The Habitats Directive (more formally known as Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora) is a directive adopted by the

European Community The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisbo ...

in 1992 as a response to the Berne Convention. The European Community was reformed as the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...

the following year, but the directive is still recognised. The Habitats Directive required national governments to specify areas that are expected to be ensuring the conservation of flora and fauna species. This led to the setting up of a network of

protected area Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or the exploitation of natural resources (e.g. firewood ...

s across the EU, along with '

Special Areas of Conservation A special area of conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the ''Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora''. They are to protect the 220 habitats and ap ...

', which together with the existing

Special Protection Area A special protection area (SPA) is a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. Under the Directive, Member States of the European Union (EU) have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and cer ...

s, became the so-called

Natura 2000 Natura 2000 is a network of nature protection areas in the territory of the European Union. It is made up of Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas designated under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive, respectiv ...

network established to protect species and habitats. This directive is one of the main pillars of the European Union's system of wildlife and nature conservation, another being the

Birds Directive The Birds Directive (formally known as Council Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds) is the oldest piece of EU legislation on the environment and one of its cornerstones which was unanimously adopted in April 1979 as the Dir ...

. The Habitats Directive, together with the Birds Directive, are also called the "nature directives". The Habitats Directive consists of 24 articles of legislation to which all member states must comply. Article 17 of the directive sets the terms and standards for reporting on both the habitats and species listed in the annexes by the individual EU member countries. It stipulates a report from each member country on the state of nature every six years. The first preliminary reports were due in 2001 (but only published in 2004), the first actual assessments were due in 2007 (published 2009), the second in 2013 (published 2015), and the third set of assessment reports were due in 2019 (published 2020). The assessments of conservation status differ markedly from those of the

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological ...

. The aim in the case of the EU conservation status is to assess the distance from a defined favourable situation, as opposed to the distance from extinction. There are three classes of conservation status: favourable (FV), unfavourable-inadequate (U1) and unfavourable-bad (U2). The annexes of the directive outline the protected habitats and species: *Annex I covers habitats, *Annex II species requiring designation of

, *Annex IV species in need of strict protection, and *Annex V species in which member countries may decide for themselves how to manage the population.

History

From 1988 to 1992, the policy was given importance at the national level by policy experts, scientists and ecologists; later on in the 1990s this spawned further political, social and administrative discussions among the relevant countries. Due to differences in nature conservation traditions, national problems have arisen in the implementation of the directive. Since member states in the

south South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both west and east. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþa ...

and east of Europe participated less in nature policies, these states experienced problems with the EU provisions. In

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

and

Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...

, the observation of conflicts between various government layers have caused prolonged delays in the management of nature policies. On the other hand, in member states such as the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

and

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

, positive outcomes have developed due to stakeholder involvement, pro-active authorities, agencies responsible for implementation and public participation. According to one 2014 report there are increasing incompatibilities with the Natura 2000 policy on economic development.

Annex I

Annex I lists the specific

habitat In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...

s which have been designated as the a

Special Area of Conservation A special area of conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the ''Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora''. They are to protect the 220 habitats and ap ...

, to which a common EU-wide legislation applies. Certain habitats among those are furthermore designated as "priority habitat types". Habitats in the EU are given codes. An area or habitat can combine two habitats, and be designated as for example code 35.2 × 64.1 - Open grassland with ''

Corynephorus ''Corynephorus'' is a genus of European, North African, and Middle Eastern plants in the grass family.Agrostis ''Agrostis'' (bent or bentgrass) is a large and very nearly Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan genus of plants in the Poaceae, grass family, found in nearly all the countries in the world. It has been bred as a Genetically modified organis ...

'' (35.2), in combination with continental dunes (64.1). Example Annex I habitats are: Open sea and tidal areas *Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches *Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows *

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

and thermo-Atlantic salt marshes and salt meadows *Salt and gypsum continental steppes Dunes *Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast *Continental dunes, old and decalcified Standing and running freshwater *Sections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average and major beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration Matorral *Mediterranean arborescent

matorral 300px, Springtime in Santiago.html" ;"title="Chilean matorral a few kilometers north of Santiago">Chilean matorral a few kilometers north of Santiago along the Pan-American Highway Matorral is a Spanish language, Spanish word, along with ''tomil ...

*Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush * Phrygana Grasslands *Natural grasslands *Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies *Sclerophyllous grazed forests (

dehesa A ''dehesa'' () is a multifunctional, agrosylvopastoral system (a type of agroforestry) and cultural landscape of southern and central Spain and southern Portugal; in Portugal, it is known as a ''montado''. Its name comes from the Latin ''defe ...

s) *Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows *Mesophile grasslands Bogs, mires and fens *Sphagnum acid bogs *Calcareous fens Rocky areas and caves *Scree, chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes *Other rocky habitats Forests - Only (sub-)natural *Forests of temperate Europe *Mediterranean deciduous forests *Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests *Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests *Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests The full list of habitats is distributed over 9 main categories.

Annex II

Annex II lists species which determine if an area is a

. These include:

Animals

Mammals

* Pyrenean desman (''Galemys pyrenaicus'') *Bats: '' Rhinolophus blasii'', ''R. euryale'', ''R. ferrumequinum'', ''R. hipposideros'', ''R. mehelyi'', '' Barbastella barbastellus'', '' Miniopterus schreibersi'', '' Myotis bechsteini'', ''M. blythi'', ''M. capaccinii'', ''M. dasycneme'', ''M. emarginatus'', ''M. myotis'' *Rodents: '' Spermophilus citellus'', ''

Castor fiber The Eurasian beaver (''Castor fiber'') or European beaver is a species of beaver widespread across Eurasia, with a rapidly increasing population of at least 1.5 million in 2020. The Eurasian beaver was hunted to near-extinction for both its fur ...

'', ''

Microtus cabrerae Cabrera's vole (''Microtus cabrerae'') is a species of vole native to Spain and Portugal. It is named for Ángel Cabrera, a mammalogist then working at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid. It is the only living member of the subgen ...

'' *Carnivores: Lynx (''

Lynx lynx The Eurasian lynx (''Lynx lynx'') is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus ''Lynx''. It is widely distributed from Northern, Central and Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Siberia, the Tibetan Plateau and the Him ...

''), otter (''

Lutra lutra The Eurasian otter (''Lutra lutra''), also known as the European otter, Eurasian river otter, European river otter, common otter, and Old World otter, is a semiaquatic mammal native to Eurasia and the Maghreb. The most widely distributed member o ...

'') and ''

Mustela lutreola The European mink (''Mustela lutreola''), also known as the Russian mink and Eurasian mink, is a semiaquatic species of Mustelidae, mustelid native to Europe. It is similar in colour to the American mink, but is slightly smaller and has a less ...

'' *

Grey seal The grey seal (''Halichoerus grypus'') is a large seal of the family Phocidae, which are commonly referred to as "true seals" or "earless seals". The only species classified in the genus ''Halichoerus'', it is found on both shores of the Nort ...

and

harbour seal The harbor (or harbour) seal (''Phoca vitulina''), also known as the common seal, is a true seal found along temperate and Arctic marine coastlines of the Northern Hemisphere. The most widely distributed species of pinnipeds, pinniped (walruses ...

*natural populations of wild goats ('' Capra aegagrus'') *natural populations of wild sheep ('' Ovis ammon musimon'') on

Corsica Corsica ( , , ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the Regions of France, 18 regions of France. It is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of the Metro ...

and

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; ; ) is the Mediterranean islands#By area, second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the Regions of Italy, twenty regions of Italy. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia an ...

. * ''Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica'' *the dolphin ''

Tursiops truncatus The common bottlenose dolphin or Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (''Tursiops truncatus'') is one of three species of bottlenose dolphin in the genus ''Tursiops''. The common bottlenose dolphin is a very familiar dolphin due to the wide exposure it re ...

'' and the harbour porpoise ''

Phocoena phocoena The harbour porpoise (''Phocoena phocoena'') is one of eight extant species of porpoise. It is one of the smallest species of cetacean. As its name implies, it stays close to coastal areas or river estuaries, and as such, is the most familiar ...

Reptiles and amphibians

*Land tortoises: ''

Testudo hermanni The Hermann's tortoise (''Testudo hermanni)'' is a species of tortoise native to Europe. Etymology The specific epithet, ''hermanni'', honors French naturalist Johann Hermann. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Epo ...

'', ''T. graeca'' and ''T. marginata'' *Freshwater turtles: '' Emys orbicularis'', '' Mauremys caspica'' and ''M. leprosa'' *Lizards: '' Lacerta monticola'', ''L. schreiberi'', ''Gallotia galloti insulanagae'', ''

Podarcis lilfordi Lilford's wall lizard (''Podarcis lilfordi)'' is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is endemic to the Gymnesian Islands, the easternmost of the Balearic Islands, Spain. There are 27 subspecies that are recognized as being ...

'', ''P. pityusensis'', '' Chalcides occidentalis'' (a skink) and '' Phyllodactylus europaeus'' (a gecko) *Snakes: '' Elaphe quatuorlineata'', ''E. situla'' and '' Vipera ursinii'' *Salamanders: '' Chioglossa lusitanica'', '' Mertensiella luschani'', '' Salamandrina terdigitata'', ''

Triturus cristatus The northern crested newt, great crested newt or warty newt (''Triturus cristatus'') is a newt species native to Great Britain, northern and central continental Europe and parts of Western Siberia. It is a large newt, with females growing up to ...

'',

olm The olm () or proteus (''Proteus anguinus'') is an aquatic salamander which is the only species in the genus ''Proteus'' of the family Proteidae and the only exclusively cave-dwelling chordate species found in Europe; the family's other extant g ...

(''Proteus anguinus''), '' Speleomantes ambrosii'', ''S. flavus'', ''S. genei'', ''S. imperialis'' and ''S. supramontes'' *Toads: ''

Bombina bombina The European fire-bellied toad (''Bombina bombina'') is a species of fire-bellied toad native to eastern parts of mainland Europe, where it can be found near waterbodies such as ponds and marshes. It is known for its red colored belly used to wa ...

'' and ''B. variegata'' *Frogs: '' Rana latastei'', ''

Discoglossus jeanneae The Spanish painted frog (''Discoglossus jeanneae''), in Spanish ''sapillo pintojo meridional'', is a species of frog in the family Alytidae (formerly Discoglossidae). It is endemic to Spain. Description The Spanish painted frog is a medium-sized ...

'', ''D. montalentii'' and ''D. sardus''

Fish

*All '' Eudontomyzon'' species, ''

Lampetra fluviatilis The European river lamprey (''Lampetra fluviatilis''), also known as the river lamprey or lampern, is a species of freshwater lamprey. Description Adult river lampreys measure from in the marine forms and up to in the lake forms. The very elonga ...

'', ''L. planeri'', '' Lethenteron zanandrai'', ''

Petromyzon marinus The sea lamprey (''Petromyzon marinus'') is a parasitic lamprey native to the Northern Hemisphere. It is sometimes referred to as the "vampire fish". It was likely introduced to the Great Lakes region through the Erie Canal in 1825 and the Well ...

'' *'' Aphanius iberus'' and ''A. fasciatus'' *only natural populations of ''

Hucho hucho The huchen (''Hucho hucho'') (, from German), also known as Danube salmon or redfish (), is a large species of freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae native to the Danube basin in Central and Eastern Europe. It is the type species of genus ' ...

'' *only freshwater populations of salmon (''

Salmo salar The Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind Hucho taimen, Siberian taimen and Pacific Chinook salmon, growing up to a meter in length. Atlan ...

''), the trout ''S. marmoradus'' and ''S. macrostigma'' *the

cyprid Barnacles are arthropods of the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea. They are related to crabs and lobsters, with similar nauplius larvae. Barnacles are exclusively marine invertebrates; many species live in shallow and tidal water ...

fish '' Alburnus vulturius'', ''A. albidus'', '' Anaecypris hispanica'', '' Aspius aspius'', '' Barbus plebejus'', ''B. meridionalis'', ''B. capito'', ''B. comiza'', '' Chalcalburnus chalcoides'', '' Chondrostoma soetta'', ''Ch. polylepis'', ''Ch. genei'', ''Ch. lusitanicum'', ''Ch. toxostoma'', '' Gobio albipinnatus'', ''G. uranoscopus'', '' Iberocypris palaciosi'', '' Leuciscus lucomonis'', ''L. souffia'', all species of '' Phoxinellus'', '' Rutilus pigus'', ''R. rubilio'', ''R. arcasii'', ''R. macrolepidotus'', ''R. lemmingii'', ''R. friesii meidingeri'', ''R. alburnoides'', ''Rhodeus sericeus amarus'', '' Scardinius graecus'' *the

Cobitidae Cobitidae, also known as the true loaches, is a family of Old World freshwater fish. They occur throughout Eurasia and in Morocco, and inhabit riverine ecosystems. Today, most " loaches" are placed in other families (see below). The family includ ...

loaches '' Cobitis conspersa'', ''C. larvata'', ''C. trichonica'', ''C. taenia'', '' Misgurnis fossilis'', '' Sabanejewia aurata'' *of the perches: '' Gymnocephalus schraetzer'' and all ''

Zingel ''Zingel'' is a genus of fish in the family Percidae. They are long and slender, reaching in length. They are found in rivers and streams in Europe. They feed mainly on aquatic invertebrates such as crustaceans and insect larvae, and also eat s ...

'' species except ''Z. asper'' and ''Z. zingel'' *

Gobiidae Gobiidae or gobies is a family (biology), family of bony fish in the order (biology), order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising over 2,000 species in more than 200 genus, genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typ ...

: '' Pomatoschistus canestrini'', '' Padogobius panizzai'', ''P. nigricans'' *the freshwater sculpins '' Cottus ferruginosus'', ''C. gobio'', ''C. petiti'' *all ''

Alosa ''Alosa'' is a genus of fish, the river herrings, in the family Alosidae. Along with other genera in the subfamily Alosinae, they are generally known as shads. tp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/ac482e/ac482e27.pdf Subfamily AlosinaeFAO Fisherie ...

'' species, the river herrings or scads. *

Aristotle's catfish Aristotle's catfish (''Silurus aristotelis'') is a species of fish in the family Siluridae. It is endemic to Greece, where it occurs in the Acheloos River drainage. Its natural habitat is freshwater lakes. It is threatened by habitat loss. This ...

(''Silurus aristotelis'')

Crustaceans

*the freshwater crayfish ''

Austropotamobius pallipes ''Austropotamobius pallipes'' is an endangered European freshwater crayfish, and the only crayfish native to the British Isles. Its common names include white-clawed crayfish and Atlantic stream crayfish. Distribution It is found from the easter ...

Insects

*the beetles '' Buprestis splendens'', '' Cerambyx cerdo'', '' Cucujus cinnaberinus'', ''

Dytiscus latissimus ''Dytiscus latissimus'' is a large species of aquatic beetle in family Dytiscidae. It is native to Europe and considered threatened. Description One of the largest representatives of the predaceous diving beetles of the family Dytiscidae (its ma ...

'', '' Graphoderus bilineatus'', '' Limoniscus violaceus'', ''

Lucanus cervus ''Lucanus cervus'', known as the European stag beetle, or the greater stag beetle, is one of the best-known species of stag beetle (family Lucanidae) in Western Europe, and is the eponymous example of the genus. ''L. cervus'' is listed as Near T ...

'' and '' Morimus funereus'' *the butterflies '' Coenonympha oedippus'', '' Erebia calcaria'', ''E. christi'', '' Eriogaster catax'', ''

Euphydryas aurinia The marsh fritillary (''Euphydryas aurinia'') is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. Commonly distributed in the Palearctic realm, Palearctic region, the marsh fritillary's common name derives from one of its several habitats, marshland. The p ...

'', '' Graellsia isabellae'', '' Hypodryas maturna'', ''

Lycaena dispar The large copper (''Lycaena dispar'') is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. ''L. dispar'' has been commonly arranged into three subspecies: ''L. dispar dispar'', (single-brooded) which was commonly found in England, but is now extinct, ''L. d ...

'', '' Maculinea nausithous'', ''M. teleius'', '' Melanagria arge'', '' Papilio hospiton'', '' Plebicula golgus'' *the praying mantis ''

Apteromantis aptera ''Apteromantis aptera'' is a species of praying mantis endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It was first described by José María Hugo de la Fuente Morales in 1894. It was previously considered to be endangered by the IUCN, but has been downgrade ...

'' *the dragonflies ''

Coenagrion hylas ''Coenagrion'' is a genus of damselflies in the family Coenagrionidae, commonly called the Eurasian Bluets (although three species are found in North America: '' Coenagrion angulatum'', '' Coenagrion interrogatum'', and '' Coenagrion resolutum'') ...

'', ''C. mercuriale'', '' Cordulegaster trinacriae'', '' Gomphus graslinii'', '' Leucorrhina pectoralis'', '' Lindenia tetraphylla'', '' Macromia splendens'', '' Ophiogomphus cecilia'', '' Oxygastra curtisii'' *the grasshopper '' Baetica ustulata''

Molluscs

Gastropods Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and from the land. Ther ...

(snails): '' Caseolus calculus'', ''C. commixta'', ''C. sphaerula'', '' Discula leacockiana'', ''D. tabellata'', '' Discus defloratus'', ''D. guerinianus'', ''

Elona quimperiana ''Elona quimperiana'', common name the escargot de Quimper ("Quimper snail"), is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Elonidae. ''Elona'' is a monotypic genus, i. ...

'', ''

Geomalacus maculosus The Kerry slug or Kerry spotted slug (''Geomalacus maculosus'') is a species of terrestrial, pulmonate, gastropod mollusc. It is a medium-to-large sized, air-breathing land slug in the Family (biology), family of roundback slugs, Arionidae. Ad ...

'', ''

Geomitra moniziana ''Geomitra moniziana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae. This species is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. It is mentioned in annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive ...

'', '' Idiomela subplicata'' (as ''Helix subplicata''), '' Leiostyla abbreviata'', ''L. cassida'', ''L. corneocostata'', ''L. gibba'', ''L. lamellosa'', '' Vertigo angustior'', ''V. genesii'', ''V. geyeri'', ''V. moulinsiana'' *Bivalves: '' Margaritifera margaritifera'' and '' Unio crassus''

Plants

Mosses and liverworts: '' Bruchia vogesiaca'', '' Buxbaumia viridis'', '' Dichelyma capillaceum'', ''

Dicranum viride ''Dicranum viride'' is a species of moss belonging to the family Dicranaceae. It is native to Northern Hemisphere, including Japan. References

Dicranaceae {{Dicranidae-stub ...

'', '' Distichophyllum carinatum'', '' Drepanocladus vernicosus'', '' Jungermannia handelii'', '' Mannia triandra'', '' Meesia longiseta'', '' Nothothylas orbicularis'', '' Orthotrichum rogeri'', '' Petalophyllum ralfsii'', '' Riccia breidleri'', '' Riella helicophylla'', '' Scapania massolongi'', '' Sphagnum pylaisii'', '' Tayloria rudolphiana'' Ferns and allies *the ferns '' Asplenium jahandiezii'', '' Culcita macrocarpa'', '' Trichomanes speciosum'' and ''

Woodwardia radicans ''Woodwardia radicans'', the chain fern, European chain fern or rooting chainfern, is a species of fern in the family (biology), family Blechnaceae, mainly found in Macaronesia and southwestern Europe, but is also found in southern Italy and Cret ...

'' *the water ferns '' Marsilea batardae'', ''M. quadrifolia'' and ''M. strigosa'' *'' Botrychium simplex'' and '' Ophioglossum polyphyllum'' *the squillworts '' Isoetes boryana'' and ''I. malinverniana'' Monocots *

Alismataceae The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera (17 extant and 3 fossil) and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...

: '' Caldesia parnassifolia'' and '' Luronium natans'' *'' Allium grosii'' *'' Eleocharis carniolica'' *'' Juncus valvatus'' *'' Hyacinthoides vicentina'' *'' Leucojum nicaeense'' *Daffodils: '' Narcissus asturiensis'', ''N. calcicola'', ''N. cyclamineus'', ''N. fernandesii'', ''N. humilis'', ''N. pseudonarcissus'' subsp. ''nobilis'', ''N. scaberulus'', ''N. triandrus'' subsp. ''capax'' and ''N. viridiflorus'' *Grasses: '' Avenula hackelii'', '' Bromus grossus'', '' Coleanthus subtilis'', '' Festuca brigantina'', ''F. duriotagana'', ''F. elegans'', ''F. henriquesii'', ''F. sumilusitanica'', '' Gaudinia hispanica'', ''Holcus setiglumis'' subsp. ''duriensis'', '' Micropyropsis tuberosa''. '' Pseudarrhenatherum pallens'' and '' Puccinellia pungens'' *Orchids: '' Cypripedium calceolus'' and ''

Liparis loeselii ''Liparis loeselii'', the fen orchid, yellow widelip orchid, or bog twayblade, is a species of orchid. It is native to Europe, northern Asia, the eastern United States, and eastern Canada. It grows in fens, bogs and dune A dune is a landfo ...

'' *Cretan date palm ('' Phoenix theophrasti'') Dicots *

Apiaceae Apiaceae () or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus ''Apium,'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering p ...

: '' Angelica palustris'', '' Apium repens'', '' Athamanta cortiana'', '' Eryngium alpinum'', '' Petagnia saniculifolia'', '' Rouya polygama'' and '' Thorella verticillatinundata'' *'' Aldrovanda vesiculosa'' *

Asteraceae Asteraceae () is a large family (biology), family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the Order (biology), order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchi ...

: '' Centaurea corymbosa'', ''C. gadorensis'', ''C. kartschiana'', ''Centaurea micrantha'' subsp. ''herminii'', ''C. pulvinata'', ''C. rothmalerana'', ''C. vicentina'', '' Crepis granatensis'', '' Erigeron frigidus'', '' Hymenostemma pseudanthemis'', '' Leontodon microcephalus'', ''L. boryi'', '' Leuzea longifolia'', ''

Ligularia sibirica ''Ligularia sibirica'' is the type species for the genus ''Ligularia''. It is a 0.3-1.3 m tall perennial plant, perennial herbaceous plant, native to fens and damp grassy meadows in Siberia, Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. Once fairly ...

'', '' Santolina impressa'', ''S. semidentata'' and '' Senecio nevadensis'' *

Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the Borago, borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in 146 to 154 genus, genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single famil ...

: '' Myosotis lusitanica'', ''M. rehsteineri'', ''M. retusifolia'', '' Omphalodes kuzinskyana'' and '' Solenanthus albanicus'' *

Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older but equally valid) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important Family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous pla ...

: '' Alyssum pyrenaicum'', '' Arabis sadina'', '' Biscutella vincentina'', '' Boleum asperum'', '' Brassica glabrescens'', ''B. insularis'', '' Coincya cintrana'', '' Diplotaxis ibicensis'', ''D. vicentina'', '' Erucastrum palustre'', ''Iberis procumbens'' subsp. ''microcarpa'', '' Ionopsidium savianum'', '' Sisymbrium cavanillesianum'' and ''S. supinum'' *

Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants bel ...

: '' Asyneuma giganteum'', ''Jasione crispa'' subsp. ''serpentinica'' and ''J. lusitanica'' *

Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranth ...

: '' Arenaria provincialis'', ''Dianthus cintranus'' subsp. ''cintranus'', ''D. marizii'', ''D. rupicola'', '' Herniaria algarvica'', ''H. berlengiana'', ''H. maritima'', '' Moehringia tommasinii'', '' Petrocoptis grandiflora'', ''P. montsicciana'', ''P. pseudoviscosa'', '' Silene cintrana'', ''S. hifacensis'', ''S. longicilia'' and ''S. mariana'' *'' Centranthus trinervis'' *

Cistaceae The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in eight genera that are ...

: '' Cistus palhinhae'', '' Halimium verticillatum'', '' Helianthemum alypoides'' and ''H. caput-felis'' *'' Daphne petraea'' *'' Erodium paularense'' *'' Euphorbia transtagana'' *

Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...

: ''

Anthyllis hystrix ''Anthyllis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. This genus contains both herbaceous and shrubby species and is distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The most widespread and familiar species is '' A. vulnera ...

'', '' Astragalus alopecurus'' (as ''Astragalus centralpinus''), ''A. tremolsianus'', '' Genista dorycnifolia'', ''G. holopetala'', ''Melilotus segetalis'' subsp. ''fallax'' and '' Trifolium saxatile'' *

Gentianaceae Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 105 genera and about 1600 species. Etymology The family takes its name from the genus ''Gentiana'', named after the Illyrian king Gentius. Distribution Distribution is cosmopolitan (species), cosm ...

: '' Gentiana ligustica'' and '' Gentianella angelica'' *

Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle, or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil (herb), ba ...

: '' Dracocephalum austriacum'', '' Nepeta dirphya'', ''

Origanum dictamnus ''Origanum dictamnus'', the dittany of Crete, Cretan dittany or hop marjoram, is a tender perennial plant that grows 20–30 cm high. It is known in Greek as ''δίκταμο'' (''díktamo'', cf. " dittany") or in the Cretan dialect as '' ...

'', ''Sideritis incana'' subsp. ''glauca'', ''S. javalambrensis'', ''S. serrata'', '' Teucrium lepicephalum'', ''T. turredanum'' and '' Thymus carnosus'' *

Malvaceae Malvaceae (), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include Theobroma cacao, cacao, Cola (plant), cola, cotton, okra, Hibiscus sabdariffa, ...

: '' Kosteletzkya pentacarpos'' *'' Najas flexilis'' *

Paeoniaceae The peony or paeony () is any flowering plant in the genus ''Paeonia'', the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae. Peonies are native to Asia, Europe, and Western North America. Scientists differ on the number of species that can be distinguishe ...

: '' Paeonia cambessedesii'', ''P. parnassica'' and ''P. clusii'' subsp. ''rhodia'' *'' Pinguicula nevadensis'' *'' Plantago algarbiensis'' and ''P. almogravensis'' *

Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial plant, perennial h ...

: '' Armeria berlengensis'', ''A. negleta'', ''A. pseudarmeria'', ''A. soleirolii'', ''A. velutina'', ''Limonium dodartii'' subsp. ''lusitanicum'', ''L. lanceolatum'' and ''L. multiflorum'' *

Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants known Common name, informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The Botanical name, name is Basionym, based on the genus ''Polygonum'', ...

: '' Polygonum praelongum'' and '' Rumex rupestris '' *

Primulaceae The Primulaceae ( ), commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the Onagraceae, evening primrose family), are a family (biology), family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden pla ...

: '' Androsace mathildae'', ''A. pyrenaica'', '' Primula palinuri'' and '' Soldanella villosa'' *

Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae (, buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family (biology), family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 spec ...

: '' Adonis distorta'', '' Aquilegia bertolonii'', '' A. kitaibelii'' and '' Pulsatilla patens'' *

Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus '' Rosa''. The family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, but som ...

: '' Potentilla delphinensis'' *

Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae is a family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous Perennial plant, perennial flowering plants, within the core eudicot Order (biology), order Saxifragales. The Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of the family has been greatly revised and the ...

: '' Saxifraga berica'', ''S. florulenta'', ''S. hirculus'' and ''S. tombeanensis'' *

Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...

: '' Antirrhinum charidemi'', ''Chaenorrhinum serpyllifolium'' subsp. ''lusitanicum'', '' Euphrasia marchesettii'', ''

Linaria algarviana ''Linaria algarviana'' is a species of toadflax in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, endemic to southern Portugal, specifically the western portion of the Algarve The Algarve (, , ) is the southernmost NUTS statistical regions of Portugal, ...

'', ''L. coutinhoi'', ''L. flava'', ''L. tonzigii'', '' Odontites granatensis'', '' Verbascum litigiosum'' and '' Veronica micrantha'' *'' Thesium ebracteatum'' *'' Viola jaubertiana'' *Willow: ''Salix salviifolia'' subsp. ''australis'' *''

Zelkova abelicea ''Zelkova abelicea'' is a species of tree in the family Ulmaceae. It is referred to by the common names Cretan zelkova, and on Crete proper as abelitsia (αμπελιτσιά). It is endemic to Crete. It is found in small numbers and is classifie ...

Priority species

There are also a number of priority species:

Animals

* Dutch tundra vole (''Microtus oeconomus arenicola'') *Wolf (''Canis lupus''): Spanish populations: only those south of the

Duero The Douro (, , , ; ; ) is the largest river of the Iberian Peninsula by discharge. It rises near Duruelo de la Sierra in the Spanish province of Soria, meanders briefly south, then flows generally west through the northern part of the Meseta ...

; Greek populations: only those south of the 39th parallel) *Brown bear *

Iberian lynx The Iberian lynx (''Lynx pardinus'') is one of the four wikt:extant, extant species within ''Lynx'', a genus of medium-sized wild Felidae, cats. The Iberian lynx is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It is listed as vulnera ...

*Monk seal ('' Monachus monachus'') * Corsican red deer (''Cervus elaphus corsicanus'') *Pyrenean ibex ('' Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica'') *Apennine chamois ('' Rupicarpa ornata'') *

Loggerhead sea turtle The loggerhead sea turtle (''Caretta caretta'') is a species of sea turtle, oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the Family (biology), family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around ...

(''Caretta caretta'') *the lizard ''

Gallotia simonyi Simony's giant lizard (''Gallotia simonyi'') is a large species of wall lizard endemic to the island of El Hierro and nearby islet Roque Chico de Salmor in the Canary Islands. Etymology The specific name, ''simonyi'', honors Viennese naturali ...

'' *the viper '' Vipera schweizeri'' *Fire salamander ( ''Salamandra salamandra aurorae'') *Majorcan midwife toad (''

Alytes muletensis The Majorcan midwife toad (''Alytes muletensis'') (also Mallorcan midwife toad or ferreret in Balearic Catalan and Spanish) is a frog in the family Alytidae (formerly Discoglossidae). It is endemic to the Balearic Island of Majorca in the Medite ...

'') *the frog ''Pelobates fuscus insubricus'' *the sturgeons '' Acipenser naccarii'' and ''

Acipenser sturio The European sea sturgeon (''Acipenser sturio''), also known as the Atlantic sturgeon or common sturgeon, is a species of sturgeon native to Europe. It was formerly abundant, being found in coastal habitats all over Europe. Most specifically, th ...

'' *the fish '' Valencia hispanica'' *some of the

anadromous Fish migration is mass relocation by fish from one area or body of water to another. Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousa ...

populations in certain sectors of the North Sea of '' Coregonus oxyrhynchus'' *the

fish ''

Ladigesocypris ghigii ''Ladigesocypris ghigii'', the Rhodes minnow, or , is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae, which includes the daces, Eurasian minnows and related species. It is endemic to the island of Rhodes in Greece. ...

'' *the beetles '' Carabus olympiae'', '' Osmoderma eremita'' and '' Rosalia alpina'' *the butterfly '' Euplagia quadripunctaria'' (under the synonym ''Callimorpha quadripunctata'')

Plants

*the fern '' Dryopteris corleyi'' *the moss '' Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum'' *the liverwort '' Marsupella profunda'' *the spruce '' Abies nebrodensis'' *'' Androcymbium rechingeri'' *'' Asphodelus bento-rainhae'' *'' Muscari gussonei'' *the daffodil '' Narcissus nevadensis'' *''

Carex panormitana ''Carex'' is a vast genus of over 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus ''Carex'' may ...

'' *'' Dioscorea chouardii'' (as ''Borderea chouardii'') *Grasses: '' Stipa austroitalica'', ''S. bavarica'' and ''S. veneta'' *Orchids: '' Cephalanthera cucullata'' and '' Ophrys lunulata'' *

: '' Angelica heterocarpa'', '' Apium bermejoi'', '' Bupleurum capillare'', ''B. kakiskalae'', '' Eryngium viviparum'', '' Laserpitium longiradium'', '' Naufraga balearica'', '' Oenanthe conioides'' and '' Seseli intricatum'' *

: '' Anthemis glaberrima'', '' Artemisia granatensis'', '' Aster pyrenaeus'', ''A. sorrentinii'', '' Carduus myriacanthus'', '' Centaurea alba'' subsp. ''heldreichii'' and subsp. ''princeps'', ''C. attica'' subsp. ''megarensis'', ''C. balearica'', ''C. borjae'', ''C. citricolor'', ''C. horrida'', ''C. kalambakensis'', ''C. lactiflora'', ''C. niederi'', ''C. peucedanifolia'', ''C. pinnata'', '' Crepis crocifolia'', '' Jurinea cyanoides'', ''J. fontqueri'', '' Lamyropsis microcephala'', '' Leontodon siculus'' and '' Senecio elodes'' *''

Atropa baetica ''Atropa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae: tall, calcicole, herbaceous perennials (rhizomatous hemicryptophytes), bearing large leaves and glossy berries particularly dangerous to children, due to their combi ...

'' *'' Bassia saxicola'' *

: '' Anchusa crispa'', '' Lithodora nitida'', '' Omphalodes littoralis'' and '' Symphytum cycladense'' *

: '' Biscutella neustriaca'', '' Brassica macrocarpa'', '' Coincya rupestris'', '' Coronopus navasii'', '' Diplotaxis siettiana'', '' Iberis arbuscula'' and '' Ionopsidium acaule'' *'' Campanula sabatia'' *

: '' Arenaria nevadensis'', '' Gypsophila papillosa'', ''Herniaria latifolia'' subsp. ''litardierei'', '' Silene hicesiae'', ''S. holzmanii'', ''S. orphanidis'', ''S. rothmaleri'' and ''S. velutina'' *

Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweed, bindweeds or morning glory, morning glories, is a Family (biology), family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, sh ...

: '' Convolvulus argyrothamnus'' and ''C. fernandesii'' *

: '' Tuberaria major'' *''

Daphne rodriguezii ''Daphne rodriguezii'' is a shrub, of the family Thymelaeaceae. It is endemic to Menorca, one of the Balearic Islands that belongs to Spain. Description The shrub grows to about half a metre in height. It is evergreen. It grows small white flowe ...

'' *'' Euphorbia margalidiana'' *

Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...

: '' Astragalus algarbiensis'', ''A. aquilanus'', ''A. maritimus'', ''A. verrucosus'', '' Cytisus aeolicus'', '' Ononis hackelii'' and '' Vicia bifoliolata'' *

: '' Centaurium rigualii'' and ''C. somedanum'' *

Geraniaceae Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus '' Geranium''. The family includes both the genus '' Geranium'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants call ...

: '' Erodium astragaloides'' and ''E. rupicola'' *'' Hypericum aciferum'' *

: '' Micromeria taygetea'', '' Nepeta sphaciotica'', '' Thymus camphoratus'' and ''T. cephalotos'' *'' Linum muelleri'' *'' Lythrum flexuosum'' *

: '' Armeria helodes'', ''A. rouyana'', '' Limonium insulare'', ''L. pseudolaetum'' and ''L. strictissimum'' *

: '' Primula apennina'' *

: '' Aconitum corsicum'', ''Aquilegia pyrenaica'' subsp. ''cazorlensis'', '' Consolida samia'' and '' Ranunculus weyleri'' *''

Reseda decursiva Reseda may refer to: In natural science * ''Reseda'' (plant), a plant genus also known as ''mignonette'' * 1081 Reseda, a minor planet that orbits the Sun; named for the ''Reseda'' plant genus Places * Reseda, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in the Sa ...

'' *'' Ribes sardum'' a currant from Saridnia *

Rubiaceae Rubiaceae () is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with Petiole ( ...

: '' Galium litorale'' and ''G. viridiflorum'' *'' Salicornia veneta'' *

: '' Euphrasia genargentea'', '' Globularia stygia'', '' Linaria ficalhoana'', ''L. hellenica'', ''L. ricardoi'', ''L. tursica'' and '' Veronica oetaea'' *'' Viola hispida''

Macaronesia

There is a separate list for plants from

Macaronesia Macaronesia (; ) is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of North Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of list of islands in the Atlantic Oc ...

. *'' Isoestes azorica'' *'' Marsilea azorica'' *'' Carex malato-belizii'' *Grasses: '' Deschampsia maderensis'', '' Phalaris maderensis'' *'' Scilla maderensis'' *'' Semele maderensis'' *Orchids: '' Goodyera macrophylla'' *

: '' Ammi trifoliatum'', '' Bupleurum handiense'', ''

Chaerophyllum azoricum ''Chaerophyllum azoricum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, endemic to the Azores. It inhabits ''Erica'' and ''Calluna'' shrubland, natural meadows of altitude, cliffs and slopes, woods of ''Pittosporum ''Pittosporum'' ...

'', '' Ferula latipinna'', '' Melanoselinum decipiens'', '' Monizia edulis'', '' Oenanthe divaricata'' and '' Sanicula azorica'' *'' Arceuthobium azoricum'' *

: '' Andryala crithmifolia'', '' Argyranthemum thalassophylum''. ''A. winterii'', '' Atractylis preauxiana'', '' Calendula maderensis'', '' Cheirolophus duranii'', ''Ch. ghomerytus'', ''Ch. junonianus'', ''Ch. massonianus'', '' Cirsium latifolium'', '' Helichrysum gossypinum'', ''H. oligocephala'', '' Phagnalon benettii'', '' Stemmacantha cynaroides'' and '' Sventenia bupleuroides'' *'' Beta patula'' *'' Caralluma burchardii'' *

: '' Echium candicans'', '' Myosotis azorica'' and ''M. maritima'' *

: '' Crambe laevigata'' and '' Sinapidendron rupestre'' *

: '' Musschia aurea'' *

: '' Cistus chinamadensis'' *

Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (, from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the crassulas, the stonecrops or the orpine family, are a diverse Family (biology), family of dicotyledon angiosperms primarily characterized by succulent leaves and a form of phot ...

: '' Aeonium gomeraense'', ''A. saundersii'', '' Aichryson dumosum'', '' Monanthes wildpretii'' and '' Sedum brissemoretii'' *

: '' Spergularia azorica'' *'' Erica azorica'' *'' Euphorbia lambii'' and ''E. stygiana'' *

Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...

: ''

Anthyllis lemanniana ''Anthyllis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. This genus contains both herbaceous and shrubby species and is distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The most widespread and familiar species is '' A. vulnera ...

'', '' Lotus callis-viridis'' and '' Vicia dennesiana'' *''

Frangula azorica ''Frangula azorica'' is a tall semi-deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Rhamnaceae. It is endemic to the Azores, Portugal. Fossil evidence suggests this species was also native to Madeira but went extinct. It is threatened by habitat loss ...

'' *'' Kunkeliella subsucculenta'' *

: '' Sideritis infernalis'', ''S. marmorea'', '' Teucrium abutiloides'' and ''T. betonicum'' *'' Maytenus umbellata'' *

Oleaceae Oleaceae, also known as the olive family or sometimes the lilac family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales. It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct.Peter S. Gree ...

: ''

Jasminum azoricum ''Jasminum azoricum'', the lemon-scented jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family. It is an evergreen twining vine native to the Portuguese island of Madeira. The compound leaves consist of 3 bright green leaflets. The fragran ...

'' and '' Picconia azorica'' *'' Plantago malato-belizii'' *

: '' Limonium dendroides'' *'' Rumex azoricus'' *

: '' Bencomia sphaerocarpa'', '' Dendriopterium pulidoi'', '' Marcetella maderensis'', ''Prunus lusitanica'' subsp. ''azorica'' and '' Sorbus maderensis'' *'' Scabiosa nitens'' *

: '' Euphrasia grandiflora'', '' Isoplexis isabelliana'', '' Odontites holliana'' and '' Sibthorpia peregrina'' *'' Viola paradoxa''

Macaronesian priority species

*Mosses: '' Echinodium spinosum'' and '' Thamnobryum fernandesii'' '' Androcymbium psammophilum'' *

: '' Argyranthemum lidii'', '' Atractylis arbuscula'', '' Lactuca watsoniana'', '' Onopordum nogalesii'', ''O. carduelinum'', '' Pericallis hadrosoma'' and '' Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum'' *

: '' Echium gentianoides'' *

: '' Crambe arborea'', ''C. sventenii'' and '' Parolinia schizogynoides'' *

: '' Azorina vidalii'' and '' Musschia wollastonii'' *'' Ceropegia chrysantha'' *

: '' Helianthemum bystropogophyllum'' *

: '' Convolvulus caput-medusae'', ''C. lopez-socasii'' and ''C. massonii'' *'' Euphorbia handiensis'' *

Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...

: '' Anagyris latifolia'', '' Dorycnium spectabile'', '' Lotus azoricus'', '' Lotus kunkelii'', '' Teline rosmarinifolia'' and ''T. salsoloides'' *'' Geranium maderense'' *

: '' Sideritis cystosiphon'' and ''S. discolor'' *''

Myrica rivas-martinezii ''Myrica rivas-martinezii'' is a species of plant in the Myricaceae family. It is endemic to three of the Canary Islands (Spain). It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss or habitat reduction) occurs w ...

'' *''

Pittosporum coriaceum ''Pittosporum coriaceum'' is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to Macaronesia, and due to extinction in the Canary Islands, it is now restricted to the Portuguese Madeira Islands. ''Pittosporum coriaceum'' is a Crit ...

'' *

: '' Limonium arborescens'', ''L. spectabile'' and ''L. sventenii'' *

: '' Bencomia brachystachya'' and '' Chamaemeles coriacea'' *'' Sambucus palmensis'' *'' Solanum lidii'' *

: '' Euphrasia azorica'', ''

Globularia ascanii ''Globularia ascanii '' is native to Gran Canaria island of the Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; ) or Canaries are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous Community of Spai ...

'', ''G. sarcophylla'' and '' Isoplexis chalcantha''

Annex III

This annex explains the criteria which are used to select sites which are eligible to be recognised as important for Europe, or as

. The process consists of two stages. The first stage is to assess the importance at a national level, based on the habitats and species listed in Annex I and II. The second stage is to assess the importance for Europe as a whole, again based on the two earlier annexes.

Annex IV

Annex IV lists species of interest to Europe which are in need of strict protection.

Mammals

*Insectivores: Pyrenean desman (''Galemys pyrenaicus''), '' Erinaceus algirus'' and '' Crocidura canariensis'' *All species of Microchiroptera *Rodents: Beaver (''

''), '' Cricetus cricetus'', porcupine ('' Hystrix cristata''), ''

Sicista betulina The northern birch mouse (''Sicista betulina'') is a small rodent about long (without the tail), weighing . It lives in northern Europe and Asia in forest and marsh zones. It hibernation, hibernates in burrows. It eats shoots, grains, berries, ...

'', suslik ('' Citellus citellus''), '' Sciurus anomalus'', ''

'', Dutch tundra vole (''Microtus oeconomus arenicola''), and all species of Gliridae except ''

Glis glis The European edible dormouse also known as the European dormouse or European fat dormouse (''Glis glis'') is a large dormouse and one of only two living species in the genus ''Glis'', found in most of Europe and parts of western Asia. The common ...

'' and '' Eliomys quercinus'' *Carnivores: Grey wolf (except Spanish populations north of the Duero and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel), brown bear ('' Ursus arctos''), otter , ''

'', wild cat (''

Felis silvestris The European wildcat (''Felis silvestris'') is a small wildcat species native to continental Europe, Great Britain, Turkey and the Caucasus. Its fur is brownish to grey with stripes on the forehead and on the sides and has a bushy tail with a b ...

''), lynx (''

''), Iberian lynx (''

Lynx pardinus The Iberian lynx (''Lynx pardinus'') is one of the four extant species within ''Lynx'', a genus of medium-sized wild cats. The Iberian lynx is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red L ...

'') and monk seal ('' Monachus monachus'') *Hoofed animals: Corsican red deer (''Cervus elaphus corsicanus''), natural populations of wild goats ('' Capra aegagrus''), natural populations of wild sheep ('' Ovis ammon musimon'') on

and

, Balcan ( ''Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica'') and Apennine chamois ( ''R. ornata'') *

Cetacean Cetacea (; , ) is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size and exclusively c ...

s: All species

Reptiles and amphibians

Turtles *Tortoises: ''

'', ''T. graeca'' and ''T. marginata'' *Sea turtles: '' Caretta caretta'', ''

Chelonia mydas The green sea turtle (''Chelonia mydas''), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Chelonia''. Its range exten ...

'', ''

Lepidochelys kempii Kemp's ridley sea turtle (''Lepidochelys kempii)'', also called Common name, commonly the Atlantic ridley sea turtle, Kemp's ridley turtle, and Kemp's ridley, is a species of turtle in the Family (biology), family Cheloniidae. ''L. kempii'' is ...

'', '' Eretmochelys imbricata'' and '' Dermochelys coriacea'' *Freshwater turtles: '' Emys orbicularis'', '' Mauremys caspica'' and ''M. leprosa'' Lizards *''

Algyroides fitzingeri Fitzinger's algyroides (''Algyroides fitzingeri)'', also commonly called the pygmy algyroides and the pygmy keeled lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is native to the islands of Corsica and Sardinia in the Medite ...

'', ''A. marchi'', ''A. moreoticus'' and ''A. nigropunctatus'' *''

Chamaeleo chamaeleon ''Chamaeleo'' is a genus of chameleons in the family Chamaeleonidae. Most species of the genus ''Chamaeleo'' are found in sub-Saharan Africa, but a few species are also present in northern Africa, southern Europe, and southern Asia east to Indi ...

'' *'' Gallotia atlantica'', ''G. galloti'' (including specifically the subspecies ''insulanagae''), ''G. simonyi'' and ''G. stehlini'' *Geckoes: ''

Cyrtopodion kotschyi Kotschy's gecko (''Mediodactylus kotschyi)'' is a species of gecko, a lizard in the Family (biology), family Gekkonidae. The species is native to southeastern Europe and the Middle East. It is named in honour of the Austrian Botany, botanist and E ...

'', '' Phyllodactylus europaeus'', '' Tarentola angustimentalis'', ''T. boettgeri'', ''T. delalandii'' and ''T. gomerensis''. *''

Lacerta agilis #REDIRECT Sand lizard #REDIRECT Sand lizard {{redirect category shell, {{R from alternative capitalisation{{R from move ...

{{redirect category shell, {{R from alternative capitalisation{{R from move ...

History

Annex I

Annex II

Animals

Mammals

Reptiles and amphibians

Fish

Crustaceans

Insects

Molluscs

Plants

Priority species

Animals

Plants

Macaronesia

Macaronesian priority species

Annex III

Annex IV

Mammals

Reptiles and amphibians

Fish

Insects

Spiders

Molluscs

Echinoderms

Plants

Annex V

Annex VI

See also

References

External links