This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within

Jewish diaspora The Jewish diaspora ( ), alternatively the dispersion ( ) or the exile ( ; ), consists of Jews who reside outside of the Land of Israel. Historically, it refers to the expansive scattering of the Israelites out of their homeland in the Southe ...

communities through contact with surrounding languages.

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

Kayla Kayla may refer to: * Kayla (name), a feminine given name (and list of people with the name) Ethiopia * Kayla (Beta Israel), a Beta Israel community * Kayla dialect, an Agaw language of Beta Israel India * Kayla River, a river in the state ...

* Qwara

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Arabic (; ; ) sometimes referred as Sharh, are a group of different ethnolects within the branches of the Arabic language used by jewish communities. Although Jewish use of Arabic, which predates Islam, has been in some ways distinct ...

Judeo-Algerian Arabic Judeo-Algerian Arabic, also known as Algerian Judeo-Arabic, is a Judeo-Arabic dialect based on Algerian Arabic. Today it is nearly extinct with only a few elderly speakers remaining. The language has a large amount of historical literature. It cont ...

:* Judeo-

Andalusi Arabic Andalusi Arabic or Andalusian Arabic () was a variety or varieties of Arabic spoken mainly from the 8th to the 15th century in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula under the Muslim rule. Arabic spread gradually over the centuries ...

(extinct) :*

Judeo-Egyptian Arabic Judeo-Egyptian Arabic (also Egyptian Judeo-Arabic) is an Arabic dialect spoken by Egyptian Jews. It is a variety of Egyptian Arabic. Classification Judeo-Egyptian Arabic is one of the Judeo-Arabic dialects. It is close to the dialect of Alexa ...

:* Judeo-Iraqi Arabic :** Jewish Baghdadi Arabic :* Judeo-

Levantine Arabic Levantine Arabic, also called Shami (Endonym and exonym, autonym: or ), is an Varieties of Arabic, Arabic variety spoken in the Levant, namely in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel and southern Turkey (historically only in Adana Prov ...

(extinct) :**

Judeo-Syrian Arabic Judeo-Syrian Arabic, also called Syrian Judeo-Arabic, is a dialect of the Judeo-Arabic dialects based on Syrian Arabic. It was traditionally written in the Hebrew script. History After the exodus of Jews from Syria, Judeo-Syrian Arabic larg ...

:** Modern Judeo-Palestinian Arabic :*

Judeo-Moroccan Arabic Judeo-Moroccan Arabic is the variety or the varieties of the Moroccan vernacular Arabic spoken by Moroccan Jews living or formerly living in Morocco. Historically, the majority of Moroccan Jews spoke Moroccan vernacular Arabic, or ''Darija'', ...

Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic (also known as Tripolitanian Judeo-Arabic, Jewish Tripolitanian–Libyan Arabic, Tripolita'it, Yudi) is a variety of Arabic spoken by Jews formerly living in Libya. Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic differs from standard ...

Judeo-Tunisian Arabic Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, also known as Judeo-Tunisian, is a variety of Tunisian Arabic mainly spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Tunisia. Speakers are older adults, and the younger generation has only a passive knowledge of the language. ...

Judeo-Yemeni Arabic Judeo-Yemeni Arabic (also known as Judeo-Yemeni and Yemenite Judeo-Arabic) is a variety of Arabic spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Yemen. The language is quite different from mainstream Yemeni Arabic, and is written in the Hebrew alph ...

* Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old

Egyptian Arabic Egyptian Arabic, locally known as Colloquial Egyptian, or simply as Masri, is the most widely spoken vernacular Arabic variety in Egypt. It is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and originated in the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt. The esti ...

Aramaic languages

Judeo-Aramaic The Judaeo-Aramaic languages are those varieties of Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages used by Jewish communities. Early use Aramaic, like Hebrew, is a Northwest Semitic language, and the two share many features. From the 7th century BCE, Ara ...

:* Hulaulá (Persian Kurdistani Jewish Neo-Aramaic) :*

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic Jewish Palestinian Aramaic also known as Jewish Western Aramaic was a Western Aramaic language spoken by the Jews during the Classic Era in Judea and the Levant, specifically in Hasmonean, Herodian and Roman Judaea and adjacent lands in the ...

(extinct) ::* Galilean dialect (extinct) :* Lishana Deni (Zakho Jewish Neo-Aramaic) :* Lishan Didan (Persian Azerbaijani Jewish Neo-Aramaic) :* Lishanid Noshan (Arbil Jewish Neo-Aramaic)

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

* Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Austronesian languages

* Judeo-Malay (extinct)

Dravidian languages

Judeo-Malayalam Judeo-Malayalam (, '; , ') is the traditional language of the Cochin Jews (also called Malabar Jews), from Kerala, in southern India, spoken today by a few dozen people in Israel and by fewer than 25 people in India. Judeo-Malayalam is the on ...

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

Jewish English Languages Jewish English is a cover term for varieties of the English language spoken by Jews. They may include significant amounts of vocabulary and syntax taken from Yiddish, and both classical and modern Hebrew. These varieties can be classified into ...

* Lachoudisch (extinct) *

Lotegorisch Lotegorisch or ''Lottegorisch'' or ''Lekoudesch'' (older own description: ''lochne kodesch'', from the = "tongue, language", and ''kodesch'' = "holy") is a trading language and Palatine variant of the secret language, Rotwelsch, spoken in the L ...

(extinct) *

Yiddish Yiddish, historically Judeo-German, is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated in 9th-century Central Europe, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a vernacular based on High German fused with ...

Eastern Yiddish Yiddish dialects are varieties of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish is divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. While the Western dia ...

Western Yiddish Yiddish dialects are varieties of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish is divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. While the Western dia ...

Indo-Aryan languages

* Judeo- Gujarati * Judeo- Hindustani * Judeo-Marathi *

Judeo-Urdu Judeo-Urdu (; ) was a dialect of the Urdu language spoken by the Baghdadi Jews in the Indian subcontinent living in the areas of Mumbai and Kolkata towards the end of the 18th century. It is a dialect that was written in the Hebrew script and fou ...

Iranian languages

* Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik) (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of

Samarkand Samarkand ( ; Uzbek language, Uzbek and Tajik language, Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand, ) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central As ...

) * Judeo-Golpaygani (possibly extinct) * Judeo-Hamedani (possibly extinct) *

Judeo-Kashani Judeo-Kashani (Hebrew:"כאשאנית יהודית") also Also known as "Kashi", is a subvariety of Judeo-Iranian spoken by the Jews of Kashan (Kāšān). Diachronically, Judeo-Kashani is a Median language, belonging to the Kashanic branch of t ...

* Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi) * Judeo-Shirazi * Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)

Romance languages The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are Language family, directly descended from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-E ...

* Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages) :* Judeo-Aragonese (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of

Skopje Skopje ( , ; ; , sq-definite, Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It lies in the northern part of the country, in the Skopje Basin, Skopje Valley along the Vardar River, and is the political, economic, and cultura ...

) ::* Judeo-

Navarro-Aragonese Navarro-Aragonese was a Romance language once spoken in a large part of the Ebro River basin, south of the middle Pyrenees; the dialects of the modern Aragonese language, spoken in a small portion of that territory, can be seen as its last remain ...

with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct) :* Judeo-

Asturleonese Asturleonese is a Romance language or language family spoken in northwestern Spain and northeastern Portugal, namely in the historical regions and Spain's modern-day autonomous communities of Asturias, northwestern Castile and León, Cantabria an ...

(extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish) :* Judeo-French (Zarphatic): a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct) :*

Judeo-Portuguese Judaeo-Portuguese, Jewish-Portuguese or Judaeo-Lusitanic, is an extinct Jewish language or a dialect of Galician-Portuguese written in the Hebrew alphabet that was used by the Jews of Portugal. Description It was the vernacular of Sephardi Je ...

(almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

Northern Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

and

the Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

) and Judeo- Galician (extinct) :* Judeo-Provençal (extinct) :* Judeo- Sicilian (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

Calabria Calabria is a Regions of Italy, region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by the region Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian S ...

and

Apulia Apulia ( ), also known by its Italian language, Italian name Puglia (), is a Regions of Italy, region of Italy, located in the Southern Italy, southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Ot ...

, including Judeo-

Salentino Salentino () is a dialect of the Extreme Southern Italian ( in Italian) spoken in the Salento peninsula, which is the southern part of the region of Apulia at the southern "heel" of the Italian peninsula. Overview Salentino is a dialect of th ...

Corfu Corfu ( , ) or Kerkyra (, ) is a Greece, Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands; including its Greek islands, small satellite islands, it forms the margin of Greece's northwestern frontier. The island is part of the Corfu (regio ...

) (extinct or almost extinct)

Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language, spoken in parts o ...

* Judeo-Gascon * Judeo-Provencal ** Judeo-Niçard

Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)

Source: :*

Haketia Haketia ( ''Ḥakkītīyā''; ''al-Ḥakītiya''; ) (also written as Hakitia or Haquitía) is an endangered Jewish Romance language also known as ''Djudeo Spañol'', ''Ladino Occidental'', or Western Judaeo-Spanish. It was historically spoken ...

Tetuani Tetuani (or ; ; or '' Haketia'') is a dialect of Judaeo-Spanish, a Jewish Romance language historically spoken by the North African Sephardim in the Algerian city of Oran.Judeo-Italian Judeo-Italian (or Judaeo-Italian, Judæo-Italian, and other names including Italkian) is a group of endangered and extinct Jewish dialects, with only about 200 speakers in Italy and 250 total speakers today. The dialects are one of the Italia ...

* Judeo-Ferrarese† (''Giudeo-Ferrarese'') in

Ferrara Ferrara (; ; ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main ...

* Judeo-Modenese† (''Giudeo-Modenese'') in

Modena Modena (, ; ; ; ; ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It has 184,739 inhabitants as of 2025. A town, and seat of an archbis ...

* Judeo-Pitigliano/ Judeo-Pitgilianese† ''(Giudeo-Pitigliano/ Giudeo-Pitgiliananese)'' in

Tuscany Tuscany ( ; ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of 3,660,834 inhabitants as of 2025. The capital city is Florence. Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, artistic legacy, and its in ...

* Judeo-Salentinian† (''Giudeo-Salentino'') In

* Judeo-Resan† (''Giudeo-Resab'') in the region of

Reggio Emilia Reggio nell'Emilia (; ), usually referred to as Reggio Emilia, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, and known until Unification of Italy, 1861 as Reggio di Lombardia, is a city in northern Italy, in the Emilia-Romagna region. It has about 172,51 ...

Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna (, , both , ; or ; ) is an Regions of Italy, administrative region of northern Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia (region), Emilia and Romagna. Its capital is Bologna. It has an area of , and a population of 4.4 m ...

* Judeo-Torinese† (''Giudeo-Torinese'') in

Turin Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is main ...

* Judeo-Italian of Lugo Di Romanga† (''Giudeo-italiano di Lugo Di Romanga'') in Lugo Di Romanga * Judeo-Italian of Moncalvo† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Moncalvo)'' in Moncalvo * Judeo-Italian of Casale Monferrato† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Casale Monferrato)'' in

Casale Monferrato Casale Monferrato () is a town in the Piedmont region of Northwest Italy, northwestern Italy, in the province of Alessandria. It is situated about east of Turin on the right bank of the Po River, Po, where the river runs at the foot of the Montfe ...

* Judeo-Italian of Finale Emilia† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Finale Emilia)'' in

Finale Emilia Finale Emilia ( Finalese: ; Modenese: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Modena, in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about north of Bologna and about northeast of Modena. Finale was struck by an earthquake on 20 May ...

* Judeo-Roman (''Giudeo-Romanesco'') in

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

Bagitto Judeo-Livornese or Bagitto ( or ) is an extinct dialect of the Judeo-Italian languages, historically spoken by the Jewish community in and around Livorno. It was heavily influenced by Judeo-Portuguese and Ladino. It is best attested through the ...

/ Judeo-Livornese† ''(Bagitto/Giudeo-Livornese'') in

Livorno Livorno () is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 152,916 residents as of 2025. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn ...

* Judeo-Florentine† (''Giudeo-Fiorentino'') in

Florence Florence ( ; ) is the capital city of the Italy, Italian region of Tuscany. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 362,353 inhabitants, and 989,460 in Metropolitan City of Florence, its metropolitan province as of 2025. Florence ...

* Judeo-Venetian† (''Giudeo-Veneziano'') in

Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

* Judeo-Triestine† (''Giudeo-Triestino'') in

Trieste Trieste ( , ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute, autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the Province of Trieste, ...

* Judeo-Veronese† (''Giudeo-Veronese'') in

Verona Verona ( ; ; or ) is a city on the Adige, River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 255,131 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region, and is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and in Northeast Italy, nor ...

* Judeo-Reggiano† (''Giudeo-Reggiano'') in

* Judeo-Piedmontese† (''Giudeo-Piemontese'') in the region of

Piedmont Piedmont ( ; ; ) is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the northwest Italy, Northwest of the country. It borders the Liguria region to the south, the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions to the east, and the Aosta Valley region to the ...

* Judeo-Mantuan† (''Giudeo-Mantovano'') in

Mantua Mantua ( ; ; Lombard language, Lombard and ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Italian region of Lombardy, and capital of the Province of Mantua, eponymous province. In 2016, Mantua was designated as the "Italian Capital of Culture". In 2 ...

Other Indo-European languages

* Judeo-Czech (Knaanic) (extinct) * Judeo-Greek (Romaniyot, Yevanic) :* Judeo- Sicilian Greek (extinct) * Judeo-Koiné Greek (extinct)

Kartvelian languages

* Judeo-Georgian * Judeo-

Mingrelian Mingrelian may refer to: *the Mingrelians *the Mingrelian language The Mingrelian or Megrelian language ( ) is a Kartvelian language spoken in Western Georgia (regions of Mingrelia and Abkhazia), primarily by the Mingrelians. Mingrelian has hist ...

(first of all — so called

Zugdidi Zugdidi ( ka, ზუგდიდი ; or ზუგიდი) is a city in the western Georgian historical province of Samegrelo (Mingrelia). It is situated in the north-west of that province. The city is located 318 kilometres west of Tbilisi, 3 ...

– Samurzakano dialect of Mingrelian, e.g.

Bandza Bandza ( ka, ბანძა) is a village located in the west part of Georgia (country), Georgia, Martvili municipality (in the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region). It consists of three small villages: Levakhane, Lekekele, Lepatarave. Bandza is situa ...

and

Senaki Senaki ( ka, სენაკი, ''senak'i''; , ''sanak'i'') is a city in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, western Georgia. It is located at around between the rivers Tekhura/i and Tsivi, at an elevation of 28–38 meters above sea level. Senaki i ...

Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian) (almost extinct)

Turkic languages

* Judeo- Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab) * Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak) (almost extinct) * Judeo-Turkish (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them) * Karaim (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)

Creole languages

Judaeo-Papiamento Judaeo-Papiamento, or Jewish Papiamentu, is an endangered Jewish language and an ethnolect of Papiamento spoken by the Sephardic Jewish community of Curaçao in the Dutch Caribbean. It is likely the only living Jewish ethnolect based on a creole ...

* Judeo-Manado Malay (extinct)

References

{{Reflist

Jewish diaspora Jewish languages Diaspora languages Judaism-related lists