Neoptera (
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...
''néos'' ("new") + ''pterón'' ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged
insect
Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, ...
s, specifically those that can flex their wings over their
abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the gut, belly, tummy, midriff, tucky, or stomach) is the front part of the torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal ...
s. This is in contrast with the more
basal orders of winged insects (the "
Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.
Classification
The taxon Neoptera was proposed by
А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:
Pterygota
*division
Palaeoptera
**order
Odonata
**order Agnatha (correct name:
Ephemeroptera)
**†order
Dictyoneuridea
**†order
Megasecoptera
**†order
Meganisoptera
**†order
Protephemeroidea
*division Neoptera
**superorder
Endopterygota
***order
Coleoptera
***order
Strepsiptera
***order
Neuroptera
The insect order (biology), order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species. Neuroptera is grouped together with the Megaloptera (alderflies, f ...
***order
Raphidioptera
Snakeflies are a group of predatory insects comprising the order (biology), order Raphidioptera with two extant families: Raphidiidae and Inocelliidae, consisting of roughly 260 species. In the past, the group had a much wider distribution than i ...
***order
Megaloptera
***order
Diptera
***order
Mecoptera
Mecoptera (from the Greek language, Greek: ''mecos'' = "long", ''ptera'' = "wings") is an Order (biology), order of insects in the superorder Holometabola with about six hundred species in nine Family (biology), families worldwide. Mecopterans a ...
***order
Trichoptera
The caddisflies (order Trichoptera) are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the basis ...
***order
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...
***order
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic.
Females typi ...
**subdivision
Polyneoptera
***superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
****order
Orthoptera
Orthoptera () is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – gras ...
****order
Plecoptera
Plecoptera is an order (biology), order of insects commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to b ...
****order
Dermaptera
****order
Embioptera
****order
Phasmatodea
The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera) are an Order (biology), order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick bugs, walkingsticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred ...
***superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pan
dictyoptera)
****order
Blattodea
Blattodea is an order (biology), order of insects that contains cockroaches and termites. Formerly, termites were considered a separate order, Isoptera, but genetics, genetic and molecular evidence suggests they evolved from within the cockroach ...
****order
Mantodea
***subdivision
Paraneoptera
****order
Hemiptera
Hemiptera (; ) is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising more than 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from ...
*****suborder
Auchenorrhyncha
*****suborder
Coleorrhyncha
*****suborder
Heteroptera
*****suborder
Sternorrhyncha
The Sternorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains the aphids, whitefly, whiteflies, and scale insects, groups which were traditionally included in the now-obsolete order "Homoptera". The name "Sternorrhyncha" refers to the rearward position of ...
****subdivision
Oligoneoptera
The order
Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.
Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:
*
Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878
**
Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890
**
Metapterygota Börner 1909
***
Odonata Fabricius 1793
*** Neoptera Martynov 1923
Phylogeny
The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the
cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...
, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the
Polyneoptera,
Johnson et al 2018 for the
Paraneoptera (where
Psocomorpha contains
Phthiraptera),
and Kjer et al 2016 for the
Holometabola
Holometabola (from Ancient Greek "complete" + "change"), also known as Endopterygota (from "inner" + "wing" + Neo-Latin "-having"), is a supra-order (biology), ordinal clade of insects within the infraclass Neoptera that go through distincti ...
.
References
External links
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q23005
Insect taxonomy
Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances