The Hypocreales are an
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
...
of
fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
within the class
Sordariomycetes
Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota). It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide distribution that mostly accommodates terrestrial based taxa, although several can also be found in ...
.
In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237
genera
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...
, and 2647
species
A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
in seven
families
Family (from ) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as ...
.
Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, including an additional family, the
Stachybotryaceae
The Stachybotryaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales; the genera it contains have been described as "hyper-diverse".
The family was originally introduced by Crous et al. (2014) to accommodate three genera; ''Myrothecium'', ''Peet ...
.
Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order.
According to the
Catalog of Life
The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomi ...
, the Hypocreales contains 6 families, 137 genera, and 1411 species.
Hyde et al. (2020a) listed 14 families under Hypocreales, while, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 15 families in the order,
where ''
Cylindriaceae'' was additionally added. Earlier, Hyde et al. (2020a) had placed ''Cylindriaceae'' in class
Xylariomycetidae.
Samarakoon et al. (2022) agreed.
Hence, ''Cylindriaceae'' should have been excluded from Hypocreales and placed in Xylariomycetidae. Xiao et al. (2022) recently introduced a new family ''
Polycephalomycetaceae'' to Hypocreales.
[Xiao YP, Wang YB, Hyde KD, Eleni G, Sun JZ, Yang Y, Meng J, Yu H, Wen TC (2023), ''Polycephalomycetaceae'', a new family of clavicipitoid fungi segregates from ''Ophiocordycipitaceae''. Fungal divers, In progress]
Description
Species of Hypocreales are usually recognized by their brightly colored, perithecial
ascomata
An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp (fungi), sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded ascus, asci, each of which typically contains four to ...
, or
spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores fo ...
-producing structures. These are often yellow, orange or red.
Families
(with amount of genera);
*
Bionectriaceae
The Bionectriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate places 35 genera and 281 species in the family. Species in the family tend to grow on plant material, including woody debris, while some species associate with alg ...
(47)
*
Calcarisporiaceae (1)
*
Clavicipitaceae
The Clavicipitaceae are a family (biology), family of fungi within the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate placed 43 genus, genera in the family, but a study in 2020 has increased this number to 50.
Phylogeny
Molecular phylogeny, phylogenetic ana ...
(50)
*
Cocoonihabitaceae (1)
*
Cordycipitaceae (21)
*
Flammocladiellaceae (1)
*
Hypocreaceae
The Hypocreaceae are a family (biology), family within the class Sordariomycetes. Species are recognisable by their brightly coloured perithecial Ascocarp, ascomata, typically yellow, orange or red. The family was proposed by Giuseppe De Notaris ...
(17)
*
Myrotheciomycetaceae (4)
*
Nectriaceae
The Nectriaceae comprise a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. It was circumscribed by brothers Charles and Louis René Tulasne in 1865. In 2020, an Outline of fungi was produced and listed 70 genera and about 1,336 species.
It is a highl ...
(70)
*
Niessliaceae (21)
*
Ophiocordycipitaceae
Ophiocordycipitaceae is a family (biology), family of parasite, parasitic fungus, fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes. It was created in 2007 to resolve the paraphyly of Calvicipitaceae. It was updated in 2020.
Genera
As accept ...
(12)
*
Polycephalomycetaceae
*
Sarocladiaceae (2: ''
Parasarocladium'' - 9 species and ''
Sarocladium'' - 30 species)
*
Stachybotryaceae
The Stachybotryaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales; the genera it contains have been described as "hyper-diverse".
The family was originally introduced by Crous et al. (2014) to accommodate three genera; ''Myrothecium'', ''Peet ...
(39)
*
Tilachlidiaceae (3)
Former families:
*
Cylindriaceae (1 - ''
Cylindrium'') removed to
Xylariomycetidae per Hyde et al. (2020a) and Samarakoon et al. (2022)
Genera ''incertae sedis''
According to a 2020 review of fungal classification, the following genera within the Hypocreales have an uncertain taxonomic placement (''
incertae sedis
or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''), and have not been assigned to any family:
*''
Acremoniopsis'' – 1 sp.
*''
Andreaeana'' - 1 sp.
*''
Bulbithecium'' – 1 sp.
*''
Cephalosporiopsis'' – 10 spp.
*''
Chondronectria'' – 1 sp.
*''
Cylindronectria'' – 1 sp.
*''
Diploospora'' – ca. 7 spp.
*
†
A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species or languages). It is one of the mo ...
''
Entropezites''
– 1 sp.
*''
Gynonectria'' – 1 sp.
*''
Hapsidospora'' – 2 spp.
*''
Haptospora'' – 3 spp.
*''
Illosporiopsis'' – 1 sp.
*''
Illosporium'' – 17 spp.
*''
Leptobarya'' – 2 spp.
*''
Metadothella'' – 1 sp.
*''
Munkia'' – 4 spp.
*†''
Mycetophagites''
– 1 sp.
*''
Neomunkia'' – 1 sp.
*''
Peloronectria'' – 3 spp.
*''
Pseudoacremonium'' – 1 sp.
*''
Pseudomeliola'' – 10 spp.
*''
Rodentomyces'' – 1 sp.
*''
Roselliniella'' – 19 spp.
*''
Saksenamyces'' – 1 sp.
*''
Sedecimiella'' – 1 sp.
*''
Sorosporella'' - 2spp.
*''
Stanjemonium'' – 4 spp.
*''
Stilbella'' – 61 spp.
*''
Ticonectria'' – 3 spp.
*''
Tilakidium'' – 1 sp.
Genera formerly included:
*''
Berkelella
''Berkelella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae .
Species
As accepted by Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kin ...
'' – 2 spp. now in Clavicipitaceae 2022
References
External links
*
{{Authority control
Ascomycota orders
Taxa described in 1897
Taxa named by Gustav Lindau