Diazo Synthesis
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In
organic chemistry Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the science, scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic matter, organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain ...
, the diazo group is an organic
moiety Moiety may refer to: __NOTOC__ Anthropology * Moiety (kinship), either of two groups into which a society is divided ** A division of society in the Iroquois societal structure in North America ** An Australian Aboriginal kinship group ** Native Ha ...
consisting of two linked
nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a Nonmetal (chemistry), nonmetal and the lightest member of pnictogen, group 15 of the periodic table, often called the Pnictogen, pnictogens. ...
atoms at the terminal position. Overall charge-neutral
organic compound Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-co ...
s containing the diazo group bound to a
carbon Carbon () is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalence, tetravalent—meaning that its atoms are able to form up to four covalent bonds due to its valence shell exhibiting 4 ...
atom are called diazo compounds or diazoalkanes and are described by the general
structural formula The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure (determined by structural chemistry methods), showing how the atoms are connected to one another. The chemical bonding within the molecule is al ...
. The simplest example of a diazo compound is
diazomethane Diazomethane is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH2N2, discovered by German chemist Hans von Pechmann in 1894. It is the simplest diazo compound. In the pure form at room temperature, it is an extremely sensitive explosive yellow ga ...
, . Diazo compounds () should not be confused with
azo compound Azo compounds are organic compounds bearing the functional group diazenyl (, in which R and R′ can be either aryl or alkyl groups). IUPAC defines azo compounds as: "Derivatives of diazene (diimide), , wherein both hydrogens are substituted ...
s () or with
diazonium compound Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group where R can be any organic group, such as an alkyl or an aryl, and X is an inorganic or organic anion, such as a halide. The parent, compou ...
s ().


Structure

The
electronic structure Quantum chemistry, also called molecular quantum mechanics, is a branch of physical chemistry focused on the application of quantum mechanics to chemical systems, particularly towards the quantum-mechanical calculation of electronic contributions ...
of diazo compounds is characterized by π electron density delocalized over the α-carbon and two nitrogen atoms, along with an orthogonal π system with electron density delocalized over only the terminal nitrogen atoms. Because all
octet rule The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas. The ru ...
-satisfying resonance forms of diazo compounds have formal charges, they are members of a class of compounds known as
1,3-dipole In organic chemistry, a 1,3-dipolar compound or 1,3-dipole is a dipolar compound with delocalized electrons and a separation of charge over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. The dipole has at least one resonance st ...
s. Some of the most stable diazo compounds are α-diazo-β-diketones and α-diazo-β-diesters, in which the electron density is further delocalized into an electron-withdrawing carbonyl group. In contrast, most diazoalkanes without electron-withdrawing substituents, including diazomethane itself, are explosive. A commercially relevant diazo compound is
ethyl diazoacetate Ethyl diazoacetate (N=N=CHC(O)OC2H5) is a diazo compound and a reagent in organic chemistry. It was discovered by Theodor Curtius in 1883. The compound can be prepared by reaction of the ethyl ester of glycine with sodium nitrite and sodium aceta ...
(N2CHCOOEt). A group of isomeric compounds with only few similar properties are the
diazirine In organic chemistry, a diazirine is an organic molecule consisting of a carbon bound to two nitrogen atoms, which are double-bonded to each other, forming a cyclopropene-like ring, 3''H''-diazirine (). Diazirines are isomeric with diazocarbon ...
s, where the carbon and two nitrogens are linked as a ring. Four
resonance structures In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or ''forms'', also variously known as ''resonance structures'' or '' ...
can be drawn: : Compounds with the diazo moiety should be distinguished from ''
diazonium Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group where R can be any organic group, such as an alkyl or an aryl, and X is an inorganic or organic anion, such as a halide. The parent, compou ...
'' compounds, which have the same terminal azo group but bear an overall positive charge, and ''azo'' compounds in which the azo group bridges two organic substituents.


History

Diazo compounds were first produced by
Peter Griess Johann Peter Griess (6 September 1829 – 30 August 1888) was an industrial chemist and an early pioneer of organic chemistry. Griess was influential in the formation of modern dyes, first formulating the diazotization reaction of arylamines. Lif ...
who had discovered a versatile new chemical reaction, as detailed in his 1858 paper "Preliminary notice on the influence of nitrous acid on aminonitro- and aminodinitrophenol."


Synthesis

Several methods exist for the preparation of diazo compounds.


From amines or nitrosamines

Alkyl-acyl
nitrosamine Nitrosamines (or more formally ''N''-nitrosamines) are organic compounds produced by industrial processes. The chemical structure is , where R is usually an alkyl group. Nitrosamines have a nitroso group () that are "probable human carcinogens", ...
s in base
dehydrate In physiology, dehydration is a lack of total body water that disrupts Metabolism, metabolic processes. It occurs when free water loss exceeds intake, often resulting from excessive sweating, health conditions, or inadequate consumption of wate ...
to diazo compounds: Examples are the laboratory synthesis of diazomethane from
diazald Diazald (''N''-methyl-''N''-nitroso-''p''-toluenesulfonamide) is used as a relatively safe and easily handled precursor to diazomethane, which is toxic and unstable. Diazald has become the favored commercially available precursor for the synthesis ...
or MNNG. In some cases, the nitrosamine can be produced ''in situ'' without base. Primary aliphatic
amine In chemistry, amines (, ) are organic compounds that contain carbon-nitrogen bonds. Amines are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. The nitrogen atom in an amine possesses a lone pair of elec ...
s R-CH2-NH2 with an α acceptor (R = COOR, CN, CHO, COR) in
nitrous acid Nitrous acid (molecular formula ) is a weak and monoprotic acid known only in solution, in the gas phase, and in the form of nitrite () salts. It was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it " phlogisticated acid of niter". Nitrous ac ...
directly generate a diazo compound.


From hydrazones

Hydrazone Hydrazones are a class of organic compounds with the structure . They are related to ketones and aldehydes by the replacement of the oxygen =O with the = functional group. They are formed usually by the action of hydrazine on ketones or aldehydes. ...
s are
oxidized Redox ( , , reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is ...
(
dehydrogenation In chemistry, dehydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen, usually from an organic molecule. It is the reverse of hydrogenation. Dehydrogenation is important, both as a useful reaction and a serious problem. At ...
) for example with
silver oxide Silver oxide is the chemical compound with the formula Ag2 O. It is a fine black or dark brown powder that is used to prepare other silver compounds. Preparation Silver oxide can be prepared by combining aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and ...
or mercury oxide for example the synthesis of from
acetone hydrazone Acetone hydrazone (isopropylidenehydrazine) is the product of condensation reaction, condensation of acetone and hydrazine, as typical for hydrazone formation. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of . : Acetone hydrazone can be produced on lar ...
. Other oxidizing reagents are
lead tetraacetate Lead(IV) acetate or lead tetraacetate is an metalorganic compound with chemical formula , often abbreviated as , where Ac is acyl. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in nonpolar, organic solvents, indicating that it is not a salt. It is de ...
,
manganese dioxide Manganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula . This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for is for dry-cel ...
and the
Swern reagent In organic chemistry, the Swern oxidation also known as Moffatt-Swern, named after Daniel Swern, is a chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol () is redox, oxidized to an aldehyde () or ketone () using oxalyl ...
. Tosyl hydrazones RRC=N-NHTs are reacted with base for example
triethylamine Triethylamine is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N. Like triethanolamine and the tetraethylammonium ion, it is often abbreviated TEA. It is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor remini ...
in the synthesis of crotyl diazoacetate and in the synthesis of phenyldiazomethane from PhCHNHTs and
sodium methoxide Sodium methoxide is the simplest sodium alkoxide. With the formula , it is a white solid, which is formed by the deprotonation of methanol. It is a widely used reagent in industry and the laboratory. It is also a dangerously caustic base. ...
. Reaction of a
carbonyl In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula , composed of a carbon atom double bond, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such a ...
group with the
hydrazine Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colourless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odour. Hydrazine is highly hazardous unless handled in solution as, for example, hydraz ...
1,2-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)hydrazine to form the hydrazone is followed by reaction with the
iodane Unlike its lighter congeners, the halogen iodine forms a number of stable organic compounds, in which iodine exhibits higher formal oxidation states than −1 or coordination number exceeding 1. These are the hypervalent organoiodines, often cal ...
difluoroiodobenzene yields the diazo compound: :


From diazomethyl compounds

An example of an
electrophilic substitution Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a functional group in a compound, which is typically, but not always, aromatic. Aromatic substitution reactions are characteristic of aromatic compounds ...
using a diazomethyl compound is that of a reaction between an
acyl halide An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid by replacing a hydroxyl group () with a halide group (, where X is a halogen). In organic chemistry, the term typically refers to acyl halides of carbox ...
and
diazomethane Diazomethane is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH2N2, discovered by German chemist Hans von Pechmann in 1894. It is the simplest diazo compound. In the pure form at room temperature, it is an extremely sensitive explosive yellow ga ...
, for example the first step in the Arndt-Eistert synthesis.


By diazo transfer

In diazo transfer, sometimes called Regitz diazo transfer, certain carbon acids react with sulfonyl azides and a weak base like
triethylamine Triethylamine is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N. Like triethanolamine and the tetraethylammonium ion, it is often abbreviated TEA. It is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor remini ...
or
DBU DBU may refer to: Universities * Dallas Baptist University, Dallas, Texas, U.S. * Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India * Duluth Business University, Duluth, Minnesota, U.S. Other uses * 1,8-Diazabicyclo .4.0ndec-7-ene, an org ...
, with corresponding
sulfonamide In organic chemistry, the sulfonamide functional group (also spelled sulphonamide) is an organosulfur group with the Chemical structure, structure . It consists of a sulfonyl group () connected to an amine group (). Relatively speaking this gro ...
byproduct. The mechanism involves
enolate In organic chemistry, enolates are organic anions derived from the deprotonation of carbonyl () compounds. Rarely isolated, they are widely used as reagents in the Organic synthesis, synthesis of organic compounds. Bonding and structure Enolate ...
attack at the terminal nitrogen, proton transfer, and sulfonamide anion expulsion. Historically, Regitz transferred from
tosyl azide Tosyl azide is a reagent used in organic synthesis. Uses Tosyl azide is used for the introduction of azide and diazo functional groups. It is also used as a nitrene source and as a substrate for +2cycloaddition reactions. Preparation Tosyl az ...
, but modern transfer uses reagents that are less explosive or more easily separated from the reaction products. These include imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide, , and methanesulfonyl azide. β-Carbonyl aldehydes undergo a deformylative variant to give primary diazo compounds stabilized by only the
ketone In organic chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure , where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest ketone is acetone ( ...
. Simple examples synthesize tert-butyl diazoacetate, diazomalonate, or methyl phenyldiazoacetate (from methyl phenylacetate). In a more complicated example,
phenacyl bromide Phenacyl bromide is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)CH2Br. This colourless solid is a powerful lachrymator as well as a useful precursor to other organic compounds. It is prepared by bromination of acetophenone Acetophenone is th ...
reacts with
trimethylphosphite Trimethyl phosphite is an organophosphorus compound with the formula P(OCH3)3, often abbreviated P(OMe)3. It is a colorless liquid with a highly pungent odor. It is the simplest phosphite ester and finds used as a ligand in organometallic chemi ...
and then
sodium hydride Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula Na H. This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong yet combustible base in organic synthesis. NaH is a saline (salt-like) hydride, composed of Na+ and H− ions, in co ...
and methanesulfonyl azide to give a diazo product that converts
aldehydes In organic chemistry, an aldehyde () (lat. ''al''cohol ''dehyd''rogenatum, dehydrogenated alcohol) is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure . The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred ...
into
alkynes \ce \ce Acetylene \ce \ce \ce Propyne \ce \ce \ce \ce 1-Butyne In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no ...
. This method resembles the Ohira-Bestmann reagent but is significantly more expensive.


From azides

One method is described for the synthesis of diazo compounds from
azide In chemistry, azide (, ) is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula and structure . It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid . Organic azides are organic compounds with the formula , containing the azide functional group. The dominant ...
s using
phosphines Organophosphines are organophosphorus compounds with the formula PR''n''H3−''n'', where R is an organic substituent. These compounds can be classified according to the value of ''n'': primary phosphines (''n'' = 1), secondary phosphine ...
: :


Reactions


In cycloadditions

Diazo compounds react as 1,3-dipoles in
diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition The Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (an organic reaction) between a 1,3-dipole diazo compound (notably diazomethane) and a dipolarophile. When the dipolarphile is an alkene, the reaction product is a pyrazolin ...
s.


As carbene precursors

Diazo compounds are used as precursors to
carbene In organic chemistry, a carbene is a molecule containing a neutral carbon atom with a Valence (chemistry), valence of two and two unshared valence electrons. The general formula is or where the R represents substituents or hydrogen atoms. Th ...
s, which are generated by
thermolysis Thermal decomposition, or thermolysis, is a chemical decomposition of a substance caused by heat. The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance chemically decomposes. The reaction is usually endothermic ...
or
photolysis Photodissociation, photolysis, photodecomposition, or photofragmentation is a chemical reaction in which molecules of a chemical compound are broken down by absorption of light or photons. It is defined as the interaction of one or more photons wi ...
, for example in the Wolff rearrangement. (In this regard, they resemble diazirenes.) As such they are used in
cyclopropanation In organic chemistry, cyclopropanation refers to any chemical process which generates cyclopropane () Ring (chemistry), rings. It is an important process in modern chemistry as many useful compounds bear this motif; for example pyrethroid insectic ...
for example in the reaction of
ethyl diazoacetate Ethyl diazoacetate (N=N=CHC(O)OC2H5) is a diazo compound and a reagent in organic chemistry. It was discovered by Theodor Curtius in 1883. The compound can be prepared by reaction of the ethyl ester of glycine with sodium nitrite and sodium aceta ...
with
styrene Styrene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2. Its structure consists of a vinyl group as substituent on benzene. Styrene is a colorless, oily liquid, although aged samples can appear yellowish. The compound evaporates easi ...
. Certain diazo compounds can couple to form
alkene In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond. The double bond may be internal or at the terminal position. Terminal alkenes are also known as Alpha-olefin, α-olefins. The Internationa ...
s in a formal carbene dimerization reaction. Diazo compounds are intermediates in the Bamford–Stevens reaction of
tosylhydrazone A tosylhydrazone in organic chemistry is a functional group with the general structure RR'C=N-NH-Ts where Ts is a tosyl group. Organic compounds having this functional group can be accessed by reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with tosylhydrazine. ...
s to alkenes, again with a carbene intermediate: : In the
Doyle–Kirmse reaction The Doyle–Kirmse reaction is an organic reaction in which a metal carbene reacts with an allyl compound with transposition of the alkene and transfer of the electronegative group from the allyl onto the carbene carbon. As originally developed, ...
, certain diazo compounds react with allyl sulfides to the homoallyl sulfide. Intramolecular reactions of diazocarbonyl compounds provide access to cyclopropanes. In the Buchner ring expansion, diazo compounds react with aromatic rings with ring-expansion.


As nucleophile

The Buchner-Curtius-Schlotterbeck reaction yields ketones from aldehydes and aliphatic diazo compounds: : The reaction type is
nucleophilic addition In organic chemistry, a nucleophilic addition (AN) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electrophilic double or triple bond reacts with a nucleophile, such that the double or triple bond is broken. Nucleophilic addit ...
.


Occurrence in nature

Several families of naturally occurring products feature the diazo group. The kinamycins and lomaiviticin are DNA intercalating molecules, with the diazo functionality as their "warheads". In the presence of a
reducing agent In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an (called the , , , or ). Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include hydrogen, carbon ...
, loss of N2 occurs to generate a DNA-cleaving fluorenyl radical. One
biochemical Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, ...
process for diazo formation is the L-aspartate-nitro-succinate (ANS) pathway. It involves a sequence of enzyme-mediated redox reactions to generate
nitrite The nitrite polyatomic ion, ion has the chemical formula . Nitrite (mostly sodium nitrite) is widely used throughout chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The nitrite anion is a pervasive intermediate in the nitrogen cycle in nature. The name ...
by way of a nitrosuccinic acid intermediate. This pathway appears to be active in several different ''
Streptomyces ''Streptomyces'', from στρεπτός (''streptós''), meaning "twisted", and μύκης (''múkés''), meaning "fungus", is the largest genus of Actinomycetota, and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 700 species of ''St ...
'' species, and homologous genes appear widespread in
actinobacteria The Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high GC content. They can be terrestrial or aquatic. They are of great importance to land flora because of their contributions to soil systems. In soil t ...
.


See also

*
Reprography Reprography (a portmanteau of ''reproduction'' and ''photography'') is the reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means, such as photography or xerography. Reprography is commonly used in catalogs and archives, as well as in t ...
*
Whiteprint Whiteprint describes a document reproduction produced by using the diazo chemical process. It is also known as the blue-line process since the result is blue lines on a white background. It is a contact printing process that accurately reproduce ...


Notes


References

{{Authority control Functional groups