|
Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup M, AKA M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA), Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago. M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua (region), West Papua and western Papua New Guinea. In addition, M-P256 is also found in neighboring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and indigenous Australians. Phylogenetic structure This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by Y Chromosome Consortium, YCC in 2008 and ISOGG in 2016. * M* (P256) ** M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35) *** M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5) **** M1a1 (P51) **** M1a2 (P94) *** M1b (P87) **** M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) ***** M1b1a (M16) ***** M1b1b (M83) ** M2 (M353, M387) *** M2a (M177/SRY9138) ** M3 (P117, P118) Dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallacea
Wallacea is a biogeography, biogeographical designation for a group of mainly list of islands of Indonesia, Indonesian islands separated by deep-water straits from the Asian and Australia (continent), Australian continental shelf, continental shelves. Wallacea includes Sulawesi, the largest island in the group, as well as Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram Island, Seram, and many smaller islands. The islands of Wallacea lie between the Sunda Shelf (the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java (island), Java, and Bali) to the west, and the Sahul Shelf including Australia and New Guinea to the south and east. The total land area of Wallacea is . Geography Wallacea is defined as the series of islands stretching between the two continental shelves of Sunda Shelf, Sunda and Sahul Shelf, Sahul, but excluding the Philippines. Its eastern border (separating Wallacea from Sahul) is represented by a zoogeography, zoogeographical boundary known as Richard Lydekker ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Ireland (island)
New Ireland (Tok Pisin: ''Niu Ailan''), or Latangai, is a large island in Papua New Guinea, approximately in area with 120,000 people. It is named after the island of Ireland. It is the largest island of New Ireland Province, lying northeast of the island of New Britain. Both islands are part of the Bismarck Archipelago, named after Otto von Bismarck, and they are separated by Saint George's Channel (Papua New Guinea), Saint George's Channel. The administrative centre of the island and of New Ireland province is the town of Kavieng located at the northern end of the island. While the island was part of German New Guinea, it was named Neumecklenburg ("New Mecklenburg"). Geography The island is part of the Bismarck Archipelago and is often described as having the shape of a musket. New Ireland is surrounded by the Bismarck Sea in the southwest and by the Pacific Ocean in the northeast. For much of its in length, the island's width varies between less than to , yet the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nusa Tenggara
The Lesser Sunda Islands (, , ), now known as Nusa Tenggara Islands (, or "Southeast Islands"), are an archipelago in the Indonesian archipelago. Most of the Lesser Sunda Islands are located within the Wallacea region, except for the Bali province which is west of the Wallace Line and is within the Sunda Shelf. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west, they make up the Sunda Islands. The islands are part of a volcanic arc, the Sunda Arc, formed by subduction along the Sunda Trench in the Java Sea. In 1930 the population was 3,460,059; today over 17 million people live on the islands. Etymologically, Nusa Tenggara means "Southeast Islands" from the words of ''nusa'' which means 'island' from Old Javanese language and ''tenggara'' means 'southeast'. The main Lesser Sunda Islands are, from west to east: Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Savu, Rote, Timor, Atauro, Alor archipelago, Barat Daya Islands, and Tanimbar Islands. Apart from the eastern ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western New Guinea
Western New Guinea, also known as Papua, Indonesian New Guinea, and Indonesian Papua, is the western half of the island of New Guinea, formerly Dutch and granted to Indonesia in 1962. Given the island is alternatively named Papua, the region is also called West Papua (). It is one of the seven geographical units of Indonesia in ISO 3166-2:ID. Lying to the west of Papua New Guinea and geographically a part of the Australian continent, the territory is almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere and includes the Biak and Raja Ampat archipelagoes. The region is predominantly covered with rainforest where traditional peoples live, including the Dani of the Baliem Valley. A large proportion of the population live in or near coastal areas. The largest city is Jayapura. The island of New Guinea has been populated for tens of thousands of years. European traders began frequenting the region around the late 16th century due to spice trade. In the end, the Dutch Empire emerged ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mazar-e Sharif
Mazar-i-Sharīf ( ; Dari and ), also known as Mazar-e Sharīf or simply Mazar, is the List of cities in Afghanistan, fifth-largest city in Afghanistan by population, with the estimates varying from 500,000-680,000. It is the capital of Balkh province and is linked by highways with Kunduz in the east, Kabul in the southeast, Herat in the southwest and Termez, Uzbekistan in the north. It is about from the Uzbek border. The city is also a tourist attraction because of its famous shrines as well as the Islamic architecture, Islamic and Hellenistic period, Hellenistic archeological sites. The ancient city of Balkh is also nearby. The region around Mazar-i-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirid dynasty, Tahirids followed by the Saffarid dynasty, Saffarids, Samanid Empire, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurid dynasty, Ghurids, Ilkhanids, Timurid dynasty, Timurids, and Khanate of Bukhara until 1751 when it became part of the Durrani Empire (althou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hazaras
The Hazaras (; ) are an ethnic group and a principal component of Afghanistan’s population. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras also form significant minority communities in Pakistan, mainly in Quetta, and in Iran, primarily in Mashhad. They speak Dari and Hazaragi, dialects of Persian languages, Persian. Dari, also known as Dari Persian, is the Languages of Afghanistan, official language of Afghanistan. The Hazaras are one of the most Persecution of Hazaras, persecuted groups in Afghanistan. Between Hazara genocide, 1888 and 1893, more than half of the Hazara population was List of massacres against Hazaras, massacred under the Emirate of Afghanistan, and they have faced Persecution of Hazaras, persecution at various times over the past decades. Widespread ethnic discrimination, religious persecution, organized attacks by terrorist groups, harassment, and arbitrary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torres Strait Islanders
Torres Strait Islanders ( ) are the Indigenous Melanesians, Melanesian people of the Torres Strait Islands, which are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians. Today, many more Torres Strait Islander people live in mainland Australia than on the Islands. Five distinct peoples exist within the broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir comprise the two main Indigenous language groups; Torres Strait Creole is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is Indigenous people of New Guinea, Papuan, and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. The Torres Islanders exhibit a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking, and mask-making. Demographics Of the 133 islands ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maluku Islands
The Maluku Islands ( ; , ) or the Moluccas ( ; ) are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia. Tectonics, Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located in West Melanesia. Lying within Wallacea (mostly east of the biogeography, biogeographical Max Carl Wilhelm Weber, Weber Line), the Moluccas have been considered a geographical and cultural intersection of Asia and Oceania. The islands were known as the Spice Islands because of the nutmeg, Nutmeg#Mace, mace, and cloves that were exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked European colonial interests in the 16th century. The Maluku Islands formed a single Provinces of Indonesia, province from Indonesian independence until 1999, when they were split into two provinces. A new province, North Maluku, incorporates the area between Morotai and Sula Islands Regency, Sula, with the arc of islands from Buru and Seram Island, Seram to Wetar rem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trobriand Islands
The Trobriand Islands are a archipelago of coral atolls off the east coast of New Guinea. They are part of the nation of Papua New Guinea and are in Milne Bay Province. Most of the population of 60,000 (2016) indigenous inhabitants live on the main island of Kiriwina, which is also the location of the government station, Losuia. Other major islands in the group are Kaileuna, Vakuta, and Kitava. The group is considered to be an important tropical rainforest ecoregion in need of conservation. Geography The Trobriands consist of four main islands: Kiriwina—the largest—and Kaileuna, Vakuta, and Kitava. Kiriwina is long, and varies in width from . In the 1980s, there were around 60 villages on the island, containing around 12,000 people, while the other islands were restricted to a population of hundreds. Other than some elevation on Kiriwina, the islands are flat coral atolls and "remain hot and humid throughout the year, with frequent rainfall." People History The fir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tolai People
The Tolai are the indigenous people of the Gazelle Peninsula and the Duke of York Islands of East New Britain in the New Guinea Islands region of Papua New Guinea. They are ethnically close kin to the peoples of adjacent New Ireland and tribes like the Tanga people and are thought to have migrated to the Gazelle Peninsula in relatively recent times, displacing the Baining people who were driven westwards. The majority of Tolais speak Kuanua as their first language (~100,000). Two other languages are spoken as first languages: Lungalunga and Bilur, each with approximately 2,000 speakers. The Tolais almost universally define themselves as Christian and are predominantly Roman Catholic and United Church. Christianity was introduced to the island when Methodist ministers and teachers from Fiji Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Korowai People
The Korowai, also called the Kolufo, live in southeastern Papua in the Indonesian provinces of South Papua and Highland Papua. Their tribal area is split by the borders of Boven Digoel Regency, Mappi Regency, Asmat Regency, Pegunungan Bintang Regency, and Yahukimo Regency. They number about 4000 to 4400 people. Etymology The Korowai call themselves ''Klufo-fyumanop'' or ''Kolufo-yanop'', from the word ''Kolufo'' (variation: ''Klufwo, Klufo, Karufo''), meaning "people", and ''fyumanop'' meaning "walking on leg bone", to distinguish themselves from the Citak and the Auyu that use boats to travel. Language The Korowai language belongs to the Awyu–Dumut family (southeastern Papua) and is part of the Trans–New Guinea phylum. A dictionary and grammar book have been produced by a Dutch missionary linguist. Living The majority of the Korowai clans live in tree houses on their isolated forested territory. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
