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Haplogroup Pre-JT (mtDNA)
Haplogroup pre-JT is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). It is also called R2'JT. Origin Haplogroup pre-JT is a descendant of the haplogroup R. It is characterised by the mutation T4216C. The pre-JT clade has two direct descendant lineages, haplogroup JT and haplogroup R2. Distribution According to YFull MTree, haplogroup R2'JT has allegedly been sequenced in at least three individuals, among whom one came from ancient Egypt and one from modern Denmark. However, Ian Logan mutationally interpreted the Denmark sample as being a member of T1a. One carrier of haplogroup R2'JT was found in an in-depth study of "108 Scandinavian Neolithic individuals". Subclades Its major subclade is Haplogroup JT, which further divides into Haplogroup J and Haplogroup T. Its other subclade is Haplogroup R2, which has such branches as R2a, R2b, and R2c. Tree *R2'JT ** R2 ** JT *** J *** T See also *Genealogical DNA test *Genetic genealogy *Human mitochondrial genetics *Populatio ...
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West Asia
West Asia (also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia) is the westernmost region of Asia. As defined by most academics, UN bodies and other institutions, the subregion consists of Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Mesopotamia, the Armenian highlands, the Levant, the island of Cyprus, the Sinai Peninsula and the South Caucasus. The region is separated from Africa by the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt, and separated from Europe by the waterways of the Turkish Straits and the watershed of the Greater Caucasus. Central Asia lies to its northeast, while South Asia lies to its east. Twelve seas surround the region (clockwise): the Aegean Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez, and the Mediterranean Sea. West Asia contains the majority of the similarly defined Middle East. The ''Middle East'' is a political term invented by Western geographers that has ...
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Haplogroup R (mtDNA)
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of archaeogenetics of sub-Saharan Africa, sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-Haplogroup N (mtDNA), haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are Haplogroup B (mtDNA), B, haplogroup U (mtDNA), U (and thus haplogroup K (mtDNA), K), Haplogroup F (mtDNA), F, Haplogroup R0 (mtDNA), R0 (and thus Haplogroup HV (mtDNA), HV, Haplogroup H (mtDNA), H, and Haplogroup V (mtDNA), V), and Haplogroup JT (mtDNA), JT (the ancestral haplogroup of Haplogroup J (mtDNA), J and Haplogroup T (mtDNA), T). Origin Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago. This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Southern Dispersal out of East A ...
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Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)
Haplogroup JT is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Origin Haplogroup JT is descended from the macro-haplogroup R. It is the ancestral clade to the mitochondrial haplogroups J and T. Distribution JT (predominantly J) was found among the ancient Etruscans. The root level haplogroup JT* has been assigned to an ancient person found at the Colfiorito necropolis in Umbria in central Italy. The haplogroup has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site. One ancient individual carried a haplotype, which correlates with either the JT clade or the haplogroup H subclade H14b1 (1/9; 11%). Subclades Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup JT subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research. *R2'JT **JT *** J *** T Health Maternally inherited ancient mtDNA varia ...
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Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup
In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolutionary path of the female lineage has helped population geneticists trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread around the globe. The letter names of the haplogroups (not just mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) run from A to Z. As haplogroups were named in the order of their discovery, the alphabetical ordering does not have any meaning in terms of actual genetic relationships. The hypothetical woman at the root of all these groups (meaning just the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for all currently living humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve. The rate at which mitochondrial DNA mutates is known as the m ...
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Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts of the world. This "Neolithic package" included the History of agriculture, introduction of farming, domestication of animals, and change from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one of sedentism, settlement. The term 'Neolithic' was coined by John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, Sir John Lubbock in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system. The Neolithic began about 12,000 years ago, when farming appeared in the Epipalaeolithic Near East and Mesopotamia, and later in other parts of the world. It lasted in the Near East until the transitional period of the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) from about 6,500 years ago (4500 BCE), marked by the development ...
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Haplogroup JT
Haplogroup JT is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Origin Haplogroup JT is descended from the macro-haplogroup R. It is the ancestral clade to the mitochondrial haplogroups J and T. Distribution JT (predominantly J) was found among the ancient Etruscans. The root level haplogroup JT* has been assigned to an ancient person found at the Colfiorito necropolis in Umbria in central Italy. The haplogroup has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site. One ancient individual carried a haplotype, which correlates with either the JT clade or the haplogroup H subclade H14b1 (1/9; 11%). Subclades Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup JT subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research. *R2'JT **JT *** J *** T Health Maternally inherited ancient mtDNA variants ...
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Haplogroup J (mtDNA)
Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. as well as Sudanese Copts (10.3% J1a; 10.3% J2), Sudanese Fulani (10.7% J1b), Meseria (6.7% J1b), Arakien (5.9% J1b), Egyptians (5.9%), Mozabite Berbers (3.53%), Sudanese Hausa (2.9% J1b), Zenata Berbers (2.74%), Beja (2.1% J1b), and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%). Within Europe, >2% frequency distribution of mtDNA J is as follows: *J* = Ireland — 12%, England-Wales — 11%, Scotland — 9%, Orkney — 8%, Germany — 7%, Russia (European) — 7%, Iceland — 7%, Austria-Switzerland — 5%, Finland-Estonia — 5%, Spain-Portugal — 4%, France-Italy — 3% *J1a = Austria-Switzerland — 3% *J1b1 = Scotland — 4% *J2 = France-Italy — 2% *J2a = Homogenously spread in Europe; abs ...
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Haplogroup T (mtDNA)
Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East. Origins Mitochondrial clade T derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to the mtDNA haplogroup J. The T maternal clade is thought to have emanated from the Near East. Distribution The basal haplogroup T* is found among Algerians in Oran (1.67%) and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%).S5 Table/ref> It is also distributed among the Soqotri (1.2%). Haplogroup T is present at low frequencies throughout Western and Central Asia and Europe, with varying degrees of prevalence and certainly might have been present in other groups from the surrounding areas. T is found in approximately 10% of native Europeans. It is also common among modern day Iranians. Based on a sample of over 400 modern day Iranians, the T haplogroup represents roughly 8.3% of the population (about 1 out of 12 individuals), with the more specific T1 subtype constituting ...
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Haplogroup R (mtDNA)
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of archaeogenetics of sub-Saharan Africa, sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-Haplogroup N (mtDNA), haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are Haplogroup B (mtDNA), B, haplogroup U (mtDNA), U (and thus haplogroup K (mtDNA), K), Haplogroup F (mtDNA), F, Haplogroup R0 (mtDNA), R0 (and thus Haplogroup HV (mtDNA), HV, Haplogroup H (mtDNA), H, and Haplogroup V (mtDNA), V), and Haplogroup JT (mtDNA), JT (the ancestral haplogroup of Haplogroup J (mtDNA), J and Haplogroup T (mtDNA), T). Origin Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago. This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Southern Dispersal out of East A ...
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Genealogical DNA Test
A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based Genetic testing, genetic test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or (with lower reliability) to estimate the ethnicity, ethnic mixture of an individual. Since different testing companies use different ethnic reference groups and different matching algorithms, ethnicity estimates for an individual vary between tests, sometimes dramatically. Three principal types of genealogical DNA tests are available, with each looking at a different part of the genome and being useful for different types of genealogical research: Genealogical DNA test#Autosomal DNA (atDNA) testing, autosomal (atDNA), Genealogical DNA test#Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing, mitochondrial (mtDNA), and Genealogical DNA test#Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) testing, Y-chromosome (Y-DNA). Autosomal tests may result in a large number of DNA matches to both males and females who have ...
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Genetic Genealogy
Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used by family historians in the 21st century, as DNA tests became affordable. The tests have been promoted by amateur groups, such as Surname DNA project, surname study groups or regional genealogical groups, as well as research projects such as the Genographic Project. about 30 million people had been tested. As the field developed, the aims of practitioners broadened, with many seeking knowledge of their ancestry beyond the recent centuries, for which traditional pedigrees can be constructed. History The investigation of surnames in genetics Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. ...
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Human Mitochondrial Genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not transmitted through nuclear DNA (nDNA). In humans, as in most multicellular organisms, mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother's ovum. There are theories, however, that paternal mtDNA transmission in humans can occur under certain circumstances. Mitochondrial inheritance is therefore non-Mendelian, as Mendelian inheritance presumes that half the genetic material of a fertilized egg (zygote) derives from each parent. This allowed the creation of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups to study population genetics. Eighty percent of mitochondrial DNA codes for mitocho ...
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