shinnōke
was the collective name for the four cadet branches of the Imperial House of Japan, which were until 1947 entitled to provide a successor to the Chrysanthemum Throne if the main line failed to produce an heir. The heads of these royal house ...
, branches of the
Imperial Family
A royal family is the immediate family of monarch, monarchs and sometimes their extended family.
The term imperial family appropriately describes the family of an emperor or emperor, empress, and the term papal family describes the family of ...
of
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
which were eligible to succeed to the
Chrysanthemum Throne
The is the throne of the Emperor of Japan. The term also can refer to very specific seating, such as the throne in the Shishin-den at Kyoto Imperial Palace.
Various other thrones or seats that are used by the Emperor during official functions ...
in the
order of succession
An order, line or right of succession is the line of individuals necessitated to hold a high office when it becomes vacated, such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility.Prince Yoshihito, the son of the
Northern Court
The , also known as the Ashikaga Pretenders or Northern Pretenders, were a set of six pretenders to the throne of Japan during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392. Even though the present Imperial House of Japan is descended from the ...
Emperor Sukō. As the house was founded by a Northern Pretender, the first three princes are sometimes not recognized as legitimate Fushimi princes.
All of the much later
ōke
The were branches of the Imperial House of Japan, Japanese imperial family (皇族 ''Kōka'') created from branches of the Fushimi-no-miya house, the last surviving ''Shinnōke'' cadet branch. All but two (the Kan'in-no-miya and Nashimoto-no-m ...
were branches off the Fushimi-no-miya house, all but one of them being created by sons of Fushimi-no-miya Kuniye.
Unless stated otherwise, each prince is the son of his predecessor.
The ''sesshu shinnōke'' and ''ōke'' households, along with the ''
kazoku
The was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947. It was formed by merging the feudal lords (''Daimyo, daimyō'') and court nobles (''kuge'') into one system modelled after the British peerage. Distin ...
'' (Japanese
peerage
A peerage is a legal system historically comprising various hereditary titles (and sometimes Life peer, non-hereditary titles) in a number of countries, and composed of assorted Imperial, royal and noble ranks, noble ranks.
Peerages include:
A ...
), were reduced to commoner status during the American occupation of Japan, in 1947.
Family tree
This is a family tree of the Fushimi-no-miya of those eligible to succeed to the throne and their ancestors, excluding those who are extinct or demoted to commoners (renounced their imperial status). Numbers provided are given assuming that the Oke are restored.
{{chart, Yu2={{nowrap, Princess Yukiko {{small, 1680–1720 , boxstyle_Yu2=background:pink;, Yos={{nowrap, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa {{small, 804–872 , boxstyle_Yos=background:lightblue;, MadE={{ill, Madenokōji Eiko, ja, 万里小路栄子, boxstyle_MadE=background:pink;, Kon3={{nowrap, Konoe Sakiko, boxstyle_Kon3=background:pink;, Ky2={{nowrap, {{small, Tsuguhito 1633–1654 Go-Kōmyō 1643–1654(110), boxstyle_Ky2=background:lightblue;, Sai={{nowrap, {{small, Nagahito 1638–1685 Go-Sai 1655–1663(111), boxstyle_Sai=background:lightblue;, Fu3={{nowrap, Takatsukasa Fusako {{small, 1653–1712 , boxstyle_Fu3=background:pink;, Sue2={{nowrap, Kujō Sukezane {{small, 1669–1729 , boxstyle_Sue2=background:lightblue;, Mas4={{nowrap, Mashiko {{small, 1669–1738 , boxstyle_Mas4=background:pink;, Yuk={{nowrap, Kujō Yukinori {{small, 1700–1728 , boxstyle_Yuk=background:lightblue;, Nak2={{nowrap, {{small, Yashuhito 1702–1737 Nakamikado 1709–1735(114), boxstyle_Nak2=background:lightblue;, Mun2={{nowrap, Nijō Munemoto {{small, 1727–1754 , boxstyle_Mun2=background:lightblue;, Sak3={{nowrap, {{small, Teruhito 1720–1750 Sakuramachi 1735–1747(115), boxstyle_Sak3=background:lightblue;, Mmz={{nowrap, {{small, Toohito 1741–1762 Momozono 1747–1762(116), boxstyle_Mmz=background:lightblue;, Sa23={{nowrap, {{small, Toshiko 1740–1813 Go-Sakuramachi 1762–1771(117), boxstyle_Sa23=background:pink;, Har={{nowrap, Nijō Harutaka {{small, 1754–1826 , boxstyle_Har=background:lightblue;, Mo2={{nowrap, {{small, Hidehito 1758–1779 Go-Momozono 1771–1779(118), boxstyle_Mo2=background:lightblue;, Kaj={{nowrap, Kajyūji Tadako {{small, 1780-1843 , boxstyle_Kaj=background:pink;, Yos3={{nowrap, Princess Yoshiko {{small, 1779–1846 , boxstyle_Yos3=background:pink;, His2={{nowrap,
Kujō Hisatada
, son of Nijō Harutaka, was a ''kuge'' or Japanese court noble of the Edo period (1603–1868). He was adopted by his brother Kujō Suketsugu, Suketsugu as his son. He held a regent position kampaku from 1856 to 1862, and retired in 1863, becomi ...
{{small, 1798–1871 , boxstyle_His2=background:lightblue;, Na={{nowrap, Ōgimachi Naoko {{small, 1803–1856 , boxstyle_Na=background:pink;, Eis={{nowrap, Empress Dowager Eishō (Asako Kujō) {{small, 1835–1897 , boxstyle_Eis=background:pink;, Yo0={{nowrap, Nakayama Yoshiko {{small, 1836–1907 , boxstyle_Yo0=background:pink;, YaNa={{nowrap, Yanagiwara Naruko {{small, 1859–1943 , boxstyle_YaNa=background:pink;, Sh0={{nowrap, Empress Dowager Shōken (Haruko Ichijō) {{small, 1849–1914 , boxstyle_Sh0=background:pink;, Tai={{nowrap, {{small, Yoshihito 1879–1926 Taishō 1912–1926(123), boxstyle_Tai=background:lightblue;, Ya5={{nowrap, Toshiko, Princess Yasu {{small, 1896–1978 , boxstyle_Ya5=background:pink;, Na8={{nowrap, Higashikuni Naruhiko {{small, 1887–1990 , boxstyle_Na8=background:lightblue;, Shw={{nowrap, {{small, Hirohito 1901–1989 Shōwa 1926–1989(124), boxstyle_Shw=background:lightblue;, Aki3={{nowrap, {{small, Akihito b. 1933 The Emperor Emeritus 1989–2019(125), boxstyle_Aki3=background:lightblue;, Ma3={{nowrap, Tokugawa Masako {{small, 1607–1678 , boxstyle_Ma3=background:pink;, Mei={{nowrap, {{small, Okiko 1624–1696 Meishō 1629–1643(109), boxstyle_Mei=background:pink;, boxstyle_FuH=background:lightblue;, MPN= Prince Nashimoto Morimasa, boxstyle_MPN=background:lightblue;, Goj= Gojong Emperor of Korea, boxstyle_Goj=background:lightblue;, Tsun= Konoe Tsunehira, Kn13= Konoe Mototsugu, Kn12= Konoe Michitsugu, Kn11= Konoe Kanetsugu, Kn10= Konoe Tadatsugu, Kn7= Konoe Fusatsugu, Kan9={{ill, Kanshūji Norihide, ja, 勧修寺教秀, Kn6= Konoe Masaie, MadKa=Madenokōji Katafusa (1466-1507), Kon7= Hisamichi(15) (1472-1544), MadH=Madenokōji Hidefusa, Kon6= Taneie(16) (1503-1566), Mad9={{nowrap, {{ill, Madenokōji Fusako, ja, 万里小路房子 , boxstyle_Mad9=background:pink;, Tok={{nowrap, Tokugawa Ieyasu {{small, 1543–1616 Shōgun: 1603–1605 , boxstyle_Tok=background:lightblue;, Kon2={{nowrap, Konoe Sakihisa, boxstyle_Kon2=background:lightblue;, Hi5={{nowrap, Tokugawa Hidetada {{small, 1579–1632 Shōgun: 1605–1623 , boxstyle_Hi5=background:lightblue;, Mic3={{nowrap, Kujō Michitaka {{small, 1839–1906 , boxstyle_Mic3=background:lightblue;, Tei={{nowrap, Empress Teimei (Sadako Kujō) {{small, 1884–1951 , boxstyle_Tei=background:pink;, Se7={{nowrap, Setsuko Matsudaira {{small, 1909–1995 , boxstyle_Se7=background:pink;, Ch7={{nowrap, Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu {{small, 1902–1953 , boxstyle_Ch7=background:lightblue;, No7={{nowrap, Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu {{small, 1905–1987 , boxstyle_No7=background:lightblue;, Kk11={{nowrap, Kikuko, Tokugawa {{small, 1911–2004 , boxstyle_Kk11=background:pink;, Yu7={{nowrap, Yuriko Takagi {{small, b. 1923 , boxstyle_Yu7=background:pink;, Ta7={{nowrap, Takahito, Prince Mikasa {{small, 1915–2016 , boxstyle_Ta7=background:lightblue;, Koj={{nowrap, Empress Kōjun (Princess Nagako of Kuni) {{small, 1903–2000 , boxstyle_Koj=background:pink;, Yo8={{nowrap, Yoshihito, Prince Katsura {{small, 1948–2014 , boxstyle_Yo8=background:lightblue;, Ya9={{nowrap, Princess Yasuko of Mikasa {{small, b. 1944 , boxstyle_Ya9=background:pink;, Ta9={{nowrap, Tadateru Konoe {{small, b. 1939 , boxstyle_Ta9=background:lightblue;, Sa8={{nowrap, Sachiko Princess Hisa {{small, 1927–1928 , boxstyle_Sa8=background:pink;, Ta8={{nowrap, Takako, Princess Suga {{small, b. 1939 , boxstyle_Ta8=background:pink;, Hi8={{nowrap, Hisanaga Shimazu {{small, b. 1934 , boxstyle_Hi8=background:lightblue;, Te8={{nowrap, Shigeko Princess Teru {{small, 1925–1961 , boxstyle_Te8=background:pink;, Mo8={{nowrap, Morihiro Higashikuni {{small, 1916–1969 , boxstyle_Mo8=background:lightblue;, Yib= Yi Bangja 1901-1989 Crown Princess of Korea, Yiun= Yi Un 1897-1970 Crown Prince of Korea, boxstyle_Yiun=background:lightblue;, To8={{nowrap, Toshimichi Takatsukasa {{small, 1923–1966 , boxstyle_To8=background:lightblue;, Ka8={{nowrap, Kazuko, Princess Taka {{small, 1929–1989 , boxstyle_Ka8=background:pink;, Mi0={{nowrap, The Empress Emerita (Michiko Shōda) {{small, b. 1934 , boxstyle_Mi0=background:pink;, Ma8={{nowrap, Masahito, Prince Hitachi {{small, b. 1935 , boxstyle_Ma8=background:lightblue;, Ha8={{nowrap, Hanako Tsugaru {{small, b. 1940 , boxstyle_Ha8=background:pink;, At8={{nowrap, Atsuko, Princess Yori {{small, b. 1931 , boxstyle_At8=background:pink;, Ik8={{nowrap, Takamasa Ikeda {{small, 1926–2012 , boxstyle_Ik8=background:lightblue;, Yiku= Yi Ku 1931-2005 Pretender of Korea, boxstyle_Yiku=background:lightblue;, To9={{nowrap, Prince Tomohito of Mikasa {{small, 1946–2012 , boxstyle_To9=background:lightblue;, No9={{nowrap, Nobuko Asō {{small, b. 1955 , boxstyle_No9=background:pink;, Nh0={{nowrap, {{small, Naruhito b. 1960 The Emperor 2019–present(126), boxstyle_Nh0=background:lightblue;, Ma0={{nowrap, The Empress (Masako Owada) {{small, b. 1963 , boxstyle_Ma0=background:pink;, Fh0={{nowrap, Crown Prince Akishino {{small, b. 1965 , boxstyle_Fh0=background:lightblue;, Ko0={{nowrap, Crown Princess Akishino (Kiko Kawashima) {{small, b. 1966 , boxstyle_Ko0=background:pink;, Sk0={{nowrap, Sayako, Princess Nori {{small, b. 1969 , boxstyle_Sk0=background:pink;, Yi0={{nowrap, Yoshiki Kuroda {{small, b. 1965 , boxstyle_Yi0=background:lightblue;, No10={{nowrap, Norihito, Prince Takamado {{small, 1954–2002 , boxstyle_No10=background:lightblue;, Hi9={{nowrap, Hisako Tottori {{small, b. 1953 , boxstyle_Hi9=background:pink;, Ak9={{nowrap, Princess Akiko of Mikasa {{small, b. 1981 , boxstyle_Ak9=background:pink;, Yk9={{nowrap, Princess Yōko of Mikasa {{small, b. 1983 , boxstyle_Yk9=background:pink;, Aiko={{nowrap, Aiko, Princess Toshi {{small, b. 2001 , boxstyle_Aiko=background:pink;, Mako={{nowrap, Princess Mako {{small, b. 1991 , boxstyle_Mako=background:pink;, Komur={{nowrap, Kei Komuro {{small, b. 1991 , boxstyle_Komur=background:lightblue;, Kako={{nowrap, Princess Kako {{small, b. 1994 , boxstyle_Kako=background:pink;, Hisa={{nowrap, Prince Hisahito {{small, b. 2006 , boxstyle_Hisa=background:lightblue;, Tg9={{nowrap, Princess Tsuguko of Takamado {{small, b. 1986 , boxstyle_Tg9=background:pink;, No92={{nowrap, Princess Noriko of Takamado {{small, b. 1988 , boxstyle_No92=background:pink;, Ku0={{nowrap, Kunimaro Senge {{small, b. 1973 , boxstyle_Ku0=background:lightblue;, Ay9={{nowrap, Princess Ayako of Takamado {{small, b. 1990 , boxstyle_Ay9=background:pink;, km0=Kei Moriya {{small, b. 1986, boxstyle_km0=background:lightblue;, p31=Takeda Tsunekazu (b. 1947) 31, p32=Takeda Tsuneyasu p (b. 1975) 32, p33=Takeda Tsuneyoshi (b. 1978) 33, Kg2={{nowrap, {{small, Iyahito 1336–1374 Go-Kōgon {{colour, green, ''1352–1371'' , boxstyle_Kg2=background:lightblue;, Cho2={{nowrap, {{small, Yutanari 1343–1394 Chōkei 1368–1383(98), boxstyle_Cho2=background:lightblue;, Km2={{nowrap, {{small, Hironari 1347–1424 Go-Kameyama 1383–1392(99), boxstyle_Km2=background:lightblue;, En2={{nowrap, {{small, Ohito 1359–1393 Go-En'yū {{colour, green, ''1371–1382'' , boxstyle_En2=background:lightblue;, Key={{small, {{nowrap, Key: {{colour, green, ''Northern Pretender'' Legitimate Emperor , boxstyle_Key=border-width:0px, Ko2={{nowrap, {{small, Motohito 1377–1433 Go-Komatsu {{colour, green, ''1382–1392'' 1392–1412(100), boxstyle_Ko2=background:lightblue;, Shk2={{nowrap, {{small, Mihito 1401–1428 Shōkō 1412–1428(101), boxstyle_Shk2=background:lightblue;, shi={{nowrap, SHINTO DEITIES {{small, ''(legendary genealogy)'', boxstyle_shi=border-width:0px, Izg={{nowrap,
Izanagi
Izanagi (イザナギ/伊邪那岐/伊弉諾) or Izanaki (イザナキ), formally referred to with a divine honorific as
, is the creator deity (''kami'') of both creation and life in Japanese mythology. He and his sister-wife Izanami are the ...
Izanami
, formally referred to with the honorific , is the creator deity of both creation and death in Japanese mythology, as well as the Shinto mother goddess. She and her brother-husband Izanagi are the last of the seven generations of primordial ...
, boxstyle_Izm=background:pink;, Tak={{nowrap,
Takamimusubi
Takamimusubi (高御産巣日, lit. "High Generative Force") is a Creator deity, creation deity in Japanese mythology, who was the second of the Kotoamatsukami, first beings to come into existence.
It is speculated that Takamimusubi was origin ...
, boxstyle_Tak=background:silver;, Ama={{nowrap,
Amaterasu
, often called Amaterasu () for short, also known as and , is the goddess of the sun in Japanese mythology. Often considered the chief deity (''kami'') of the Shinto pantheon, she is also portrayed in Japan's earliest literary texts, the () ...
Kōan
A ( ; ; zh, c=公案, p=gōng'àn ; ; ) is a narrative, story, dialogue, question, or statement from Chan Buddhism, Chinese Chan Buddhist lore, supplemented with commentaries, that is used in Zen Buddhism, Buddhist practice in different way ...
392–291 BC(6), boxstyle_Koa=background:lightblue;, Naka2={{ill, Kamikikikatsu, ja, 神聞勝命, boxstyle_Naka2=background:lightblue;, Osi={{nowrap, Oshihime, boxstyle_Osi=background:pink;, Kor={{nowrap, {{small, 342–215 BC Kōrei 290–215 BC(7), boxstyle_Kor=background:lightblue;, Kuw={{nowrap, Kuwashi-hime, boxstyle_Kuw=background:pink;, Naka3={{ill, Kushiukameshi no Mikoto, ja, 久志宇賀主命, boxstyle_Naka3=background:lightblue;, Iga={{nowrap, Igashikome, boxstyle_Iga=background:pink;, Kog={{nowrap, {{small, 273–158 BC Kōgen 214–158 BC(8), boxstyle_Kog=background:lightblue;, Knm={{nowrap, Kibitsuhiko, boxstyle_Knm=background:lightblue;, Wko={{nowrap, Wakatakehiko, boxstyle_Wko=background:lightblue;, Naka4={{ill, Kuninazu no oukashima, ja, 国摩大鹿島命, boxstyle_Naka4=background:lightblue;, Hik={{nowrap, Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto, boxstyle_Hik=background:lightblue;, Kai={{nowrap, {{small, 208–98 BC Kaika 157–98 BC(9), boxstyle_Kai=background:lightblue;, Naka5={{ill, Omikiyama no Mikoto, ja, 臣狭山命, boxstyle_Naka5=background:lightblue;, Suj={{nowrap, {{small, 148–30 BC Sujin 97–30 BC(10), boxstyle_Suj=background:lightblue;, Hik2={{nowrap, Hikoimasu, boxstyle_Hik2=background:lightblue;, Naka6={{ill, Nakatomi no Ikatsu, ja, 中臣烏賊津, boxstyle_Naka6=background:lightblue;, sog={{nowrap, {{small, son or grandson , boxstyle_sog=border-width:0px, Tak2={{nowrap, Takenouchi no Sukune, boxstyle_Tak2=background:lightblue;, Ya1={{nowrap, Yasaka Iribiko, boxstyle_Ya1=background:lightblue;, Sun={{nowrap, {{small, 69 BC–70 AD Suinin 29 BC–70 AD(11), boxstyle_Sun=background:lightblue;, Yam={{nowrap, Yamashiro no Ōtsutsuki Mawaka, boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;, Naka=O-o-obase-no-mikoto (大小橋命) , boxstyle_Naka=background:lightblue;, Ya2={{nowrap, Yasaka Iribime, boxstyle_Ya2=background:pink;, Kei={{nowrap, {{small, 13 BC–130 AD Keikō 71–130(12), boxstyle_Kei=background:lightblue;, Kan=Kanime Ikazuchi, boxstyle_Kan=background:lightblue;, Naka8=Nakatomi no Amahisa-no-kimi , boxstyle_Naka8=background:lightblue;, Ish={{nowrap, Soga no Ishikawa Sukune (
Soga clan
The was one of the most powerful aristocratic kin groups Uji (clan), (''uji'') of the Asuka period of the early Japanese state—the Yamato period, Yamato polity—and played a major role in the spread of Buddhism in Japan. Through the 5th and ...
Prince Shōtoku
, also known as or , was a semi-legendary regent and a politician of the Asuka period in Japan who served under Empress Suiko. He was the son of Emperor Yōmei and his consort, Princess Anahobe no Hashihito, who was also Yōmei's younger half ...
{{small, 574-622 , boxstyle_Sh=background:lightblue;, Ot1= Ōtomo no Koteko, boxstyle_Ot1=background:pink;, Nak18=Nakatomi no Mikeko , boxstyle_Nak18=background:lightblue;, Chi={{nowrap, Chinu no Ōkimi, boxstyle_Chi=background:lightblue;, Kib={{nowrap, Kibi Hime, boxstyle_Kib=background:pink;, Mur={{nowrap, Soga no Murajiko {{small, 611–664 , boxstyle_Mur=background:lightblue;, FFF=(614-669) Fujiwara no Kamatari (
Fujiwara clan
The was a powerful family of imperial regents in Japan, descending from the Nakatomi clan and, as legend held, through them their ancestral god Ame-no-Koyane. The Fujiwara prospered since ancient times and dominated the imperial court until th ...
progenitor)Brinkley, Frank and Dairoku Kikuchi. (1915). ''A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era.'' New York: Encyclopædia Britannica OCLC 413099 /ref> 669, boxstyle_FFF=background:lightgreen;, Jom={{nowrap, {{small, 593–641 Jomei 629–641(34), boxstyle_Jom=background:lightblue;, Koy={{nowrap, {{small, 594–661 Kōgyoku 642–645(35) Saimei 654–661(37), boxstyle_Koy=background:pink;, Kot={{nowrap, {{small, 596–654 Kōtoku 645–654(36), boxstyle_Kot=background:lightblue;, Nanb={{ill, Prince Nanba, ja, 難波皇子, Mas={{nowrap, Soga no Masako, boxstyle_Mas=background:pink;, Fuh={{nowrap, Fujiwara no Fuhito {{small, 659–720 , boxstyle_Fuh=background:lightblue;, Ten={{nowrap, {{small, 626–671 Tenji 661–671(38), boxstyle_Ten=background:lightblue;, Ya3={{nowrap, Yamato Hime no Ōkimi, boxstyle_Ya3=background:pink;, Kuri={{ill, Prince Kurikuma, ja, 栗隈王, Kob={{nowrap, {{small, 648–672 Kōbun 671–672(39), boxstyle_Kob=background:lightblue;, To1={{nowrap, Princess Tōchi {{small, 648/653–678 , boxstyle_To1=background:pink;, Jit={{nowrap, {{small, 645–703
Jitō
were medieval territory stewards in Japan, especially in the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates. Appointed by the shōgun, ''jitō'' managed manors, including national holdings governed by the '' kokushi'' or provincial governor. There were als ...
Saga
Sagas are prose stories and histories, composed in Iceland and to a lesser extent elsewhere in Scandinavia.
The most famous saga-genre is the (sagas concerning Icelanders), which feature Viking voyages, migration to Iceland, and feuds between ...
Taira clan
The was one of the four most important Japanese clans, clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period, Heian period of History of Japan, Japanese history – the others being the Minamoto clan, Minamoto, the Fujiwara clan, Fuji ...
Kazan
Kazan; , IPA: Help:IPA/Tatar, ɑzanis the largest city and capital city, capital of Tatarstan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka (river), Kazanka Rivers, covering an area of , with a population of over 1. ...
;General
*{{Cite web, url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf , title=Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan , publisher=
Imperial Household Agency
The (IHA) is an agency of the government of Japan in charge of state matters concerning the Imperial House of Japan, Imperial Family, and the keeping of the Privy Seal of Japan, Privy Seal and State Seal of Japan. From around the 8th century ...
, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322210732/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf , archive-date=2011-03-22 , access-date=2011-03-30 , url-status=dead
* Keane, Donald. ''Emperor Of Japan: Meiji And His World, 1852-1912''. Columbia University Press (2005). {{ISBN, 0-231-12341-8
* Lebra, Sugiyama Takie. ''Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility''. University of California Press (1995). {{ISBN, 0-520-07602-8
;Specific
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