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Haplogroup GHIJK
Haplogroup GHIJK, defined by the SNPs M3658, F1329, PF2622, and YSC0001299,ISOGG, 2015, ''Y-DNA Haplogroup F and its Subclades - 2015'' (8 September 2015). is a common . This macrohaplogroup and its s contain the vast majority of the world's existing male population. Phylogeny GHIJK is the major of[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Before Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used for the same calendar era. The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: " CE" and "AD " each describe the current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are the same year. The expression can be traced back to 1615, when it first appears in a book by Johannes Kepler as the (), and to 1635 in English as " Vulgar Era". The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708, and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars. Since the late 20th century, BCE and CE have become popular in academic and scientific publications on the grounds that BCE and CE are religiously neutral terms. They have been promoted as more sensitive to non-Christians ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup IJK (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup IJK is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. IJK is a primary branch of the macrohaplogroup HIJK. Its direct descendants are haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K. Distribution and structure IJK has not been reported in modern populations or in ancient human remains. Previously basal paragroup HIJK* was reported in a Mesolithic European ( Magdalenian), GoyetQ-2, and Upper Paleolithic European (Gravettian), Vestonice16. Later study in 2023 with high quality sequencing of Magdalenian, GoyetQ-2, Gravettian, Vestonice16 were assigned with Haplogroup I. Populations with high proportions of males who belong to descendant major haplogroups of Haplogroup HIJK live across widely dispersed areas and populations. Subclades of IJK are now concentrated in males native to: *Europe (e. g. haplogroups I, J, R and N); *the Caucasus, Near East and North East Africa (e.g. haplogroups J and T); *South Asia (e.g. haplogroups J, L and R); *East Asia，Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Pacific ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Era
The modern era or the modern period is considered the current historical period of human history. It was originally applied to the history of Europe and Western history for events that came after the Middle Ages, often from around the year 1500, like the Reformation in Germany giving rise to Protestantism. Since the 1990s, it has been more common among historians to refer to the period after the Middle Ages and up to the 19th century as the early modern period. The modern period is today more often used for events from the 19th century until today. The time from the end of World War II (1945) can also be described as being part of contemporary history. The common definition of the modern period today is often associated with events like the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the transition from nationalism toward the liberal international order. The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of science, politics, warfare, and techn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as ''M184''. T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare. T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia, and spread from there into East Africa, South Asia, Europe, Egypt and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB) which originated in West Asia. Subclades of T-M70 appear to have been present in Europe since the Neolithic with Neolithic Farmers from Western Asia. The moderately high frequency (~18%) of T1b* chromosomes in the Lemba of southern Africa supports the hypothesis of a West Asian origin for their paternal line. Structure ;Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184). *T1 (L206) **T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662) ***T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup S also known as S-B254 is a human human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by the Single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNPs B254 and Z33355.International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2017), ''Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015'' (24 March 2017). Until 2016, it was known as Haplogroup S1. S-M254 is the most common haplogroup among males in the New Guinea Highlands, Papua New Guinea Highlands. It is also relatively common in some parts of Oceania, Wallacea and among indigenous Australians. In a major correction to the phylogenetic tree during 2016, Haplogroup S-M230 was "demoted" from the position of basal (phylogenetics), basal clade S*, becoming S1a1b, while S-B254 was "promoted" in its place to the level of S*. It has two primary sub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread among modern populations. Some descendant subclades have been found since pre-history in Europe, Central Asia and South Asia. Others have long been present, at lower levels, in parts of West Asia and Africa. Some authorities have also suggested, more controversially, that R-M207 has long been present among Native Americans in North America – a theory that has not yet been widely accepted. According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan." However, Karafet et al. (2014) proposed that "rapid diversification ... of K-M526", also known as K2, likely occurred in Southeast Asia (near Indonesia) and later expanded to mainland Asia, although they could not rule out that it might have arisen in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has two primary subclades: Q1/Q-L472 (also known as Q-MEH2) and Q2/Q-L275). These include numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations. Q is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Native Americans, Swati tribe and several peoples of Central Asia and Northern Siberia. Defining mutations The polymorphism M242, is a C→T transition residing in intron 1 (IVS-866) of the DBY gene and was discovered by Mark Seielstad et al. in 2003. The technical details of M242 are: :Nucleotide change: C to T :Position (base pair): 180 :Total size (base pairs): 366 :Forward 5′→ 3′: :Reverse 5′→ 3′: Other defining SNPs unique to Q-M242 include: FGC1752, F2603/M1020, L232/S432, M1115, Y2000/FGC1757, FGC6793, Y1984/FGC1753, Y1987/FGC1754/F6492, FGC7650(H), E337/L808/CTS3727/M1105, M1047(H), M1074, M1154, M1166, Y1972/FGC4603/F7839(H), Y2002/FGC1756/F6477(H), CTS7532/M1133, F30 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526). The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia. The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians. P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207). The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians, North Africans, and Central Asians. Origin and dispersal Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P and its ancestr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Iran, Oceania, Madagascar and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214. The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from East and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, the Japanese Archipelago, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan, Tibet, Burma, Northeast India, and Nepal), Manchu, Mongols (especially those who are citizens of the PRC), Koreans, Vietnamese, Fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231. It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. It also has been observed at lower frequencies in populations native to other regions, including parts of the Balkans, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. However, the basal paragroup N* has only been found in populations indigenous to China and Cambodia. Subclades of N-M231 have been found at low levels in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, Southwest Asia and the Balkans. These factors tend to suggest that it originated in East Asia or Southeast Asia. Origins Haplogroup NO-M214 – its most recent common ancestor with its sibling, haplogroup O-M175 – is estimated to have existed about 36,800–44,700 years ago.YFull Haplogroup YTree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup M, AKA M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA), Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago. M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua (region), West Papua and western Papua New Guinea. In addition, M-P256 is also found in neighboring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and indigenous Australians. Phylogenetic structure This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by Y Chromosome Consortium, YCC in 2008 and ISOGG in 2016. * M* (P256) ** M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35) *** M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5) **** M1a1 (P51) **** M1a2 (P94) *** M1b (P87) **** M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) ***** M1b1a (M16) ***** M1b1b (M83) ** M2 (M353, M387) *** M2a (M177/SRY9138) ** M3 (P117, P118) Dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT, haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a, and is a sibling of haplogroup T (a.k.a. K1b). The presence of L-M20 has been observed at varying levels throughout South Asia, peaking in populations native to the southern Pakistani province of Balochistan (28%), Northern Afghanistan (25%), and Southern India (19%). The clade also occurs in Tajikistan and Anatolia, as well as at lower frequencies in Iran. It has also been present for millennia at very low levels in the Caucasus, Europe and Central Asia. The subclade L2 (L-L595) has been found in Europe and Western Asia, but is extremely rare. Phylogenetic tree There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup L-M20. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one publishe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
