Pulmonate Gastropod on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an
**Infraorder
The taxonomy of this group according to the
Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
{{Authority control Obsolete gastropod taxa Carboniferous first appearances Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
, and before that a subclass) of snails
A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Ga ...
and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill
A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they ar ...
, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The taxon
In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular n ...
Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
in a molecular study per Jörger ''et al.'', dating from 2010.
Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous Period to the present.
Pulmonates have a single atrium and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic
In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.
Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have se ...
, and some groups possess love dart
A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. The ...
s.
Linnean taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to thetaxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs. The full name of the work in which this taxonomy ...
was as follows:
Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
*Suborder Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...
Pilsbry, 1948
***Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Otinoidea
Otinoidea is a superfamily of very small, air-breathing sea snails and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Rathouisioidea
Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora.
Taxonomy
The following two families were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005 ...
Sarasin, 1889
*Suborder Basommatophora
Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), wh ...
Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails
***Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele Thiele is a German-language surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 78.0% of all known bearers of the surname ''Thiele'' were residents of Germany, 10.9% of the United States, 2.3% of Australia, 2.0% of Brazil, 1.0% of Canada and 1.0% of Sou ...
, 1931
***Superfamily Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy o ...
J.E. Gray, 1840
***Superfamily Chilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Glacidorboidea
The Glacidorbidae is a taxonomic family of freshwater snail
Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from epheme ...
Ponder, 1986
***Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Lymnaeoidea, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic superfamily of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Ly ...
Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Planorboidea
Planorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
All of the gastropods in this superfamily are sinistral in shell coiling.
The monophyly of Planorboidea was confirmed by Albrecht et al. ...
Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to ...
J.E. Gray, 1840
*Suborder Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.
Linnean taxonomy
*Suborder Eupulmonata H ...
Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
**Infraorder Acteophila Dall
Dall may refer to:
People
* Anders Bendssøn Dall (died 1607), Danish Lutheran bishop
* Bobby Dall (born 1963), American musician
* Caroline Healey Dall (1822–1912), American feminist writer
*Clarrie Dall (1887–1953), Australian footballer
* C ...
, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
***Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
**Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
***Superfamily Trimusculoidea
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the butto ...
Zilch, 1959
**Infraorder Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...
A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails
***Subinfraorder Orthurethra
***Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
***Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agard ...
Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily Partuloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agar ...
Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily Pupilloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Ag ...
Turton, 1831
***Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a long p ...
***Superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986.
Taxonomy
Familie ...
Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Achatinoidea
The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
2005 taxonomy
According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 there are four fami ...
Swainson, 1840
***Superfamily Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedis ...
Baker, 1960
***Superfamily Arionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Families
Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:
* Arionidae
* Anadenidae
* Ariolimacidae
* Binneyidae ...
J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
***Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
***Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. No ...
Mörch, 1864
***Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
***Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfamily ...
Tryon, 1866
***Superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the taxonom ...
Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
***Superfamily Limacoidea
Limacoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc, mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatop ...
Rafinesque
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...
, 1815
***Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Orthalicoidea
The Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Orthalicoidei of the suborder HelicinaMolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999. Accessed through: ...
Albers-Martens, 1860
***Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
***Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
***Superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Taxonomy
The superfamily Punctoidea is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within th ...
Morse, 1864
***Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
***Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele Thiele is a German-language surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 78.0% of all known bearers of the surname ''Thiele'' were residents of Germany, 10.9% of the United States, 2.3% of Australia, 2.0% of Brazil, 1.0% of Canada and 1.0% of Sou ...
, 1931
***Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
***Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele Thiele is a German-language surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 78.0% of all known bearers of the surname ''Thiele'' were residents of Germany, 10.9% of the United States, 2.3% of Australia, 2.0% of Brazil, 1.0% of Canada and 1.0% of Sou ...
, 1926
***Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea
Trigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Distribution
The native distribution of Trigonochlamy ...
Hese, 1882
***Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
***? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
***? Superfamily Succineoidea
Succineoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineoidea Beck, 1837. Accessed through: World Register of Mar ...
Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
2005 taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks. (Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and ...
was as follows:
Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade EupulmonataInformal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila *SuperfamilyAmphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy o ...
**Family Amphibolidae
Amphibolidae is a family of air-breathing snails with opercula, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
This family of pulmonate gastropods, for breathe air, but also have opercula and at least some species go through a free-swimming ve ...
*Superfamily Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to ...
**Family Siphonariidae
Siphonariidae, also known as false limpets, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing sea snails, marine and brackish water pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
__TOC__
Shell description
Empty siphonariid limpet shells can ...
** † Family Acroreiidae
= Clade Hygrophila
= *SuperfamilyChilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). ...
**Family Chilinidae
**Family Latiidae
''Latia'' is a genus of very small, air-breathing freshwater snails or limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Chilinoidea.
''Latia'' is the only genus in the family Latiidae.
Species in this genus are the only fres ...
*Superfamily Acroloxoidea
**Family Acroloxidae
Acroloxidae, commonly known as river limpets, are a taxonomic family of very small, freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod limpet-like mollusks with a simple flattened conical shell in the clade Hygrophila.
Acroloxidae is the only f ...
*Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Lymnaeoidea, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic superfamily of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Ly ...
**Family Lymnaeidae
Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila.
Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfam ...
*Superfamily Planorboidea
Planorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
All of the gastropods in this superfamily are sinistral in shell coiling.
The monophyly of Planorboidea was confirmed by Albrecht et al. ...
**Family Planorbidae
Planorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Unlike most molluscs, the blood of ram's horn snails contains iron-based hemoglobin inste ...
**Family Physidae
Physidae, common name the bladder snails, is a monophyletic taxonomic family of small air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Lymnaeoidea .MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Physidae F ...
Clade Eupulmonata
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora *SuperfamilyTrimusculoidea
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the butto ...
**Family Trimusculidae
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the butto ...
*Superfamily Otinoidea
Otinoidea is a superfamily of very small, air-breathing sea snails and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known ...
**Family Otinidae
**Family Smeagolidae
*Superfamily Ellobioidea
**Family Ellobiidae
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...
= Clade
Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...
( = Gymnomorpha
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine (ocean), marine and Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate ga ...
) =
*Superfamily Onchidioidea
**Family Onchidiidae
Onchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) slugs. They are shell-less marine (except for 2 species)preview pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea.
These animals are ...
*Superfamily Veronicelloidea
Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora.
Taxonomy
The following two families were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (200 ...
**Family Veronicellidae
The Veronicellidae, also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs.
The herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia and Africa.
They act as interm ...
**Family Rathouisiidae
= Clade
Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...
=
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
= Subclade Elasmognatha
= *SuperfamilySuccineoidea
Succineoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineoidea Beck, 1837. Accessed through: World Register of Mar ...
**Family Succineidae
Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed thr ...
*Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
**Family Athoracophoridae
= Subclade Orthurethra
= *SuperfamilyPartuloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agar ...
**Family Partulidae
Partulidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http:/ ...
**Family Draparnaudiidae
*Superfamily Achatinelloidea
**Family Achatinellidae
Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Taxonomy
It was previously the only family in the superfamily Achatinelloidea (according to the taxon ...
*Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agard ...
**Family Cochlicopidae
Cochlicopidae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cochlicopoidea.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according ...
**Family Amastridae
*Superfamily Pupilloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Ag ...
**Family Pupillidae
Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pupillidae W. Turton, 1831. Accessed throug ...
**Family Argnidae
Argnidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Distribution
Distribution of Argnidae include Europe: southern and eastern Alps and Carpathian Mountains.
**Family Chondrinidae
Chondrinidae is a family of mostly minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in ...
** † Family Cylindrellinidae
**Family Lauriidae
Lauriidae is a family of land snails. It is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
...
**Family Orculidae
Orculidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastr ...
**Family Pleurodiscidae
**Family Pyramidulidae
Pyramidulidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914. Accessed through: World R ...
**Family Spelaeodiscidae
Spelaeodiscidae is a family of very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
The family Spelaeodiscidae ...
**Family Strobilopsidae
**Family Valloniidae
**Family Vertiginidae
Vertiginidae, common name the whorl snails, is a family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Distribution
The distribution of the Vertiginidae is in ...
*Superfamily Enoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Aga ...
**Family Enidae
Enidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903 (1880). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies ...
**Family Cerastidae
= Informal Group
Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a long p ...
=
*Superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. No ...
**Family Clausiliidae
Clausiliidae, also known by their common name the door snails, are a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Moll ...
** † Family Anadromidae
** † Family Filholiidae
** † Family Palaeostoidae
*Superfamily Orthalicoidea
The Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Orthalicoidei of the suborder HelicinaMolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999. Accessed through: ...
**Family Orthalicidae
Orthalicidae (orthalicid land snails) are a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks are classified in the subfamily Orthalicoidea of the order Stylommatophora. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaB ...
**Family Cerionidae
**Family Coelociontidae
Coelociontidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of ...
** † Family Grangerellidae
**Family Megaspiridae
**Family Placostylidae
**Family Urocoptidae
Urocoptidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Urocoptoidea.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
The family Urocoptidae was classified in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to ...
*Superfamily Achatinoidea
The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
2005 taxonomy
According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 there are four fami ...
**Family Achatinidae
Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa.
Well known species include ''Achatina achatina'' the Giant African Snail, and ''L ...
**Family Ferussaciidae
**Family Micractaeonidae
''Micractaeon koptawelilensis'' is a species of land snail, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
''Micractaeon koptawelilensis'' is the only ...
**Family Subulinidae
Subulininae is a subfamily of small tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae.
Distribution
Worldwide.
*Superfamily Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedis ...
**Family Aillyidae
*Superfamily Testacelloidea
**Family Testacellidae
**Family Oleacinidae
**Family Spiraxidae
Spiraxidae is a family of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods in the superfamily Testacelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Distribution
The distribution of thi ...
*Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
**Family Papillodermatidae
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the informal group Sigmurethra.
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is the only species in the genus ''Papilloderma'', ...
*Superfamily Streptaxoidea
**Family Streptaxidae
Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade
Stylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.
...
*Superfamily Rhytidoidea
**Family Rhytididae
Rhytididae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snails, carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Rhytidoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Rhytididae Pilsbry, 1893. Acces ...
**Family Chlamydephoridae
**Family Haplotrematidae
**Family Scolodontidae
*Superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986.
Taxonomy
Familie ...
**Family Acavidae
Acavidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this family, the numbe ...
**Family Caryodidae
Caryodidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family is endemic to eastern ...
**Family Dorcasiidae
Dorcasiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
The family Dorcasiidae has no subfamilies.
...
**Family Macrocyclidae
Macrocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod ...
**Family Megomphicidae
Megomphicidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Genera
The family Megomphicidae ...
**Family Strophocheilidae
Strophocheilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Fossil record
The genus ''Eo ...
*Superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Taxonomy
The superfamily Punctoidea is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within th ...
**Family Punctidae
** † Family Anastomopsidae
Anastomopsidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropods in the superfamily Punctoidea. It was originally described in 1986 and its classification was confirmed in 2005.
Genera
The family Anastomopsidae has no subfamilies.
Genera within the ...
**Family Charopidae
Charopidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails (and semi-slugs such as ''Otoconcha dimidiata''), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Charopidae ...
**Family Cystopeltidae
Cystopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks ...
**Family Discidae
Discidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.
Genera
The family Discidae has no subfamilies. Genera within the family Discidae include:
* '' Anguispira'' Morse ...
**Family Endodontidae
Endodontidae is a taxonomic family of very small air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.
This family, which includes both snails and slugs, appears to have once been much ...
**Family Helicodiscidae
Helicodiscidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Genera
Genera within the family ...
**Family Oreohelicidae
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this fam ...
**Family Thyrophorellidae
''Thyrophorella'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae.
''Thyrophorella'' is the only genus in the monotypic subfamily Thyrophorellinae, and is also itself monotypic. ...
*Superfamily Sagdoidea
**Family Sagdidae
Sagdidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks with highest diversity in the Greater Antilles. It has been classified in its own superfamily Sagdoidea and as a member of the superfamily Helicoide ...
=
limacoid clade
The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina
Distribution
The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be ...
=
*Superfamily Staffordioidea
**Family Staffordiidae
Staffordiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Mari ...
*Superfamily Dyakioidea
**Family Dyakiidae
Dyakiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Some of the species in this family are s ...
*Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfamily ...
**Family Gastrodontidae
Gastrodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Mollusca ...
**Family Chronidae
Chronidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea within the superorder Eupulmonata. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Chronidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through ...
**Family Euconulidae
Euconulidae is a taxonomic family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea.
This land snail family is closely allied to the Zonitidae, the glass snail ...
**Family Oxychilidae
Oxychilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of Oxychilidae includes the Nearctic, western-Palearctic, eastern-Pal ...
**Family Pristilomatidae
Pristilomatidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.
According to the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi these snails belong to the " limacoi ...
**Family Trochomorphidae
Trochomorphidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Since 2017, its classification has ...
**Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
***Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
***Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
***Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
*Superfamily Parmacelloidea
Parmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Pulmonata. These are limacoid or keelback slugs.
Families
Families within the superfam ...
**Family Parmacellidae
**Family Milacidae
Milacidae is a family of air-breathing, keeled, land slugs. These are shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parmacelloidea.
This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocro ...
**Family Trigonochlamydidae
Trigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Distribution
The native distribution of Trigonochlamy ...
*Superfamily Zonitoidea
**Family Zonitidae
Zonitidae, common name the true glass snails, are a family of mostly rather small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Zonitoidea.
Zonitidae is the only family in the superfamily Zonitoidea. ...
*Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae
* ...
**Family Helicarionidae
Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern Palearctic, Malagasy, ...
**Family Ariophantidae
Ariophantidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails and semi- slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Distribu ...
**Family Urocyclidae
Urocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, semi-slugs and land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea, (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Some spec ...
*Superfamily Limacoidea
Limacoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc, mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatop ...
**Family Limacidae
Limacidae, also known by their common name the keelback slugs, are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large, air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Limacoidea.
Distribution
The distributi ...
**Family Agriolimacidae
**Family Boettgerillidae
**Family Vitrinidae
Vitrinidae is a family of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Limacoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBas ...
= other Sigmurethra
= Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade. *SuperfamilyArionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Families
Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:
* Arionidae
* Anadenidae
* Ariolimacidae
* Binneyidae ...
**Family Arionidae
Arionidae, common name the "roundback slugs" or "round back slugs" are a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of this family of ...
**Family Anadenidae
Anadenidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). A ...
**Family Ariolimacidae
Ariolimacidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Subfamilies and genera
The family Ariolimac ...
**Family Binneyidae
Binneyidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Genera
The family Binneyidae has no subfami ...
**Family Oopeltidae
Oopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Subfamilies and genera
The family Oopeltidae c ...
**Family Philomycidae
Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouch ...
*Superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the taxonom ...
**Family Helicidae
Helicidae is a large, diverse family of small to large, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails."
A number of species in this family are valued as food items, including ''Cornu aspersum'' (formerly ''Helix aspersa'') the ...
**Family Bradybaenidae
Bradybaeninae is a taxonomic subfamily of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Camaenidae, superfamily Helicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934 (1898) ...
**Family Camaenidae
Camaenidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families in the clade Stylommatophora.
Thes ...
**Family Cepolidae
**Family Cochlicellidae
**Family Elonidae
Elonidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.
This family is within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
...
**Family Epiphragmophoridae
Epiphragmophorinae is a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Xanthonychidae (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.
S ...
**Family Halolimnohelicidae
Halolimnohelicidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollus ...
**Family Helicodontidae
Helicodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. ...
**Family Helminthoglyptidae
The Helminthoglyptinae are a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the family Xanthonychidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helminthoglyptinae Pilsbry, 1939. Accessed through: World ...
**Family Humboldtianidae
Humboldtianidae is an American family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
The anatomy of this ...
**Family Hygromiidae
Hygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. Helicellidae Ihering, 1909
Anatomy
Some snails in genera within this family create a ...
**Family Monadeniidae
**Family Pleurodontidae
Pleurodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine S ...
**Family Polygyridae
**Family Sphincterochilidae
**Family Thysanophoridae
**Family Trissexodontidae
Trissexodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies. The fa ...
**Family Xanthonychidae
Xanthonychidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 1879. Accessed through: World Register of M ...
2010 taxonomy
Jörger ''et al.'' (2010) analyzed major groups within theHeterobranchia
Heterobranchia, the ''heterobranchs'' (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks.
Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. C ...
using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa
Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellula ...
and Acochlidia
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling.
Description
Thes ...
. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata
Panpulmonata is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs in the clade Heterobranchia within the clade Euthyneura.
Panpulmonata was established as a new taxon by Jörger et al. in October 2010.
The older name "Pulmonata" referred to a group of gas ...
to unite the clades Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to ...
, Sacoglossa
Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellula ...
, Glacidorboidea
The Glacidorbidae is a taxonomic family of freshwater snail
Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from epheme ...
, Pyramidelloidea
Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.
This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gast ...
, Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy o ...
, Hygrophila, Acochlidia
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling.
Description
Thes ...
and Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.
Linnean taxonomy
*Suborder Eupulmonata H ...
.
References
Further reading
* *External links
Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
{{Authority control Obsolete gastropod taxa Carboniferous first appearances Taxa named by Georges Cuvier