art history Art history is the study of Work of art, artistic works made throughout human history. Among other topics, it studies art’s formal qualities, its impact on societies and cultures, and how artistic styles have changed throughout history. Tradit ...

, "Old Master" (or "old master")Old Masters Department
Christies.com. refers to any

painter Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...

skill A skill is the learned or innate ability to act with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. Some examples of gen ...

who worked in Europe before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An "

old master print An old master print (also spaced masterprint) is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition (mostly by Old Masters). The term remains current in the art trade, and there is no easy alternative in English to distingu ...

" is an original print (for example an

engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design on a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a Burin (engraving), burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or Glass engraving, glass ar ...

, woodcut, or

etching Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other type ...

) made by an artist in the same period. The term "old master

drawing Drawing is a Visual arts, visual art that uses an instrument to mark paper or another two-dimensional surface, or a digital representation of such. Traditionally, the instruments used to make a drawing include pencils, crayons, and ink pens, some ...

" is used in the same way. In theory, "Old Master" applies only to artists who were fully trained, were Masters of their local artists' guild, and worked independently, but in practice, paintings produced by pupils or workshops are often included in the scope of the term. Therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term.

Period covered

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the term was often understood as having a starting date of perhaps 1450 or 1470; paintings made before that were "primitives", but this distinction is no longer made. The ''

Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...

'' defines the term as "A pre-eminent artist of the period before the modern; esp. a pre-eminent western European painter of the 13th to 18th centuries." The first quotation given is from 1696, in the diary of

John Evelyn John Evelyn (31 October 162027 February 1706) was an English writer, landowner, gardener, courtier and minor government official, who is now best known as a diary, diarist. He was a founding Fellow of the Royal Society. John Evelyn's Diary, ...

: "My L: Pembroke..shewed me divers rare Pictures of very many of the old & best Masters, especially that of M: Angelo..,& a large booke of the best drawings of the old Masters.""old master, n. and adj." ''OED Online''. Oxford University Press, December 2016. Web. The term is also used to refer to a painting or sculpture made by an Old Master, a usage datable to 1824. There are comparable terms in Dutch, French, and German; the Dutch may have been the first to make use of such a term, in the 18th century, when ''oude meester'' mostly meant painters of the Dutch Golden Age of the previous century. ''Les Maitres d'autrefois'' of 1876 by Eugene Fromentin may have helped to popularize the concept, although "vieux maitres" is also used in French. The famous collection in

Dresden Dresden (; ; Upper Saxon German, Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; , ) is the capital city of the States of Germany, German state of Saxony and its second most populous city after Leipzig. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, 12th most p ...

at the

Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister The (, ''Old Masters Gallery'') in Dresden, Germany, displays around 750 paintings from the 15th to the 18th centuries. It includes major Italian Renaissance painting, Italian Renaissance works as well as Dutch Golden Age painting, Dutch and F ...

is one of the few museums to include the term in its actual name, although many more use it in the title of departments or sections. The collection in the Dresden museum essentially stops at the

Baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

period. The end date is necessarily vague – for example, Goya (1746–1828) is certainly an Old Master, though he was still painting and

printmaking Printmaking is the process of creating work of art, artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only the process of creating prints using a hand proces ...

at his death in 1828. The term might also be used for

John Constable John Constable (; 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English landscape painter in the Romanticism, Romantic tradition. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedha ...

(1776–1837) or

Eugène Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( ; ; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French people, French Romanticism, Romantic artist who was regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school.Noon, Patrick, et al., ''Crossing the Channel: ...

(1798–1868), but usually is not. Edward Lucie-Smith gives an end date of 1800, noting "formerly used of paintings earlier than 1700". The term tends to be avoided by

art historian Art history is the study of artistic works made throughout human history. Among other topics, it studies art’s formal qualities, its impact on societies and cultures, and how artistic styles have changed throughout history. Traditionally, the ...

s as too vague, especially when discussing paintings, although the terms "Old Master Prints" and "Old Master drawings" are still used. It remains current in the art trade. Auction houses still usually divide their sales between, for example, "Old Master Paintings", "Nineteenth-century paintings", and "Modern paintings".

Christie's Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie (auctioneer), James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, and it has additional salerooms in New York, Paris, Hong Kong, Milan, Geneva, Shan ...

defined the term as ranging "from the 14th to the early 19th century".Now rewritten less succinctl
to the same effect
The relevant part of the large and important collection of the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in their main building in

Brussels Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) is a Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions, region of Belgium comprising #Municipalit ...

was renamed in recent years as the Oldmasters Museum in Dutch and English, and Musée Oldmasters in French. It was previously called the "Royal Museum of Ancient Art" in English (; ).

Anonymous artists

Artists, most often from early periods, whose hand has been identified by art historians, but to whom no identity can be confidently attached, are often given names (a Notname) by art historians such as '' Master E.S.'' (from his monogram), '' Master of Flémalle'' (from a previous location of a work), ''Master of

Mary of Burgundy Mary of Burgundy (; ; 13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482), nicknamed the Rich, was a member of the House of Valois-Burgundy who ruled the Burgundian lands, comprising the Duchy of Burgundy, Duchy and Free County of Burgundy, County of Burgundy a ...

'' (from a patron), '' Master of Latin 757'' (from the shelf mark of a manuscript he illuminated), '' Master of the Embroidered Foliage'' (from his characteristic technique), '' Master of the Brunswick Diptych,'' or '' Master of Schloss Lichtenstein''.

List of the most important Old Master painters

Madonna em Majestade dita Rucellai - Duccio

Gothic/Proto-Renaissance

Cimabue Giovanni Cimabue ( , ; – 1302), Translated with an introduction and notes by J.C. and P Bondanella. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics), 1991, pp. 7–14. . also known as Cenni di Pepo or Cenni di Pepi, was an Italian p ...

(Italian, 1240–1302), frescoes in the

Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi The Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi (; ) is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Order of Friars Minor Conventual in Assisi, a town in the Umbria region in central Italy, where Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis was born and died. It is a pa ...

* Giotto di Bondone (Italian, 1267–1337), first Renaissance fresco painter *

Duccio Duccio di Buoninsegna ( , ; – ), commonly known as just Duccio, was an Italian painter active in Siena, Tuscany, in the late 13th and early 14th century. He was hired throughout his life to complete many important works in government and religi ...

(Italian, 1255–1318), Sienese painter * Simone Martini (Italian, 1285–1344), Gothic painter of the Sienese School *

Ambrogio Lorenzetti Ambrogio Lorenzetti (; – after 9 August 1348) was an Italian painter of the Sienese school. He was active from approximately 1317 to 1348. He painted ''The Allegory of Good and Bad Government'' in the Sala dei Nove (Salon of Nine or Council Ro ...

(Italian, c. 1290–1348), Gothic painter *

Pietro Lorenzetti Pietro Lorenzetti (; – 1348) or Pietro Laurati was an Italian painter, active between and 1345. Together with his younger brother Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, he introduced Realism (arts), naturalism into Sienese School, Sienese art. In the ...

(Italian, c. 1280–1348), Sienese school * Gentile da Fabriano (Italian, 1370–1427), International gothic painter * Lorenzo Monaco (Italian, 1370–1425), International gothic style * Masolino (Italian, c. 1383–c. 1447), Goldsmith trained painter * Pisanello (Italian, c. 1395–c. 1455), International gothic painter and medallist *

Sassetta ''For the village near Livorno, see Sassetta, Tuscany'' Stefano di Giovanni di Consolo, known as il Sassetta (–1450) was a List of Italian painters, Tuscan painter of the Italian Renaissance painting, Renaissance, and a significant figure of th ...

(Italian, c. 1392–1450), Sienese International Gothic painter

Early Renaissance

Paolo Uccello Paolo Uccello ( , ; 1397 – 10 December 1475), born Paolo di Dono, was an Italian Renaissance painter and mathematician from Florence who was notable for his pioneering work on visual Perspective (graphical), perspective in art. In his book ''Liv ...

(Italian, 1397–1475), schematic use of foreshortening * Fra Angelico (Italian, 1400–1455), noted for San Marco convent frescoes *

Masaccio Masaccio (, ; ; December 21, 1401 – summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a Florentine artist who is regarded as the first great List of Italian painters, Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaiss ...

(Italian, 1401–1428), first to use linear perspective thereby giving sense of three-dimensionality plus developed new realism *Fra Filippo Lippi (Italian, 1406–1469), father of Filippino *

Andrea del Castagno Andrea del Castagno () or Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla (; – 19 August 1457) was an Italian Renaissance painting, Italian Renaissance painter in Florence, influenced chiefly by Masaccio and Giotto, Giotto di Bondone. His works include fresc ...

(Italian, 1410–1457) *

Piero della Francesca Piero della Francesca ( , ; ; ; – 12 October 1492) was an Italian Renaissance painter, Italian painter, mathematician and List of geometers, geometer of the Early Renaissance, nowadays chiefly appreciated for his art. His painting is charact ...

(Italian, 1415–1492), painter who pioneered linear perspective * Benozzo Gozzoli (Italian, 1420–1497) * Alesso Baldovinetti (Italian, 1425–1499) * Vincenzo Foppa (Italian, 1425–1515) * Antonello da Messina (Italian, 1430–1479), painter who pioneered oil painting * Cosimo Tura (Italian, 1430–1495) *

Andrea Mantegna Andrea Mantegna (, ; ; September 13, 1506) was an Italian Renaissance painter, a student of Ancient Rome, Roman archeology, and son-in-law of Jacopo Bellini. Like other artists of the time, Mantegna experimented with Perspective (graphical), pe ...

(Italian, 1431–1506), master of perspective and detail * Antonio del Pollaiuolo (Italian, 1431–1498) * Francesco Cossa (Italian, 1435–1477) * Melozzo da Forli (Italian, 1438–1494) * Luca Signorelli (Italian, 1441–1523) *

Perugino Pietro Perugino ( ; ; born Pietro Vannucci or Pietro Vanucci; – 1523), an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school, developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. Raphael became his most famous ...

(Italian, c. 1446–1523), Raphael was his pupil * Verrocchio (Italian, c. 1435–1488) *

Sandro Botticelli Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi ( – May 17, 1510), better known as Sandro Botticelli ( ; ) or simply known as Botticelli, was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. Botticelli's posthumous reputation suffered until the late 1 ...

(Italian, c. 1445–1510), great Florentine master * Domenico Ghirlandaio (Italian, 1449–1494), prolific Florentine fresco painter * Pinturicchio (Italian, 1454–1513) * Filippino Lippi (Italian, 1457–1504), son of Filippo *

Cima da Conegliano Giovanni Battista Cima, also called Cima da Conegliano (), was an Italian Renaissance painter, who mostly worked in Venice. He can be considered part of the Venetian school (art), Venetian school, though he was also influenced by Antonello da ...

(Italian, 1459–1517) *

Piero di Cosimo Piero di Cosimo (2 January 1462 – 12 April 1522), also known as Piero di Lorenzo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, who continued to use an essentially Early Renaissance style into the 16th century. He is most famous for the mythologica ...

(Italian, 1462–1521)

High Renaissance

* Francesco Francia (Italian, 1450–1517) *

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 1452 - 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested o ...

(Italian, 1452–1519), acclaimed oil painter and draughtsman *

Lorenzo Costa Lorenzo Costa (1460 – 5 March 1535) was an Italian painter. Biography He was born at Ferrara, but moved to Bologna by his early twenties, and was probably influenced by the Bolognese school, Bolognese School. However, many artists worked in ...

(Italian, 1460–1535) * Fra Bartolommeo (Italian, 1472–1517) *

Michelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6March 147518February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was inspir ...

(Italian, 1475–1564), acclaimed sculptor, painter and architect * Bernardino Luini (Italian, c. 1480–1532) *

Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael ( , ), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. List of paintings by Raphael, His work is admired for its cl ...

(Italian, 1483–1520), acclaimed painter * Il Garofalo (Italian, 1481–1559) * Ridolfo Ghirlandaio (Italian, 1483–1561) * Andrea del Sarto (Italian, 1486–1530) *

Correggio Antonio Allegri da Correggio (August 1489 – 5 March 1534), usually known as just Correggio (, also , , ), was an Italian Renaissance painter who was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the High Renaissance, who was responsible for som ...

(Italian, 1490–1534), painter from

Parma Parma (; ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, Giuseppe Verdi, music, art, prosciutto (ham), Parmesan, cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,986 inhabitants as of 2025, ...

noted for illusionistic frescoes and altarpiece oils * Giulio Romano (Italian, c. 1499–1546)

Venetian School (Early Renaissance, High Renaissance and Mannerism)

* Domenico Veneziano (Italian, 1400–1461), Early Renaissance * Jacopo Bellini (Italian, 1400–1470), Early Renaissance * Gentile Bellini (Italian, 1429–1507), Early Renaissance, noted for historical scenes of

Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

and portraits of its doges *

Giovanni Bellini Giovanni Bellini (; c. 1430 – 29 November 1516) was an Italian Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters. He was raised in the household of Jacopo Bellini, formerly thought to have been his father, ...

(Italian, 1430–1516), Early and High Renaissance, pioneer of luminous oil painting * Bartolommeo Vivarini (Italian, 1432–1499), Early Renaissance * Carlo Crivelli (Italian, 1435–1495), Early Renaissance * Alvise Vivarini (Italian, 1445–1503), Early Renaissance * Vittore Carpaccio (Italian, 1455–1526), Early Renaissance *

Giorgione Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco (; 1470s – 17 September 1510), known as Giorgione, was an Italian painter of the Venetian school during the High Renaissance, who died in his thirties. He is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work, ...

(Italian, 1477–1510), High Renaissance, pioneer of Venetian School of painting *

Titian Tiziano Vecellio (; 27 August 1576), Latinized as Titianus, hence known in English as Titian ( ), was an Italian Renaissance painter, the most important artist of Renaissance Venetian painting. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, near Belluno. Ti ...

(Italian, c. 1488–1576), important High Renaissance-style exponent of colour painting in oils and frescoes * Palma Vecchio (Italian, 1480–1528), High Renaissance * Lorenzo Lotto (Italian, 1480–1556), High Renaissance *

Sebastiano del Piombo Sebastiano del Piombo (; – 21 June 1547) was an Italian painter of the High Renaissance and early Mannerism, Mannerist periods, famous as the only major artist of the period to combine the colouring of the Venetian School (art), Venetian scho ...

(Italian, 1485–1547), High Renaissance * Jacopo Bassano (Italian, 1515–1592), Mannerist painter noted for portraiture and religious genre painting *

Tintoretto Jacopo Robusti (late September or early October 1518Bernari and de Vecchi 1970, p. 83.31 May 1594), best known as Tintoretto ( ; , ), was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Venetian school. His contemporaries both admired and criticized th ...

(Italian, 1518–1594), major Venetian Mannerist painter of monumental religious works * Domenico Beccafumi - The Annunciation - WGA01551

Paolo Veronese Paolo Caliari (152819 April 1588), known as Paolo Veronese ( , ; ), was an Italian Renaissance painter based in Venice, known for extremely large history paintings of religion and mythology, such as ''The Wedding at Cana (Veronese), The Wedding ...

(Italian, c. 1528–1588), High Renaissance-style, one of Venice's leading colourists

Sienese School

* Giovanni di Paolo (Italian, 1403–1482), Early Renaissance * Matteo di Giovanni (Italian, 1430–1495), Early Renaissance * Francesco di Giorgio (Italian, 1439–1502), Early Renaissance *

Il Sodoma Il Sodoma (1477 – 14 February 1549) was the name given to the Italy, Italian Renaissance Painting, painter Giovanni Antonio Bazzi. Il Sodoma painted in a manner that superimposed the High Renaissance style of early 16th-century Rome onto the tr ...

(Italian, 1477–1549), High Renaissance * Beccafumi (Italian, 1486–1551), High Renaissance-Mannerist

Northern Renaissance

* Robert Campin (Flemish, 1375–1444), Northern Renaissance artist who painted the " Mérode Altarpiece" *

Jan van Eyck Jan van Eyck ( ; ; – 9 July 1441) was a Flemish people, Flemish painter active in Bruges who was one of the early innovators of what became known as Early Netherlandish painting, and one of the most significant representatives of Early Nort ...

(Flemish, c. 1390–1441), pioneer oil painter * Konrad Witz (German, c. 1400–c. 1446) *

Rogier van der Weyden Rogier van der Weyden (; 1399 or 140018 June 1464), initially known as Roger de le Pasture (), was an Early Netherlandish painting, early Netherlandish painter whose surviving works consist mainly of religious triptychs, altarpieces, and commis ...

(Flemish, 1400–1464), Dutch artist and leading religious panel painter *

Stefan Lochner Stefan Lochner (the ''Dombild Master'' or ''Master Stefan''; c. 1410 – late 1451) was a German painter working in the late International Gothic period. His paintings combine that era's tendency toward long flowing lines and brilliant colours ...

(German, c. 1410–1451), German painter of the Cologne School * Petrus Christus (Flemish, c. 1410–c. 1476) * Dirk Bouts (Flemish, 1420–1475) * Simon Marmion (French, 1420–1489) * Meister Francke (German, fl. 1424–1435) *

Hans Memling Hans Memling (also spelled Memlinc; – 11 August 1494) was a German-Flemish people, Flemish painter who worked in the tradition of Early Netherlandish painting. Born in the Middle Rhine region, he probably spent his childhood in Mainz. During ...

(German born-Flemish, 1430–1494), Flemish artist of the Bruges School * Martin Schongauer (German, 1430–1491) * Michael Pacher (Austrian 1435–1498) *

Hugo van der Goes Hugo van der Goes ( – 1482) was a Flemish painter who was one of the most significant and original Early Netherlandish painters of the late 15th century. Van der Goes was an important painter of altarpieces as well as portraits. He introduced i ...

(Flemish, 1440–1483), oil painter from the Netherlands *

Hieronymus Bosch Hieronymus Bosch (; ; born Jheronimus van Aken ; – 9 August 1516) was a Dutch people, Dutch painter from Duchy of Brabant, Brabant. He is one of the most notable representatives of the Early Netherlandish painting school. His work, gene ...

(Dutch, Early Netherlandish, 1450–1516) * Gerard David (Flemish, 1450–1523) * Geertgen tot Sint Jans (Dutch, 1460–1490) * Hans Holbein the Elder (German, 1460–1524) * Quentin Matsys (Flemish, 1466–1530) * Jan Mabuse (Flemish, 1470–1533) The Card Players sc1065

Matthias Grünewald Matthias Grünewald ( – 31 August 1528; also known as Mathis Gothart Nithart) was a German Renaissance painter of religious works who ignored Renaissance classicism to continue the style of late medieval Central European art into the 16th cent ...

(German, 1470–1528), noted for his intense expressionist religious paintings *

Albrecht Dürer Albrecht Dürer ( , ;; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),Müller, Peter O. (1993) ''Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers'', Walter de Gruyter. . sometimes spelled in English as Durer or Duerer, was a German painter, Old master prin ...

(German, 1471–1528), greatest painter and printmaker of the Northern Renaissance *

Lucas Cranach the Elder Lucas Cranach the Elder ( ; – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits, both of German ...

(German, 1472–1553), leading German Renaissance painter * Hans Burgkmair (German, 1473–1531) *

Jean Clouet Jean (or Janet or Jehannot) Clouet (c. 1485 – 1540/1) was a Painting, painter, draughtsman and Portrait miniature, miniaturist from the Burgundian Netherlands whose known active work period took place in France. He was court painter to French ki ...

(French, 1475–1547) * Albrecht Altdorfer (German, 1480–1538), Danube School of painting * Maitre de Moulins (French, fl. 1480) * Hans Baldung Grien (German, 1484–1545), German Renaissance artist * Joachim Patenier (Flemish, 1485–1524), pioneer landscape painter of the Netherlandish Renaissance *

Joos van Cleve Joos van Cleve (; also Joos van der Beke; c. 1485–1490 – 1540/1541) was a leading painter active in Antwerp from his arrival there around 1511 until his death in 1540 or 1541. Within Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, he combines the tr ...

(Flemish, 1485–1540) * Bernard van Orley (Flemish, 1488–1541) * Hans Springinklee (German, 1490–1540) * Wolf Huber (Austrian, 1490–1553) * Lucas van Leyden (Dutch, 1494–1533) * Jan van Scorel (Dutch, 1495–1562) *

Hans Holbein the Younger Hans Holbein the Younger ( , ; ; – between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German-Swiss painter and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, and is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century. He ...

(German, 1497–1543), one of the greatest portrait painters *

Georg Pencz Georg Pencz (c. 1500 – 11 October 1550) was a German Engraving, engraver, Painting, painter and Printmaking, printmaker. Pencz was probably born in Westheim near Bad Windsheim/Franconia. He travelled to Nuremberg in 1523 and joined Albrecht ...

(German, 1500–1550) * Sebald Beham (German, 1500–1550) * Barthel Beham (German, 1502–1540) *

Lucas Cranach the Younger Lucas Cranach the Younger (, ; 4 October 1515 – 25 January 1586) was a German Renaissance painter and portraitist, the son of Lucas Cranach the Elder and brother of Hans Cranach. Life and career Lucas Cranach the Younger was born in Wittenber ...

(German, 1515–1586) *

Pieter Bruegel the Elder Pieter Bruegel (also Brueghel or Breughel) the Elder ( , ; ; – 9 September 1569) was among the most significant artists of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, a painter and printmaking, printmaker, known for his landscape art, landscape ...

(Flemish, c.1525–1569), leading artist of his day * Aegidius Sadeler (Flemish, 1570–1629)

Spanish Renaissance

Bartolomé Bermejo Bartolomé Bermejo ( 1440 – c.1501) was a Spanish painter who adopted Seventeen Provinces, Flemish painting techniques and conventions. Born in Cordoba, he is known for his work in the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia ...

(Spanish, c. 1440–c. 1501) *

Alonso Berruguete Alonso González de Berruguete ( – 1561) was a Spanish Painting, painter, Sculpture, sculptor and architect. He is considered to be the most important sculptor of the Spanish Renaissance, and is known for his emotive sculptures depicting re ...

(Spanish, c. 1488–1561) * Luis de Morales (Spanish, 1512–1586) * Alonso Sánchez Coello (Spanish-Portuguese, 1531–1588) *

El Greco Doménikos Theotokópoulos (, ; 1 October 1541 7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco (; "The Greek"), was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, regarded as one of the greatest artists of all time. ...

(Greek-born Spanish, 1541–1614), noted for his dazzling spiritual works and portraits

Mannerism

Dosso Dossi Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri, better known as Dosso Dossi ( 1489–1542) was an Italian Renaissance painter who belonged to the School of Ferrara, painting in a style mainly influenced by Venetian painting, in particular Giorgione and early Tit ...

(Italian, 1479–1542) * Alfonso Lombardi (Italian, 1487–1537) * Bartolommeo Bandinelli (Italian, 1493–1560) * Pontormo (Italian, 1494–1556), Florentine fresco/oil painter * Rosso Fiorentino (Italian, 1494–1540) *

Maarten van Heemskerck Maarten van Heemskerck (born Maerten Jacobsz van Veen; 1 June 1498 – 1 October 1574), also known as Marten Jacobsz Heemskerk van Veen, was a Dutch portrait and religious painter, who spent most of his career in Haarlem. He was a pupil of Jan ...

(Dutch, 1498–1574) * Alessandro Moretto (Italian, 1498–1555) * Giulio Clovio (Croatian-born Italian, 1498–1578) * Niccolo Tribolo (Italian, 1500–1550) * Parmigianino (Italian, 1503–1540), Mannerist painter/etcher from Parma *

Bronzino Agnolo di Cosimo (; 17 November 150323 November 1572), usually known as Bronzino ( ) or Agnolo Bronzino, was an Italians, Italian Mannerism, Mannerist painter from Florence. His sobriquet, ''Bronzino'', may refer to his relatively dark skin or r ...

(Italian, 1503–1572) * Jacob Seisenegger (Austrian, 1505–1567) *

Pieter Aertsen Pieter Aertsen (1508, Amsterdam – 2 June 1575, Amsterdam), called ''Lange Piet'' ("Tall Pete") because of his height, was a Dutch painter in the style of Northern Mannerism. He is credited with the invention of the monumental genre scene, whi ...

(Dutch, 1508–1575) * François Clouet (French 1510–1572) *

Giorgio Vasari Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian Renaissance painter, architect, art historian, and biographer who is best known for his work ''Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects'', considered the ideol ...

(Italian, 1511–1575), known for his ''

Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects ''The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects'' () is a series of artist biographies written by 16th-century Italian painter and architect Giorgio Vasari, which is considered "perhaps the most famous, and even today the ...

'' *

Antonio Moro Anthonis Mor, also known as Anthonis Mor van Dashorst and Antonio Moro (c. 1517 – 1577), was a Netherlandish Portrait painting, portrait painter, much in demand by the courts of Europe. He has also been referred to as Antoon, Anthonius, Anthoni ...

(Flemish, 1519–1576) 1567 Aertsen Marktfrau am Gemuesestand anagoria

* Giovanni Battista Moroni (Italian, 1525–1578) * Federico Barocci (Italian, 1526–1612) *

Giuseppe Arcimboldo Giuseppe Arcimboldo, also spelled Arcimboldi (; 5 April 1527 – 11 July 1593), was an Italian Renaissance painter best known for creating imaginative portrait Human head, heads made entirely of objects such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fish ...

(Italian, 1527–1593), best known for his bizarre Mannerist fruit and vegetable portraits * Giambologna (Italian, 1529–1608), hugely influential Mannerist sculptor * Denis Calvaert (Flemish, 1540–1619) * Scipione Pulzone (Italian, 1542–1598) * Bartholomeus Spranger (Flemish, 1546–1611) *

Karel van Mander Karel van Mander (I) or Carel van Mander IKarel van Mander
at the Netherlands Institute for Art History ...

(Flemish, 1548–1606) * Abraham Bloemaert (Dutch, 1566–1651) * Joachim Wtewael (Dutch, 1566–1638) * Adam Elsheimer (German, 1578–1610), influential German landscape and history painter who influenced Rubens

Baroque painting

* Antonio Tempesta (Italian, 1555–1630) * Ludovico Carracci (Italian, 1555–1619) * Bartolomeo Cesi (Italian, 1556–1629) * Agostino Carracci (Italian, 1557–1602) * Lodovico Cigoli (Italian, 1559–1613) * Bartolomeo Carducci (Italian, 1560–1610) *

Annibale Carracci Annibale Carracci ( , , ; November 3, 1560 – July 15, 1609) was an Italian painter and instructor, active in Bologna and later in Rome. Along with his brother Agostino Carracci, Agostino and cousin Ludovico Carracci, Ludovico (with whom the Ca ...

(Italian, 1560–1609), leader of the academism *

Orazio Gentileschi Orazio Lomi Gentileschi (; 1563 – 7 February 1639) was an Italian painter. Born in Tuscany, he began his career in Rome, painting in a Mannerist style, much of his work consisting of painting the figures within the decorative schemes of other ...

(Italian, 1563–1639) * Hans Rottenhammer (German, 1564–1625) *

Pieter Brueghel the Younger Pieter Brueghel (also Bruegel or Breughel) the Younger ( , ; ; between 23 May and 10 October 1564 – between March and May 1638) was a Flemish painting, Flemish painter known for numerous copies after his father Pieter Bruegel the Elder's ...

(Flemish, 1564–1636) * Francisco Pacheco (Spanish, 1564–1654) * Francisco Ribalta (Spanish, 1565–1628) * Jan Brueghel the Elder (Flemish, 1568–1625) *

Juan Martínez Montañés Juan Martínez Montañés (March 16, 1568 – June 18, 1649), known as el Dios de la Madera (''the God of Wood''), was a Spanish sculpture, sculptor, born at Alcalá la Real, in the Jaén (Spanish province), province of Jaén. He was one of th ...

(Spanish, 1568–1649) *

Caravaggio Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (also Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi da Caravaggio; 29 September 1571 – 18 July 1610), known mononymously as Caravaggio, was an Italian painter active in Rome for most of his artistic life. During the fina ...

(Italian, 1573–1610), noted for his figurative realism and Tenebrism *

Guido Reni Guido Reni (; 4 November 1575 – 18 August 1642) was an Italian Baroque painter, although his works showed a classical manner, similar to Simon Vouet, Nicolas Poussin, and Philippe de Champaigne. He painted primarily religious works, but al ...

(Italian, 1575–1642) *

Peter Paul Rubens Sir Peter Paul Rubens ( ; ; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish painting, Flemish artist and diplomat. He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque painting, Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens' highly charged comp ...

(Flemish, 1577–1640), foremost Baroque history painter and portraitist * Adam Elsheimer (German, 1578–1610) * Bernardo Strozzi (Italian, 1581–1644) * Juan Bautista Maíno (Spanish, 1581–1649) * Johann Liss (German, 1590–1631) * Jusepe de Ribera (Spanish, 1591– 1652), Naples-based religious realist painter and printmaker * Guercino (Italian, 1591–1666) *

Artemisia Gentileschi Artemisia Lomi Gentileschi ( ; ; 8 July 1593) was an Italian Baroque painter. Gentileschi is considered among the most accomplished 17th century, 17th-century artists, initially working in the style of Caravaggio. She was producing professional ...

(Italian, 1592–1656) * Georges de La Tour (French, 1593–1652) *

Jacob Jordaens Jacques (Jacob) Jordaens (19 May 1593 – 18 October 1678Jacques Jordaens
in the Netherlands Institute for Ar ...

(Flemish, 1593–1678) * Louis Le Nain (French, 1593–1648) *

Nicolas Poussin Nicolas Poussin (, , ; June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was a French painter who was a leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. Most of his works were on religious and mythologic ...

(French, 1594–1665), main classical artist of his time * Pietro da Cortona (Italian, 1596–1669), painter and architect * Francisco de Zurbarán (Spanish, 1598–1664), master of

chiaroscuro In art, chiaroscuro ( , ; ) is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for the use of contrasts of light to ach ...

known for his religious paintings and still lifes *

Gian Lorenzo Bernini Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, ; ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 1598 – 28 November 1680) was an Italians, Italian sculptor and Italian architect, architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prom ...

(Italian, 1598–1680), the dominant sculptor and architect of the era * Antoine Le Nain (French, 1599–1648) *

Anthony van Dyck Sir Anthony van Dyck (; ; 22 March 1599 – 9 December 1641) was a Flemish Baroque painting, Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England after success in the Spanish Netherlands and Italy. The seventh child of ...

(Flemish, 1599–1641), portraitist living in London *

Diego Velázquez Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptised 6 June 15996 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the Noble court, court of King Philip IV of Spain, Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age. He i ...

(Spanish, 1599–1660), regarded as the greatest artist of the

Spanish Golden Age The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Siglo de Oro'', , "Golden Century"; 1492 – 1681) was a period of literature and the The arts, arts in Spain that coincided with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic M ...

* Claude Lorrain (French, 1600–1682), landscape artist * Alonso Cano (Spanish, 1601–1667) * Jan Brueghel the Younger (Flemish, 1601–1678) * Mathieu Le Nain (French, 1607–1677) * Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione (Italian, 1609–1664) * Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo (Spanish, c. 1612–1667) *

Mattia Preti Mattia Preti (24 February 1613 – 3 January 1699) was an Italian Baroque artist who worked in Italy and Malta. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Saint John. Life Born in the small town of Taverna in Calabria, Preti was called ''Il Ca ...

(Italian, 1613–1699) * Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1613–1673) * Juan Carreño de Miranda (Spanish, 1614–1685) * Carlo Dolci (Italian, 1616–1686) * Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Spanish, 1617–1682), one of the most influential religious painters *

Charles Le Brun Charles Le Brun (; baptised 24 February 1619 – 12 February 1690) was a French Painting, painter, Physiognomy, physiognomist, Aesthetics, art theorist, and a director of several art schools of his time. He served as a court painter to Louis XIV, ...

(French, 1619–1690), leading painter in the court of

Louis XIV LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reign ...

* Juan de Valdés Leal (Spanish, 1622–1690) * Pedro de Mena (Spanish, 1628–1688) * Luca Giordano (Italian, 1634–1705)

Dutch Golden Age and Flemish Baroque painting

Roelant Savery Roelant Savery (or ''Roeland(t) Maertensz Saverij'', or ''de Savery'', or many variants; 1576 – buried 25 February 1639) was a Flanders-born Dutch Golden Age painter. Life Savery was born in Kortrijk. Like so many other artists, he belonged ...

(Flemish, 1576–1639) * Frans Snyders (Flemish, 1578–1657), master of Baroque still life from the Antwerp School * Frans Hals (Flemish-born Dutch, 1580–1666), one of the greatest post-Renaissance portraitists * Pieter Lastman (Dutch, 1583–1633) * Hendrick Terbrugghen (Dutch, 1588–1629), Dutch Realist genre painter and a leading member of the Utrecht Caravaggisti * Gerrit van Honthorst (Dutch, 1590–1636) *

Dirck van Baburen Dirck Jaspersz. van Baburen ( – 21 February 1624) was a Dutch people, Dutch Painting, painter and one of the Utrecht School, Utrecht Caravaggisti. Biography Dirck van Baburen was probably born in Wijk bij Duurstede, but his family moved to ...

(Dutch, 1595–1624) * Matthias Stom (Dutch, 1600–1652) * Adriaen Brouwer (Flemish, c. 1605–1638), noted for his tavern-based genre paintings * Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606–1669),

history painting History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than any artistic style or specific period. History paintings depict a moment in a narrative story, most often (but not exclusively) Greek and Roman mythology and B ...

, portraits, etchings * Jan Lievens (Dutch, 1607–1674) * Jacob Adriaensz Backer (Dutch, 1608–1651) * Ferdinand Bol (Dutch, 1616–1680) * Jan Havickszoon Steen (Dutch, 1625–1679), Leiden School, tavern genre scenes * Jan Davidsz de Heem (Dutch, 1609–1683), still-life artist of the Utrecht/Antwerp School * David Teniers the Younger (Flemish, 1610–1690), Dutch Realist known for his peasant/ guardroom scenes * Adriaen van Ostade (Dutch, 1610–1685), peasant scene artist of the Haarlem School * Govert Flinck (Dutch, 1615–1660) *

Gerrit Dou Gerrit Dou (; 7 April 1613 – 9 February 1675), also known as Gerard Douw or Dow, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, whose small, highly polished paintings are typical of the Leiden fijnschilders. He specialised in genre scenes and is noted for h ...

(Dutch, 1613–1675) * Frans van Mieris the Elder (Dutch, 1635–1681) * Gerard Terborch (Dutch, 1617–1681), Haarlem School genre painter * Willem Kalf (Dutch, 1619–1693), noted for still-life pictures * Aelbert Cuyp (Dutch, 1620–1691), Dordrecht School landscape painter * Samuel van Hoogstraten (Dutch, 1627–1678), genre painter * Jan de Bray (Dutch, 1627–1697) *

Jacob van Ruisdael Jacob Isaackszoon van Ruisdael (; 1629 – 10 March 1682) was a Dutch painter, draughtsman, and etcher. He is generally considered the pre-eminent landscape painter of the Dutch Golden Age, a period of great wealth and cultural achie ...

(Dutch, 1628–1682), Haarlem School landscape artist * Gabriel Metsu (Dutch, 1629–1667), intimate small-scale genre scenes * Pieter de Hooch (Dutch, 1629–1683), Delft School of Dutch genre painting *

Johannes Vermeer Johannes Vermeer ( , ; see below; also known as Jan Vermeer; October 1632 – 15 December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life. He is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch ...

(Dutch, 1632–1675), Delft School Dutch genre painter, little-known in his own lifetime * Meindert Hobbema (Dutch, 1638–1709) * Aert de Gelder (Dutch, 1645–1727) * Adriaen van der Werff (Dutch, 1659–1722) *

Rachel Ruysch Rachel Ruysch (3 June 1664 – 12 October 1750) was a Dutch still-life painter from the Northern Netherlands. She specialized in flowers, inventing her own style and achieving international fame in her lifetime. Due to a long and successful car ...

(Dutch, 1664–1750), important female flower painter from Amsterdam * Jan Roos (Flemish, 1591–1638), painter influencing the genoese school, known for his still life paintings of flowers and vegetables, mythological and religious scenes and portraits

Rococo

* Giovanni Battista Piazzetta (Italian, 1682–1754), master of the

fresco Fresco ( or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting become ...

Jean-Antoine Watteau Jean-Antoine Watteau (, , ; baptised 10 October 1684died 18 July 1721) Alsavailablevia Oxford Art Online (subscription needed). was a French Painting, painter and Drawing, draughtsman whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour ...

(French, 1684–1721), author of the first '' fête galante'' * Giovan Battista Pittoni (Italian, 1687–1767), known for sacred families and children * Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (Italian, 1691–1770), known for his frescoes, as in Würzburg Residence * Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (French, 1699–1779), important 18th-century still-life artist *

François Boucher François Boucher ( , ; ; 29 September 1703 – 30 May 1770) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher, who worked in the Rococo style. Boucher is known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories ...

(French, 1703–1770), noted for female nudes * Charles-André van Loo (French, 1705– 1765) painter of portraiture, religion, mythology, allegory, and genre scenes. *

Pompeo Batoni Pompeo Girolamo Batoni (25 January 1708 – 4 February 1787) was an Italian painter who displayed a solid technical knowledge in his portrait work and in his numerous Allegory, allegorical and mythological pictures. The high number of foreign vis ...

(Italian, 1708–1787) * Martin Johann Schmidt (Austrian, 1718–1801), important 18th-century Austrian Late Baroque painter * Jean-Baptiste Greuze (French, 1725–1805), important 18th-century painter * François-Hubert Drouais (French, 1727– 1775) French portraitist to the royal family, King Louis XV and Queen Marie Leczinska, and members of the nobility *

Jean-Honoré Fragonard Jean-Honoré Fragonard (; 5 April 1732 (birth/baptism certificate) – 22 August 1806) was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism. One of the most prolific art ...

(French, 1732–1806) * Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (French, 1755–1842), later Neoclassical

British

* Nicholas Hilliard (English, c. 1547–1619),

goldsmith A goldsmith is a Metalworking, metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals. Modern goldsmiths mainly specialize in jewelry-making but historically, they have also made cutlery, silverware, platter (dishware), plat ...

, limner, and painter best known for his

portrait miniature A portrait miniature is a miniature portrait painting from Renaissance art, usually executed in gouache, Watercolor painting, watercolor, or Vitreous enamel, enamel. Portrait miniatures developed out of the techniques of the miniatures in illumin ...

s of

Elizabethan The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. The Roman symbol of Britannia (a female per ...

nobility * William Dobson (English, 1611–1646) *

John Michael Wright John Michael Wright (May 1617 – July 1694) was an English painter, mainly of portraits in the Baroque style. Born and raised in London, Wright trained in Edinburgh under the Scots painter George Jamesone, and sometimes described himself as Scot ...

(English-Scottish, c. 1617–1694) *

Peter Lely Sir Peter Lely (14 September 1618 – 30 November 1680) was a painter of Dutch origin whose career was nearly all spent in England, where he became the dominant portrait painter to the court. He became a naturalised British subject and was kn ...

(Dutch-born English, 1618–1680) *

Godfrey Kneller Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1st Baronet (born Gottfried Kniller; 8 August 1646 – 19 October 1723) was a German-born British painter. The leading Portrait painting, portraitist in England during the late Stuart period, Stuart and early Georgian eras ...

(English, 1646–1723) * James Thornhill (English, c. 1675–1734) *

William Hogarth William Hogarth (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, engraving, engraver, pictorial social satire, satirist, editorial cartoonist and occasional writer on art. His work ranges from Realism (visual arts), realistic p ...

(English, 1697–1764) * Allan Ramsay (Scottish, 1713–1784) *

Joshua Reynolds Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter who specialised in portraits. The art critic John Russell (art critic), John Russell called him one of the major European painters of the 18th century, while Lucy P ...

(English, 1723–1792) *

Thomas Gainsborough Thomas Gainsborough (; 14 May 1727 (baptised) – 2 August 1788) was an English portrait and landscape painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. Along with his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds, he is considered one of the most important British artists o ...

(English, 1727–1788) *

Joseph Wright of Derby Joseph Wright (3 September 1734 – 29 August 1797), styled Joseph Wright of Derby, was an English landscape and portrait painter. He has been acclaimed as "the first professional painter to express the spirit of the Industrial Revolution". Wr ...

(English, 1734–1797) * George Romney (English, 1734–1802) * Bernardo Bellotto - Architectural Caprice with a Palace - Google Art Project

John Opie (English, 1761–1807) *

Thomas Lawrence Sir Thomas Lawrence (13 April 1769 – 7 January 1830) was an English people, English portrait painter and the fourth president of the Royal Academy. A child prodigy, he was born in Bristol and began drawing in Devizes, where his father was a ...

(English, 1769–1830)

Vedutism

* Canaletto (Italian, 1697–1768), famous for ''

veduta A ''veduta'' (; : ''vedute'') is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, more often, old master print, print of a cityscape or some other vista. The painters of ''vedute'' are referred to as ''vedutisti''. Origins This genre of land ...

s'' of Venice * Giovanni Paolo Panini (Italian, 1691–1765) * Francesco Zuccarelli (Italian, 1702–1789), known for Arcadian landscapes * Francesco Guardi (Italian, 1712–1793), view painter of Venice School * Giambattista Piranesi (Italian, 1720–1778) * Bernardo Bellotto (Italian, 1720–1780), Canaletto's nephew depicting Warsaw

Neoclassicism

Anton Raphael Mengs Anton Raphael Mengs (12 March 1728 – 29 June 1779) was a German Neoclassicism, Neoclassical painter. Early life Mengs was born on 12 March 1728, at Ústí nad Labem in the Kingdom of Bohemia, the son of Ismael Mengs, a Danish-born painter wh ...

(German, 1728–1779), friend of

Johann Joachim Winckelmann Johann Joachim Winckelmann ( ; ; 9 December 17178 June 1768) was a German art historian and archaeologist. He was a pioneering Hellenism (neoclassicism), Hellenist who first articulated the differences between Ancient Greek art, Greek, Helleni ...

* Johann Zoffany (German, 1733–1810) *

Benjamin West Benjamin West (October 10, 1738 – March 11, 1820) was a British-American artist who painted famous historical scenes such as ''The Death of Nelson (West painting), The Death of Nelson'', ''The Death of General Wolfe'', the ''Treaty of Paris ( ...

(American-born British, 1738–1820) *

Angelica Kauffman Maria Anna Angelika Kauffmann ( ; 30 October 1741 – 5 November 1807), usually known in English as Angelica Kauffman, was a Swiss people, Swiss Neoclassicism, Neoclassical painter who had a successful career in London and Rome. Remembered prima ...

(Swiss-born, 1741–1807) *

Jacques-Louis David Jacques-Louis David (; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassicism, Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s, his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in ...

(French, 1748–1825), chief artist of the French Revolution and Napoleon * Antoine-Jean Gros (French, 1771–1835), pupil of

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres ( ; ; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassicism, Neoclassical Painting, painter. Ingres was profoundly influenced by past artistic traditions and aspired to become the guardian of academic ...

(French, 1780–1867)

Romanticism

* Hubert Robert (French, 1733–1808), painter noted for picturesque depictions of ruins * Francisco de Goya (Spanish, 1746–1828) *

Henry Raeburn Sir Henry Raeburn (; 4 March 1756 – 8 July 1823) was a Scottish portrait painter. He served as Portrait Painter to King George IV in Scotland. Biography Raeburn was born the son of a manufacturer in Stockbridge, on the Water of Leith: a f ...

(Scottish, 1756–1823) *

William Blake William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his life, Blake has become a seminal figure in the history of the Romantic poetry, poetry and visual art of the Roma ...

(British, 1757–1827), symbolist religious painter, printmaker and book illustrator *

Caspar David Friedrich Caspar David Friedrich (; 5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a German Romanticism, German Romantic Landscape painting, landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation, whose often symbolic, and anti ...

(German, 1774–1840) * J. M. W. Turner (English, 1775–1851) *

(English, 1776–1837) *

Théodore Géricault Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (; 26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a French painter and lithographer, whose best-known painting is '' The Raft of the Medusa''. Despite his short life, he was one of the pioneers of the Romanti ...

(French, 1791–1824) *

(French, 1798–1863)

References

{{Reflist

External links

Why do we still pay attention to Old Masters paintings
a conversation between Keith Christiansen is the John Pope-Hennessy Chairman of the Department of European Paintings at New York's Metropolitan Museum and The Easel's Morgan Meis, Contributing Editor of The Easel. Paintings by movement or period History of art Classical art