name ''Boettgerilla'' is named after the German malacologist Oskar Boettger.
Taxonomy
''Boettgerilla ...
**Family Vitrinidae
Vitrinidae is a family (biology), family of small, air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc, mollusks in the superfamily Limacoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouc ...
= other Sigmurethra
= Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade. *SuperfamilyArionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks ( ...
**Family Arionidae
Arionidae, common name the "roundback slugs" or "round back slugs" are a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of this family of s ...
**Family Anadenidae
Anadenidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant specie ...
**Family Ariolimacidae
Ariolimacidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy ...
**Family Binneyidae
Binneyidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Genera
The family Binneyidae has no subfamilie ...
**Family Oopeltidae
**Family Philomycidae
Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the G ...
*Superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order (taxonomy), order Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy
2017 taxonomy and l ...
**Family Helicidae
Helicidae is a large, diverse family of western Palaearctic, medium to large-sized, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails." It includes some of the largest European land snails, several species are common in anthropoge ...
**Family Bradybaenidae
Bradybaeninae is a taxonomic subfamily of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Camaenidae. Members of the subfamily Bradybaeninae are defined by the presence of two divided glands with one to ...
**Family Camaenidae
Camaenidae is a Family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families i ...
**Family Cepolidae
**Family Cochlicellidae
**Family Elonidae
Elonidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.
This family is within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
...
**Family Epiphragmophoridae
**Family Halolimnohelicidae
''Halolimnohelix'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Hygromiidae.
Species
Species within the genus ''Halolimnohelix'' include:
* '' Halolimnohelix bukobae'' (von Martens, 1895)Wronsk ...
**Family Helicodontidae
**Family Helminthoglyptidae
The Helminthoglyptinae are a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the family Xanthonychidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helminthoglyptinae Pilsbry, 1939. Accessed through: World Reg ...
**Family Humboldtianidae
Humboldtianinae is an subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Xanthonychidae.
Taxonomy
The subfamily Humboldtianinae consists of the following taxa:
* Tribe Bunnyini H. Nordsieck, 1987
* ...
**Family Hygromiidae
Hygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.Helicellidae Ihering, 1909
Anatomy
Some snails in genera within this family create and ...
**Family Monadeniidae
**Family Pleurodontidae
Pleurodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...
**Family Polygyridae
Polygyridae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed thro ...
**Family Sphincterochilidae
Sphincterochilidae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
In the fossil r ...
**Family Thysanophoridae
Thysanophoridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
These are common woodland snails of North ...
**Family Trissexodontidae
Trissexodontidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxon ...
**Family Xanthonychidae
Xanthonychidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 1879 ...
2010 taxonomy
Jörger ''et al.'' (2010) analyzed major groups within theHeterobranchia
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs (meaning "different gill"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic, and terrestrial gastropod molluscs.
Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Currently Het ...
using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...
, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa
Sacoglossa are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia known as sacoglossans. There are 284 valid species recognized within this superorder. Sacoglossans live by ingestin ...
and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata
Panpulmonata is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs in the clade Heterobranchia within the clade Euthyneura.
Panpulmonata was established as a new taxon by Jörger et al. in October 2010.
The older name "Pulmonata" referred to a group of euth ...
to unite the clades Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to ...
, Sacoglossa
Sacoglossa are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia known as sacoglossans. There are 284 valid species recognized within this superorder. Sacoglossans live by ingestin ...
, Glacidorboidea
The Glacidorbidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of freshwater snails.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
Glacidorbidae is the only family in the superfamily Glacidorboidea. Glacidorboidea has been classified within the info ...
, Pyramidelloidea
Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.
This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gastr ...
, Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy o ...
, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing gastropod molluscs. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are intertidal or inhabit coastal saltmarshes and mangroves.
Possible synapomorphy of the group are gl ...
.
References
Further reading
* *External links
Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
{{Authority control Obsolete gastropod taxa Carboniferous first appearances Taxa named by Georges Cuvier