Jaggery is a

traditional A tradition is a system of beliefs or behaviors (folk custom) passed down within a group of people or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examp ...

non-centrifugal cane sugar consumed in the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

Central America Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually ...

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

and

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

. It is a concentrated product of cane juice and often date or

palm Palm most commonly refers to: * Palm of the hand, the central region of the front of the hand * Palm plants, of family Arecaceae ** List of Arecaceae genera **Palm oil * Several other plants known as "palm" Palm or Palms may also refer to: Music ...

sap without separation of the

molasses Molasses () is a viscous byproduct, principally obtained from the refining of sugarcane or sugar beet juice into sugar. Molasses varies in the amount of sugar, the method of extraction, and the age of the plant. Sugarcane molasses is usuall ...

and crystals, and can vary from golden brown to dark brown in colour. It contains up to 50%

sucrose Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the molecular formula . For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined ...

, up to 20%

invert sugar Inverted sugar syrup is a syrup mixture of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, made by splitting disaccharide sucrose. This mixture's optical rotation is opposite to that of the original sugar, which is why it is called an ''invert'' sug ...

s, and up to 20% moisture, with the remainder made up of other insoluble matter, such as

wood ash Wood ash is the powder (substance), powdery residue remaining after the combustion of wood, such as burning wood in a fireplace, bonfire, or an industrial power plant. It is largely composed of calcium compounds, along with other non-combustible ...

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metab ...

s, and

bagasse Bagasse ( ) is the dry pulpy fibrous material that remains after crushing sugarcane or sorghum stalks to extract their juice. It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat, energy, and electricity, and in the manufacture of pulp and building ...

fibres. Jaggery is very similar to muscovado, an important sweetener in Portuguese,

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...

and

French cuisine French cuisine is the cooking traditions and practices of France. In the 14th century, Guillaume Tirel, a Court (royal), court chef known as "Taillevent", wrote ''Le Viandier'', one of the earliest recipe collections of medieval France. In ...

Etymology

Jaggery comes from Portuguese terms , , borrowed from

Malayalam Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian languages, Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of ...

(), which is borrowed from

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...

(). It is a doublet of

sugar Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose Glucose is a sugar with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecul ...

Origins and production

Jaggery is made of the products of

sugarcane Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, Perennial plant, perennial grass (in the genus ''Saccharum'', tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar Sugar industry, production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fib ...

and the toddy palm tree. The sugar made from the sap of the date palm is more prized and less commonly available outside of the regions where it is made. The toddy palm is tapped for producing jaggery in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

Bangladesh Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...

Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...

and

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

. In Sri Lanka, syrup extracts from ''kithul'' ('' Caryota urens'') trees are widely used for jaggery production. All types of the sugar come in blocks or pastes of solidified concentrated sugar syrup heated to . Traditionally, the syrup is made by boiling raw sugarcane juice or palm sap in large, shallow, round-bottomed vessels.

Preparation

Historically, the sugarcane cultivators used crushers that were powered by oxen, but all modern crushers are power-driven. These crushers are placed in fields near the sugarcane plants. The cut and cleaned sugarcane is crushed and the extracted cane juice is collected in a large vessel. A quantity of the juice is transferred to a smaller vessel for heating in a furnace. The vessel is heated for about an hour. Dried wood pulp from the crushed sugarcane is traditionally used as fuel for the furnace. While boiling the juice, lime is added to it so that all the wood particles rise to the top of the juice in a froth, which is skimmed off. Finally, the juice is thickened. The resulting thick liquid is about one-third of the original volume. This hot liquid is golden in colour. It is stirred continuously and lifted with a spatula to observe whether it forms a thread or drips while falling. If it forms many threads, it has completely thickened. It is poured into a shallow flat-bottomed pan to cool and solidify. The pan is extremely large to allow only a thin coat of this hot liquid to form at its bottom, so as to increase the surface area for quick evaporation and cooling. After cooling, the jaggery becomes a soft solid that is then molded into the desired shape. The quality of jaggery is judged by its colour; dark brown means it was not clarified during the making, or the sugarcane juice was boiled with full nutrients intact. Some people misinterpret this as impure and clarify the juice to improve colour while taking out the nutrients to make golden-yellow jaggery, which is nothing but refined sugar. Due to this grading scale, coloured adulterants, which may be toxic, are sometimes added to jaggery to simulate the golden hue. Natural dark brown jaggery is derived from whole sugarcane juice, by means of boiling at nearly 200 °C in a large cast iron pan. Food-grade mustard or castor oil (having a high smoke point) is usually used in such pans in negligible quantity (approximately 2 teaspoons per 100 kg) so that the very hot juice froth does not come out of the pan during boiling. Mustard or castor oil is present in whole jaggery in traces, and the qualities of such oils (laxative) coincide and support this quality of whole jaggery. Many manufacturers use synthetic oil and argue that since it is in trace amounts there is no health concern. However, synthetic oil even in traces can be toxic. So, one not only needs to verify the wholesomeness of jaggery (attained with no clarification), but also verify the type of oil used, even in traces.

Uses

South Asia

Jaggery is used as an ingredient in sweet and savoury dishes in the cuisines of India,

, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka,

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...

and

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

. For example, a pinch of it is sometimes added to '' sambar, rasam'' and other common dishes in Udupi cuisine. Jaggery is added to lentil soups ('' dāl'') to add sweetness to balance the spicy, salty, and sour components, particularly in

Gujarati cuisine Gujarati cuisine is the cuisine of the Indian state of Gujarat. The typical '' Gujarati thali'' consists of '' rotli'', ''dal'' or ''curry'', rice, and ''shaak'' (a dish made up of several different combinations of vegetables and spices, which ma ...

. In Sri Lanka, jaggery is usually made using the syrup of the kithul palm tree, or from

coconut The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family (biology), family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, ...

syrup. The respective names in Sinhalese are ''kitul hakuru'' (කිතුල් හකුරු) and ''pol hakuru'' (පොල් හකුරු). Jaggery from the syrup of the palmyrah palm is more prominent in the northern part of the country; this is referred to as palmyrah jaggery or ''panangkaruppatti'' (பனங்கருப்பட்டி) in

Tamil Tamil may refer to: People, culture and language * Tamils, an ethno-linguistic group native to India, Sri Lanka, and some other parts of Asia **Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka ** Myanmar or Burmese Tamils, Tamil people of Ind ...

. Jaggery made from sugarcane syrup is considered inferior to palm syrup-based jaggery varieties, and the term jaggery (கருப்பட்டி) is generally understood in the country to refer to the latter.

Maharashtra Maharashtra () is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to th ...

in India is the largest producer and consumer of jaggery known as "gul" (गुळ) in

Marathi Marathi may refer to: *Marathi people, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India **Marathi people (Uttar Pradesh), the Marathi people in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh *Marathi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Mar ...

and Marwadi, "gur" (گڑ) in

Urdu Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...

, "bellaṁ" (బెల్లం) in Telugu, bella (ಬೆಲ್ಲ) in Kannada, "vellam"(வெல்லம்) in Tamil, "sharkara" (ശർക്കര) in Malayalam , "gōḷa" (ગોળ) in Gujarati , "miṣṭa" (मिष्ट) in Sanskrit, "guṛa" (ଗୁଡ଼) in Odia, ''gur'' (गुड़) in

Hindi Modern Standard Hindi (, ), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the Standard language, standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in the Devanagari script. It is an official language of India, official language of the Government ...

and "guṛ" (গুড়) in Bengali.

Kolhapur Kolhapur () is a city on the banks of the Panchganga River in the southern part of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Kolhapur is one of the most significant cities in South Maharashtra and has been a hub of historical, religious, and cultural a ...

is one of the largest producers of jaggery in India and has a

GI Tag A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g., a town or region). The use of a geographical indication, as an indication of the product's source, is inten ...

for Kolhapur jaggery. Most vegetable dishes, curries, and ''dals'', and many desserts, contain it. Jaggery is especially used during

Makar Sankranti Makar(a) Sankrānti (), () also referred to as Uttarāyana, Makara, or simply Sankrānti, is a Hinduism, Hindu observance and a mid-winter harvest festival in India and Nepal. It is typically celebrated on 14 January annually (15 January on a ...

for making a dessert called '' tilgul''. In

Gujarat Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...

, a similar preparation known called ''tal na ladu'' or ''tal sankli'' is made. In rural Maharashtra and Karnataka, water and a piece of jaggery are given to a person arriving home from working under the hot sun. In Andhra, Telangana and Karnataka, on

Ugadi () or (), also known as Samvatsarādi (), is the first day of the year on the Hindu calendar that is traditionally celebrated by the Telugu people and the Kannadigas in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Na ...

festival day (New Year), Ugadi pachadi is made from jaggery and five other ingredients (shad ruchulu- sweet, sour, salt, tangy, spice and bitter) and is consumed symbolizing life is a mixture of happiness, disgust, fear, surprise, anger and sadness. Molasses (काकवी), a byproduct of the production of jaggery, is used in rural Maharashtra and Karnataka as a sweetener. It contains many minerals not found in ordinary sugar and is considered beneficial to health in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is an ingredient of many sweet delicacies, such as ''gur ke chawal / chol'' ("jaggery rice"), a traditional

Rajasthani Rajasthani may refer to: * something of, from, or related to Rajasthan, a state of India * Rajasthani languages, a group of Indic languages spoken there * Rajasthani people, the native inhabitants of the state * Rajasthani architecture, Indian ar ...

or Punjabi dish. Jaggery

In Gujarat, ''

laddu ''Laddu'' or ''laddoo'' is a spherical sweet from the Indian subcontinent made of various ingredients and sugar syrup or jaggery. It has been described as "perhaps the most universal and ancient of Indian sweets." ''Laddus'' are often serv ...

s'' are made from wheat flour and jaggery. A well-known Maharashtrian recipe, '' puran poli'', uses it as a sweetener apart from sugar. Jaggery is considered an easily available sweet which is shared on any good occasion. In

engagement An engagement or betrothal is the period of time between the declaration of acceptance of a marriage proposal and the marriage itself (which is typically but not always commenced with a wedding). During this period, a couple is said to be ''f ...

ceremonies, small particles of it are mixed with coriander seeds (ધાણા). Hence, in many Gujarati communities, engagement is commonly known by the

metonym Metonymy () is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something associated with that thing or concept. For example, the word "wikt:suit, suit" may refer to a person from groups commonly wearing business attire, such ...

''gol-dhana'' (ગોળ-ધાણા), literally "jaggery and coriander seeds". Jaggery is used extensively in South India to balance the pungency of spicy foods. In

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (ISO 15919, ISO: , , AP) is a States and union territories of India, state on the East Coast of India, east coast of southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, seventh-largest state and th ...

and

Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is the southernmost States and union territories of India, state of India. The List of states and union territories of India by area, tenth largest Indian state by area and the List of states and union territories of Indi ...

it is used for sweets such as ''chakkara pongal'' and ''milk pongal'', which are prepared with rice, milk, and jaggery. During Sankranti, '' Ariselu'', an authentic Andhra Pradesh dish, is prepared. In Tamil Nadu, '' ellurundai'' (sesame balls), Adhirasam and ''pori vilangu urundai'' (puffed rice balls) are prepared as an offering - called '' prasadam'' - to god during Puja and festivals such as

Diwali Diwali (), also called Deepavali (IAST: ''Dīpāvalī'') or Deepawali (IAST: ''Dīpāwalī''), is the Hindu festival of lights, with variations celebrated in other Indian religions such as Jainism and Sikhism. It symbolises the spiritual v ...

, Tamil New Year and Janmashtami. A sweet liquid called '' Paanakam'', made of water, jaggery and peppercorns is prepared as the favorite offering to Lord Rama during

Rama Navami Rama Navami () is a Hindu festival that celebrates the birth of Rama, one of the most popularly revered deities in Hinduism, also known as the seventh avatar of Vishnu. He is often held as an emblem within Hinduism for being an ideal king and h ...

festival. In

Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...

, it is considered auspicious and is widely used in cooking. It is a vital ingredient in many varieties of '' payasam'', a sweet dish. The state of Kerala as 2 GI tagged jaggeries by the name of Central Travancore jaggery and Marayoor jaggery In Tamil Nadu, jaggery is used exclusively as a sweetener. It is used in a dish called ''chakkarai pongal''. It is prepared during the festival of Pongal (Thai Pongal), which is held when the harvesting season begins. It is used to make kalhi, to sweeten fruit salads and payasam (sweet milk) that are offered to the gods. Jaggery is used in religious rituals. In rural areas, cane jaggery and palm jaggery are used to sweeten beverages, whereas refined sugar has replaced it in urban areas. Bellam pakam

In Odia cuisine, cakes or '' piṭhas'' contain jaggery. Pithas like Arisa pitha are made out of jaggery called guda in Odia. Kakara pitha contains coconut filings which are caramelized using jaggery. Guda is also added to rice flakes known as ''chuda'' and eaten for breakfast. Some marmalade made of mango and '' dillenia'' contain the ingredient. In Bengali cuisine, it is commonly used in making sweet dishes, some of which mix jaggery with milk and coconut. Popular sweet dishes such as ''laḍḍu''/''laṛu'' or ''paṭishapta piṭha'' mix it with coconut shreds. Jaggery is molded into novel shapes as a type of candy. The same preparation of sweets have been made in the neighbouring state of

Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...

. Some of the popular sweet dishes of Assam such as ''til-pitha'' (made of rice powder, sesame and jaggery), other rice-based ''pitha'', and ''payas'' are made of jaggery. In some villages of Assam, people drink salty red tea with a cube of ''gurd'' (jaggery), which is popularly called ''cheleka-chah'' (licking tea). Traditional

Karnataka Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...

sweets, such as ''paayasa, obbattu (holige)'' and ''unday'' use different kinds of jaggery. A pinch is commonly added to ''sambar'' (a.k.a. ''huLi saaru'') and ''rasam'' (a.k.a. ''saaru''). Karnataka produces sugar and palm-based jaggery. Muzaffarnagar in

Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh ( ; UP) is a States and union territories of India, state in North India, northern India. With over 241 million inhabitants, it is the List of states and union territories of India by population, most populated state in In ...

has the largest jaggery market in the world along with having a GI Tag for Muzaffarnagar jaggery, followed by Anakapalle in the Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh. The Kolhapur District in western Maharashtra is famous for its jaggery, which is yellow and much sought-after in Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Mandya Mandya is a city in the state of Karnataka. It is the headquarter of Mandya district, Sugar factories contribute to the major economic output. It is also called Sugar City (Kannada: ''Sakkare Nagara'') because sugarcane is a major crop grown ...

in Karnataka is known for its jaggery production.

Southeast Asia

In Myanmar, jaggery, called ''htanyet'' () in Burmese, is harvested from toddy palm syrup. In central Myanmar and around

Bagan Bagan ( ; ; formerly Pagan) is an ancient city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar. From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Pagan Kingdom, the first kingdom that unified the regions that w ...

(Pagan), toddy syrup is collected solely for making jaggery. The translucent white syrup is boiled until it becomes golden brown and then made into bite-size pieces. It is considered a sweet and is eaten by children and adults alike, usually in the afternoon with a pot of

green tea Green tea is a type of tea made from the leaves and buds of the '' Camellia sinensis'' that have not undergone the withering and oxidation process that creates oolong teas and black teas. Green tea originated in China in the late 1st millenn ...

. It has been referred to locally as Burmese chocolate. Toddy palm jaggery is sometimes mixed with coconut shreds,

jujube Jujube (UK ; US or ), sometimes jujuba, scientific name ''Ziziphus jujuba'', and also called red date, Chinese date, and Chinese jujube, is a species in the genus '' Ziziphus'' in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. It is often confused wit ...

puree or

sesame Sesame (; ''Sesamum indicum'') is a plant in the genus '' Sesamum'', also called benne. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for ...

, depending on the area. This type of jaggery is used in Burmese cooking, usually to add colour and enrich the food.

Other uses

Other uses include jaggery toffees and jaggery cake made with pumpkin preserve, cashew nuts, peanuts and spices. Jaggery may be used in the creation of alcoholic beverages such as

palm wine Palm wine, known by several #Names, local names, is an alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm trees such as the Borassus, palmyra, date palms, and coconut palms. It is known by various names in different regions and ...

. Besides being a food, jaggery may be used (mixed in an emulsion with buttermilk and mustard oil) to season the inside of

tandoor A tandoor ( or ) is a large vase-shaped oven, usually made of clay. Since antiquity, tandoors have been used to bake unleavened flatbreads, such as roti (as well as leavened ones, such as naan) and to roast meat. Tandoors are predominantly use ...

ovens. Jaggery is used in natural dyeing of fabric. It is also used in

hookah A hookah (also see #Names and etymology, other names), shisha, or waterpipe is a single- or multi-stemmed instrument for heating or vaporizing and then smoking either tobacco, flavored tobacco (often ''muʽassel''), or sometimes Cannabis (drug ...

s in rural areas of Pakistan and India.

Nomenclature

In the Indian subcontinent

* From ''guḍa'' in

(): ** ''guṛ'' Bengali (),

Bhojpuri Bhojpuri may refer to: * Bhojpuri language, an Indo-Aryan language of India and Nepal * Bhojpuri grammar, grammatical rules of the language * Bhojpuri nouns, nouns of the language * Bhojpuri people, people who speak the language * Bhojpuri region ...

(), Punjabi (), Haryanvi (),

() ** ''gur'' in Assamese () and Nagamese () ** ''ɠuṛ'' in Sindhi () and

() ** ''guṛô'' () in Odia ** ''goḍ'' (Romanized ''godd'') in

Konkani __NOTOC__ Konkani may refer to: Language * Konkani language is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Konkan region of India. * Konkani alphabets, different scripts used to write the language **Konkani in the Roman script, one of the scripts used to ...

() ** ''guḷ'' () in

** ''gôḷ'' in Gujarati () and

() **
gwëṛa
' in

Pashto Pashto ( , ; , ) is an eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family, natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of Khyb ...

() * From Proto-Dravidian ''*vell-am'': ** ''vellam'' in

() and

(), or longer form ''panai vellam'' in Tamil () ** ''bellam'' in Telugu () ** ''bella'' in

Kannada Kannada () is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly in the state of Karnataka in southwestern India, and spoken by a minority of the population in all neighbouring states. It has 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a ...

() and Tulu * From Sanskrit ''śarkarā'' (): ** ''śarkkara'' or ''cakkara'' in Malayalam ( or ) ** ''sakkarai'' in Tamil () ** ''sakkhar'' in Nepali () ** ''hakuru'' in Sinhala () and Dhivehi () * From Sanskrit ''miṣṭa'' (): ** ''mitha'' in

** ''mithoi'' in Assamese () * Other terms: ** ''kawltu tuikang'' in Paite ** ''kurtai'' in Mizo ** ''bheli'' in Nepali ** ''karuppaṭṭi'', ''karippaṭṭi'', or ''karipeṭṭi'' in Malayalam () is jaggery made from palm juice, and ''panam kalkaṇḍam'' () is rock candy made from palm juice. ** ''karupaṭṭi'' () or ''panam kalkaṇḍu'' () in Tamil

In Southeast Asia

Cambodia

* ''Skor tnaot'' () in Khmer

Myanmar (Burma)

* ''Htanyet'' () oddy Palm Jaggery() in Burmese * ''Kyan Tha Kar'' () ugarcane Jaggeryin Burmese

Malaysia

* ''Gula melaka'' or ''Gula merah'' in Malay * ''Gula nisan/nise'' in Kelantanese Malay * ''Gula apong'' in

Sarawak Sarawak ( , ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. It is the largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia. Sarawak is located in East Malaysia in northwest Borneo, and is ...

Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...

is a variant of the jaggery, which is made from the sap of the nipah palm or

Nypa fruticans ''Nypa fruticans'', commonly known as the nipa palm (or simply nipa, from ) or mangrove palm, is a species of palm native to the coastlines and estuarine habitats of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the only palm considered adapted to the ...

Indonesia

* ''Gula jawa'' in Indonesian and Javanese * ''Gula merah'' in Indonesian and Malay * ''Gula aren'' in Indonesian and Betawi * ''Gula kawung'' in Sundanese

Philippines

06893jfCuisine Foods Landmarks Baliuag Bulacanfvf 41

* ''Koya-Koya'' ( Ilocano) * ''Tagapulot'' ( Ilocano) * ''Pakombuk'' ( Kapampangan) * ''Panocha'' (

Philippine Spanish Philippine Spanish ( or ) is the variety of standard Spanish spoken in the Philippines, used primarily by Spanish Filipinos. Spanish as spoken in the Philippines contains a number of features that distinguishes it from other varieties of ...

) * ''Bagkat Bao'' - possibly regional to

Bulacan Bulacan, officially the Province of Bulacan (; ; ; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon Regions of the Philippines, region. Its capital is the city of Malolos. Bulacan was established on ...

( Tagalog) * ''Pakaskás'' -

Cavite Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite (; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region. On the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest of Manila, i ...

( Tagalog) * ''Panutsá -'' from the Spanish above ( Tagalog) * '' Sangkaka'' ( Tagalog) * ''Calamay'' -

Leyte Leyte ( ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is eighth-largest and sixth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 2,626,970 as of 2020 census. Since the accessibility of land has been ...

Samar Samar ( ) is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided in ...

( Waray)

Thailand

* Palm jaggery: , * Coconut jaggery: , * Cane sugar: , * Granulated brown cane sugar: , * Granulated white cane sugar: , ; or ,

Vietnam

* ''Đường thốt nốt'' in Vietnamese

Elsewhere

* '' Raspadura'' in Cuba and Panama * ''

Rapadura Panela () or rapadura (Portuguese pronunciation: ) is an unrefined whole cane sugar, typical of Latin America. It is a solid form of sucrose derived from the boiling and evaporation of sugarcane juice. Panela is known by other names in Lati ...

'' in Brazil * ''

Panela Panela () or rapadura (Portuguese pronunciation: ) is an unrefined whole cane sugar, typical of Latin America. It is a solid form of sucrose derived from the boiling and evaporation of sugarcane juice. Panela is known by other names in Lati ...

'' in Central America and parts of South America * ''

Piloncillo Panela () or rapadura (Portuguese pronunciation: ) is an unrefined whole cane sugar, typical of Latin America. It is a solid form of sucrose derived from the boiling and evaporation of sugarcane juice. Panela is known by other names in Lati ...

'' in Mexico * '' Tapa de dulce'' in Costa Rica * '' Chancaca'' in Peru * '' Papelón'', ''panela'' or ''miel de panela'' in Venezuela * ''Sukari nguuru'' in Swahili * in Japanese * zh, c=紅糖, labels=no (''Hóng táng'') or zh, c=黑糖, labels=no (''hēi táng'') in Chinese, the latter used by the Chinese community in

and

Oceania Oceania ( , ) is a region, geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Outside of the English-speaking world, Oceania is generally considered a continent, while Mainland Australia is regarded as its co ...

* ''Guṛ'' () in Afghanistan * ''Jājiriyy'' () in

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

Image gallery

File:Jaggery_cubes.jpg, Jaggery cubes File:Gur making.15.jpg, Jaggery (gur) making at small scale near sugarcane farm in

File:Jaggery preparation0.jpg, Boiling the sugarcane juice in large-scale jaggery (gur) making in India File:Jaggery preparation5.jpg, Transferring boiled

sugarcane juice Sugarcane juice is the liquid extracted from pressed sugarcane. It is consumed as a beverage in many places, especially where sugarcane is commercially grown, such as Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, North Africa, mainly Egypt, and also ...

into vessel to dry File:(1) Jaggery Gud Punjab India.jpg, Gud or jaggery: Sugarcane-derived raw sugar crystallised cubes or blocks File:A Jaggery.JPG, Jaggery blocks, also known as ''gud'' File:Poriurundai.JPG, ''Gur mamra''

sweets made from jaggery and puffed rice File:Indian Jaggery.jpg, Indian jaggery File:Indein, Sugar cane juice, Shan State, Myanmar.jpg, Boiling, Myanmar File:Indein, Sugarcane, Cane sugar, Shan State, Myanmar.jpg, Jaggery, Myanmar

References

External links

* {{Sri Lankan cuisine Articles containing video clips Indian cuisine Indo-Caribbean cuisine Southeast Asian cuisine Sri Lankan desserts and sweets Sugar foods