Maternal Haplogroup on:
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This phylogenetic tree is based Van Oven (2009). In June 2022, an alternative phylogeny for haplogroup L was suggested
* L (
mtHap
James Lick's tool (multiple input formats).
YSEQ mt Clade Finder
FASTA based haplogroup tool. Replaced HAPLOFIND.
HaploGrep
VCF based tool.
Haplocheck
Mitoverse's tool for both WGS and WES.
Haplotracker
A short fragment tool.
Ian Logan's SNP to haplogroup tool.
mtDNA Mutation Computer Model
Ian Logan's mutation calculator.
FTDNA's discover tool
for browsing their new mtDNA Haplotree. (Released 2025-02-25)
FTDNA's mtDNA Haplotree
Mostly based on PhyloTree Build 17 but with the addition of haplogroup L7.
FTDNA's Mitotree
"Classic" view of FTDNA's mtDNA tree.
YFull's MTree
An mtDNA tree. Faster loading (simpler).
PhyloTreemt
A traditional mtDNA tree (last updated 2016-02-18).
HIP
Haplogroup trees.
HIP Haplomap
Ancient uniparental map.
AH DNA
Nicky Rosenblatt's ancient uniparental map.
Ancient DNA
An aDNA map made with Map Maker.
HRAS mtDNA
A heatmap generator.
AmtDB
An database of ancient mtDNA samples.
All Ancient DNA Dataset
Carlos Quiles' uniparental database (with BAM).
Ian Logan's GenBank based accession matching tool.
mitoYDNA
A uniparental database.
MITOMAP
An mtDNA genome database.
List of mtDNA haplogroup projects
at ISOGG. {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Mitochondrial Dna Haplogroup * Genetics-related lists
human genetics
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in Human, human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, populatio ...
, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup
A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the , ''haploûs'', "onefold, simple" and ) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a sing ...
defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondr ...
. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolutionary path of the female lineage has helped population geneticists trace the matrilineal
Matrilineality, at times called matriliny, is the tracing of kinship through the female line. It may also correlate with a social system in which people identify with their matriline, their mother's lineage, and which can involve the inheritan ...
inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...
and the subsequent spread around the globe.
The letter names of the haplogroups (not just mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) run from A to Z. As haplogroups were named in the order of their discovery, the alphabetical ordering does not have any meaning in terms of actual genetic relationships.
The hypothetical woman at the root of all these groups (meaning just the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) is the matrilineal
Matrilineality, at times called matriliny, is the tracing of kinship through the female line. It may also correlate with a social system in which people identify with their matriline, their mother's lineage, and which can involve the inheritan ...
most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for all currently living humans
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, great apes characterized by their Prehistory of nakedness and clothing ...
. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve
In human genetics, the Mitochondrial Eve (more technically known as the Mitochondrial-Most Recent Common Ancestor, shortened to mt-Eve or mt-MRCA) is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all living humans. In other words, she ...
.
The rate at which mitochondrial DNA mutates is known as the mitochondrial molecular clock. It is an area of ongoing research with one study reporting one mutation per 8000 years.
Phylogeny
This phylogenetic tree is based Van Oven (2009). In June 2022, an alternative phylogeny for haplogroup L was suggested
* L (Mitochondrial Eve
In human genetics, the Mitochondrial Eve (more technically known as the Mitochondrial-Most Recent Common Ancestor, shortened to mt-Eve or mt-MRCA) is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all living humans. In other words, she ...
)
** L0
** L1-6
*** L1
*** L2-6
**** L5
**** L2'3'4'6
***** L2
***** L3'4'6
****** L6
****** L3'4
******* L4
******* L3
******** N
********* N1: I
********* N2: W
********* N9: Y
********* A
********* S
********* X
********* R
********** R0 (FMKA pre-HV)
*********** HV: ( H, V)
********** pre-JT or R2'JT
*********** JT: ( J, T)
********** R9: F
********** R11'B: B
********** P
********** U (formerly UK)
*********** U8: K
********* O
******** M
********* M9: E
********* M12'G: G
********* M29'Q: Q
********* D
********* M8: CZ ( C, Z)
Major mtDNA Haplogroups
Macro-haplogroup L
Macro-haplogroup L
In human mitochondrial genetics, L is the Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup that is at the root of the anatomically modern human (''Homo sapiens'') mtDNA phylogenetic tree. As such, it represents the most an ...
is the most basal of human mtDNA haplogroups, from which all other haplogroups descend (specifically, from haplogroup L3). It is found mostly in Africa.
* Haplogroup L0
Haplogroup L0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
L0 is one of two branches from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for the shared human maternal lineage. The haplogroup consists of five main branches (L0a, L0b, L0d, L0f ...
* L1-7
** Haplogroup L1
** L2-7
*** L3'4'6
**** Haplogroup L2
Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup with a widespread modern distribution, particularly in Subequatorial Africa. Its L2a subclade is a somewhat frequent and widely distributed mtDNA cluster on the continent, as well as a ...
**** L346
***** L34
****** Haplogroup L3
Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans.
It is strongly associated with the out-of-Africa migration of modern humans of about 70–5 ...
****** Haplogroup L4
***** Haplogroup L6
*** L5'7
**** Haplogroup L5
**** Haplogroup L7
Macro-haplogroup M
Macro-haplogroup M is found mostly in Asia and the Americas. Its descendants are haplogroup M, haplogroup C, haplogroup Z, haplogroup D, haplogroup E, haplogroup G and haplogroup Q.Macro-haplogroup N
Macro-haplogroup N is found mostly in Australia, the Americas and parts of Asia. Its descendants are haplogroup N, haplogroup O, haplogroup A, haplogroup S, haplogroup I, haplogroup W, haplogroup X and haplogroup Y, as well as macro-haplogroup R.Macro-haplogroup R
Macro-haplogroup R is found mostly in Europe, Northern Africa, the Pacific and parts of Asia and the Americas. Its descendants arehaplogroup R Haplogroup R may refer to:
* Haplogroup R (mtDNA)
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R
is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 ye ...
, haplogroup B, haplogroup F, haplogroup H, haplogroup V, haplogroup J, haplogroup T, haplogroup U and haplogroup K
Chronology
Geographical distribution
A 2004 paper suggested that the haplogroups most common in modern West Asian, North African and European populations were: H, J, K, N1, T, U4, U5, V, X and W. African haplogroups: L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, T, U5a Australian and Oceanian haplogroups: M42a, M42c, M14, M15, Q, S, O, N, P. (Refs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Asian and native American haplogroups: F, C, W, M, D, N, K, U, T, A, B, C, Z, U many number variants to each sectionResearch software
Assignment
mtHap
James Lick's tool (multiple input formats).
YSEQ mt Clade Finder
FASTA based haplogroup tool. Replaced HAPLOFIND.
HaploGrep
VCF based tool.
Haplocheck
Mitoverse's tool for both WGS and WES.
Haplotracker
A short fragment tool.
Ian Logan's SNP to haplogroup tool.
Dating
mtDNA Mutation Computer Model
Ian Logan's mutation calculator.
Phylogeny
FTDNA's discover tool
for browsing their new mtDNA Haplotree. (Released 2025-02-25)
FTDNA's mtDNA Haplotree
Mostly based on PhyloTree Build 17 but with the addition of haplogroup L7.
FTDNA's Mitotree
"Classic" view of FTDNA's mtDNA tree.
YFull's MTree
An mtDNA tree. Faster loading (simpler).
PhyloTreemt
A traditional mtDNA tree (last updated 2016-02-18).
HIP
Haplogroup trees.
Maps
Ancient
HIP Haplomap
Ancient uniparental map.
AH DNA
Nicky Rosenblatt's ancient uniparental map.
Ancient DNA
An aDNA map made with Map Maker.
Modern
HRAS mtDNA
A heatmap generator.
Databases
Ancient
AmtDB
An database of ancient mtDNA samples.
All Ancient DNA Dataset
Carlos Quiles' uniparental database (with BAM).
Modern
Ian Logan's GenBank based accession matching tool.
mitoYDNA
A uniparental database.
MITOMAP
An mtDNA genome database.
See also
*Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria ...
* Genetic genealogy
Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be use ...
* Matrilineality
Matrilineality, at times called matriliny, is the tracing of kinship through the female line. It may also correlate with a social system in which people identify with their matriline, their mother's lineage, and which can involve the inheritan ...
* Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of s ...
* Population genetics
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as Adaptation (biology), adaptation, s ...
References
External links
List of mtDNA haplogroup projects
at ISOGG. {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Mitochondrial Dna Haplogroup * Genetics-related lists