Haplogroup CT is a

human Y chromosome haplogroup In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers o ...

, defining one of the major paternal lineages of humanity. Men who carry the CT clade have Y chromosomes with the SNP mutation M168, along with P9.1 and M294. These mutations are present in all modern human male lineages except A and B-M60, which are both found almost exclusively in

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

. The most recent common male line ancestor (TMRCA) of all CT men today probably predated the

recent African origin of modern humans In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the ...

, a migration in which some of his descendants participated. He is therefore thought to have lived in Africa before this proposed migration. In keeping with the concept of "

Y-chromosomal Adam In human genetics, the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living humans are descended. He is the most recent ma ...

" given to the patrilineal ancestor of all living humans, CT-M168 has therefore also been referred to in popularized accounts as being the lineage of "Eurasian Adam" or "Out of Africa Adam"; because, along with many African Y-lineages, all non-African Y-lineages descend from it.Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution: A Synthesis
By Linda Stone, Paul F. Lurquin, 2007, , page 187Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes
by Norman A. Johnson, 2007, , No male in

paragroup Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers. In human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, paragroups are typically represented by an asterisk (*) placed ...

CT* has ever been discovered in modern populations. This means that all males carrying this haplogroup are also defined as being in one of the several major branch clades. All known surviving descendant lineages of CT are in one of two major subclades, CF and DE. In turn, DE is divided into a predominantly Asia-distributed

haplogroup D-CTS3946 Haplogroup D or D-CTS3946 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Like its relative distant sibling, haplogroup E-M96, D-CTS3946 has the YAP+ unique-event polymorphism, which defines their parent, haplogroup DE. Subclades of haplogroup D-CTS3946 are fou ...

and a predominantly Africa-distributed

haplogroup E-M96 Haplogroup E-M96 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is one of the two main branches of the older and ancestral haplogroup DE, the other main branch being haplogroup D. The E-M96 clade is divided into two main subclades: the more common E ...

, while CF is divided into an East Asian, Native American, and Oceanian haplogroup C-M130 and

haplogroup F-M89 Haplogroup F, also known as F-M89 and previously as Haplogroup FT is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup. The clade and its subclades constitute over 90% of paternal lineages outside of Africa. The vast majority of individual males with F-M89 ...

, which dominates most non-African populations.

Subclades

;Haplogroup CT (M168/PF1416) * CF (P143/PF2587, CTS3818/M3690/PF2668, CTS6376/M3711/PF2697)

Shan people The Shan people ( shn, တႆး; , my, ရှမ်းလူမျိုး; ), also known as the Tai Long, or Tai Yai are a Tai ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The Shan are the biggest minority of Burma (Myanmar) and primarily live in t ...

** C (M130/Page51/RPS4Y711, M216) ''

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...

Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a region, geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern Hemisphere, Eastern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of ...

, and North America'' *** C1 F3393/Z1426 **** C1a CTS11043 ***** C1a1 ''formerly C1'' (M8, M105, M131) '' Japan'' ***** C1a2 ''Very low frequency in

Western Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ...

(including

Kostenki Kostenki or Kostyonki (russian: Костёнки) may refer to: * Kostenki, Kirov Oblast, a village in Murashinsky District of Kirov Oblast * Kostenki, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Safonovsky District of Smolensk Oblast * Kostyonki, Voronezh Ob ...

38 000 years ago)'' **** C1b ***** C1b1 ******C1b1a *******C1b1a1 ''formerly C5'' (M356) ''

South Asia South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;;;;; ...

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the former ...

, and

Southwest Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes Ana ...

'' ***** C1b2 ******C1b2a ''formerly C2'' (M38) ''

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

Melanesia Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from Indonesia's New Guinea in the west to Fiji in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea. The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, ...

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and ...

, and

Polynesia Polynesia () "many" and νῆσος () "island"), to, Polinisia; mi, Porinihia; haw, Polenekia; fj, Polinisia; sm, Polenisia; rar, Porinetia; ty, Pōrīnetia; tvl, Polenisia; tkl, Polenihia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of ...

'' ******C1b2b ''formerly C4'' (M347) ''

Indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians or Australian First Nations are people with familial heritage from, and membership in, the ethnic groups that lived in Australia before British colonisation. They consist of two distinct groups: the Aboriginal peoples o ...

'' *** C2 ''formerly C3'' (M217, P44) ''Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among

Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also part ...

Tungusic peoples Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia. The Tungusic phylum is divided into two main branches, northern (Evenic o ...

Paleosiberian Paleosiberian (or Paleo-Siberian) languages or Paleoasian (Paleo-Asiatic) (from , "ancient") are several linguistic isolates and small families of languages spoken in parts of northeastern Siberia and the Russian Far East. They are not known ...

s, and

Na-Dené Na-Dene (; also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages. Haida was formerly included, but is now considered ...

-speaking peoples'' ** F (M89, M213) ''Found throughout

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelag ...

, and

the Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

'' ***F1 (P91, P104) ***F2 (M427, M428) ***F3 (P96) ***F4 (M481) ** GHIJK F1329/M3658/PF2622/YSC0001299, CTS2254/M3680/PF2657, FGC2045/Z12203 Throughout

; also

The Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

; at low levels/among minorities in Africa and Oceania *** G M201, P257 ''Primarily the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...

; also at low levels/among minorities in Europe, North Africa, South West Asia and Central Asia'' *** HIJK Throughout Eurasia; also The Americas; at low levels/among minorities in Africa and Oceania **** H M69, M370 ''

, Central Asia, and

'' **** IJK L15/S137, L16/S138 '' Eurasia, North Africa, Oceania, the Americas and East Africa'' **** IJ M429/P125 ''

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...

Western Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes A ...

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...

and

East Africa East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa: Due to the histori ...

'' ***** I M170, M258, P19, P38, P212, U179 '' Europe'' ***** J 12f2.1, M304 ''

and

'' **** K M9 ''Found all over

; also significant in

and

; at lower levels in

and

'' ***** LT (K1) L298/P326 ****** L M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295 '' the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India ...

'' ****** T M70, M184/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272 (formerly K2) ''

Southwestern Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes Ana ...

, the

Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...

, the Chad Basin, and

Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is essentially marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of Southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Alba ...

'' ***** K2 M526

, some

indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians or Australian First Nations are people with familial heritage from, and membership in, the ethnic groups that lived in Australia before British colonisation. They consist of two distinct groups: the Aboriginal peoples o ...

and some minorities in

****** NO (K2a) M214 ''Reportedly found in small numbers of

Buyi The Bouyei (also spelled ''Puyi'', ''Buyei'' and ''Buyi''; self called: Buxqyaix, or "Puzhong", "Burao", "Puman"; ; vi, người Bố Y), otherwise known as the Zhongjia, are an ethnic group living in Southern Mainland China. Numbering 2.5 mi ...

and Japanese males.'' ******* N M231 ''

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, wh ...

North Asia North Asia or Northern Asia, also referred to as Siberia, is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms and is coextensive with the Asian part of Russia, and consists of three Russian regions east of the Ural Mountai ...

, and

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...

'' ******* O M175 ''

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

, and

'' ****** K2b ''formerly MPS'' P331 ''Eurasia, The Americas, Oceania and minorities in Africa'' ******* K2b1 ''formerly MS'' P397/P399 Melanesians,

Micronesians The Micronesians or Micronesian peoples are various closely related ethnic groups native to Micronesia, a region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. They are a part of the Austronesian ethnolinguistic group, which has an Urheimat in Taiwan. Ethno ...

, indigenous Australians and Polynesians. ******** M P256 ''Eastern

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

, and

'' ******** S M230, P202, P204 (formerly K5) ''Eastern

, and

'' ******* P (K2b2) 92R7, M45, M74/N12, P27.1/P207 ''Throughout

and some minorities in Africa'' ******** Q M242 '' The Americas and Eurasia'' ******** R M207/UTY2, M306/S1 ''Europe, Near East, South Asia, Chad Basin, Canary Islands'' ****** K2c P261 ''Low levels in

Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...

'' ****** K2d P402/P403 ''Low levels in

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...

'' ****** K2e M147 ''Low levels in South Asia'' *

Haplogroup DE Haplogroup DE is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations, or UEPs, M1(YAP), M145(P205), M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183. DE is unique because it is distributed in several geogr ...

(M1/YAP, M145/P205, M203/Page36, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183) ''Asia, Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe; also at low levels in Oceania'' **

Haplogroup D Haplogroup D may refer to: * Haplogroup D (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup * Haplogroup D (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup {{Disambiguation ...

(M174) ''Primarily Japan,

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...

and

Andaman Islanders The Andamanese are the indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands, part of India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory in the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal in Southeast Asia. The Andamanese peoples are among the various gr ...

; also at low level/among minorities in East Asia, Central Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia'' ***

Haplogroup D1 Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of Haplogroup D-CTS3946. This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia and the Andaman Islands, though it is also found regularly with low frequency in Central Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia. It's als ...

(CTS11577) ''Mainly Tibet; minorities in Central Asia, East Asia, and South East Asia'' **** Haplogroup D1a Z27276 ''East and Central Asia'' ***** D1a1 (M15) (ex-D1) ''

Qiang people The Qiang people ( Qiangic: ''Rrmea''; ) are an ethnic group in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognised by the People's Republic of China, with a population of approximately 310,000 in 2000. They live mainly in a ...

; also at low levels throughout East and Central Asia'' ***** Haplogroup D1a2 P99 (ex-D3) ''Tibet and Central Asia'' **** Haplogroup D1b (ex-D2) (M64.1/Page44.1, M55, M57, M179/Page31, M359.1/P41.1, P37.1, P190, 12f2.2) ''Mainly Japan; also at lowel levels/among minorities in Korea, China, Micronesia and Melanesia'' *** Haplogroup D2 L1366 (ex-D1a) ''

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

'' ** Haplogroup E (M40, M96) '' Africa, Middle East, Southern and Eastern Europe'' *** Haplogroup E1 (P147) ''At high levels throughout Africa; at lower levels in the Middle East and Europe'' **** Haplogroup E1a (formerly E1) (M132) ''Primarily Africa'' **** Haplogroup E1b (P177/PF1939) ***** Haplogroup E1b1 (formerly E3) (P2, DYS391p) ******

Haplogroup E1b1a Haplogroup E-V38 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily distributed in Sub Saharan Africa. E-V38 has two basal branches, E-M329 (formerly E1b1c or E1b1*) and E-M2 (formerly E3a & E1b1a). The E-M329 subclade is today almost exc ...

(V38) ****** Haplogroup E1b1a1 (formerly E3a) (M2) '' West Africa, Central Africa, Southeast Africa and Southern Africa'' ******

Haplogroup E1b1b E-M215, also known as E1b1b and formerly E3b, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a division of the macro-haplogroup E-M96, which is defined by the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M215. In other words, it is one of ...

(formerly E3b) (M215) '' Horn of Africa (

Ethiopians Ethiopians are the native inhabitants of Ethiopia, as well as the global diaspora of Ethiopia. Ethiopians constitute several component ethnic groups, many of which are closely related to ethnic groups in neighboring Eritrea and other parts of ...

Somalis The Somalis ( so, Soomaalida 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖, ar, صوماليون) are an ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The Lowland East Cushitic Somali language is the shared mo ...

), North Africa ( Berbers,

Arabs The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, ...

Pereira et al. (2010)
Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel
European Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 18, 915–923; ), the Middle East, Europe (esp. areas near the Mediterranean Sea)'' *** Haplogroup E2 (M75) ''East Africa''

Sources

ISOGG The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) is an independent non-commercial nonprofit organization of genetic genealogists run by volunteers. It was founded by a group of surname DNA project administrators in 2005 to promote DNA test ...

: *
Haplogroup Tree 2015''
*

*

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup Ct (Y-Dna) CT

Subclades

Sources

See also

Genetics

References