The Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis is a bi-lingual

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

and

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

manuscript of the

New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...

written in an

uncial Uncial is a majuscule script (written entirely in capital letters) commonly used from the 4th to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters were used to write Greek and Latin, as well as Gothic, and are the current style for ...

hand on

parchment Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared Tanning (leather), untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves and goats. It has been used as a writing medium in West Asia and Europe for more than two millennia. By AD 400 ...

. It is designated by the

siglum Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mecha ...

D or 05 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and δ 5 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. It contains most of the four

Gospel Gospel originally meant the Christianity, Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the second century Anno domino, AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message w ...

s and

Acts The Acts of the Apostles (, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; ) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire. Acts and the Gospel of Luke make up a two-par ...

, with a small fragment of

3 John The Third Epistle of John is the third-to-last book of the New Testament and the Christian Bible as a whole, and attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two epistles of John ...

. Using the study of comparative writing styles (

palaeography Palaeography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, UK) or paleography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, US) (ultimately from , , 'old', and , , 'to write') is the study and academic disciplin ...

), it is currently dated to the 5th century. Codex Bezae is renowned for having a distinctive text of the four Gospels and Acts, and is a leading member of the "Western" recension. The manuscript has been studied extensively. A digital facsimile of the codex is available from

Cambridge University Library Cambridge University Library is the main research library of the University of Cambridge. It is the largest of over 100 libraries Libraries of the University of Cambridge, within the university. The library is a major scholarly resource for me ...

, which holds the manuscript.

Description

The manuscript is a

codex The codex (: codices ) was the historical ancestor format of the modern book. Technically, the vast majority of modern books use the codex format of a stack of pages bound at one edge, along the side of the text. But the term ''codex'' is now r ...

(the precursor to the modern

book A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, ...

), containing the text of the four

Gospels Gospel originally meant the Christian message (" the gospel"), but in the second century AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported. In this sen ...

and

written on 406 extant parchment leaves, from perhaps an original 534 (sized 26 x 21.5 cm). The text is written in one column per page, with the Greek text on the left face and the Latin text on the right. The text is written colometrically and is full of

hiatus Hiatus may refer to: * Hiatus (anatomy), a natural fissure in a structure * Hiatus (stratigraphy), a discontinuity in the age of strata in stratigraphy *''Hiatus'', a genus of picture-winged flies with sole member species '' Hiatus fulvipes'' * G ...

. The first three lines of each book are in red letters, with black and red ink alternating the title of books. As many as eleven correctors (designated as G, A, C, B, D, E, H, F, J, L, K) have amended the text of the manuscript between the sixth and twelfth centuries. The Greek text of the codex has some copying errors, e.g., errors of metathesis (the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word), such as seen in , where (''egeneto'') was changed into (''enegeto''); and in , where (''hypelaben'') transforms into (''hypebalen''). The manuscript employs the following

nomina sacra In Christian scribal practice, (singular: , Latin for 'sacred name') is the abbreviation of several frequently occurring divine names or titles, especially in Greek manuscripts of the Bible. A consists of two or more letters from the original w ...

(sacred names/words considered sacred in

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...

); the ones cited here are only

nominative case In grammar, the nominative case ( abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants ...

(subject case) examples: ( / ''Iēsous'' / ''

Jesus Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the Jesus in Chris ...

''), ( / ''Christos'' / ''

Christ Jesus ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the Jesus in Christianity, central figure of Christianity, the M ...

''), ( / ''patēr'' / ''

Father A father is the male parent of a child. Besides the paternal bonds of a father to his children, the father may have a parental, legal, and social relationship with the child that carries with it certain rights and obligations. A biological fat ...

''), ( / ''staurōthē'' / '' ewas

crucified Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. It was used as a punishment by the Achaemenid Empire, Persians, Carthaginians, ...

''). Other words which usually feature among the

are written out in full: (''mēter'' / ''

Mother A mother is the female parent of a child. A woman may be considered a mother by virtue of having given birth, by raising a child who may or may not be her biological offspring, or by supplying her ovum for fertilisation in the case of ges ...

''), υιος (''huios'' / ''

Son A son is a male offspring; a boy or a man in relation to his parents. The female counterpart is a daughter. From a biological perspective, a son constitutes a first degree relative. Social issues In pre-industrial societies and some current ...

''), σωτηρ (''sōter'' / ''

savior Savior or saviour may refer to: *A person who helps people achieve salvation, or saves them from something Religion * Mahdi, the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for seven, nine or nineteen years * Maitreya * Messiah, a saviour or li ...

''), ανθρωπος (''anthrōpos'' / ''man''), ουρανος (''ouranos'' / ''sky''), Δαυιδ (''

David David (; , "beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Dam ...

''), Ισραηλ (''

Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...

''), and (''Iērousalēm'' 'Jerusalem').

Codex contents

The

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...

presents the gospels in the so-called Western order of

Matthew Matthew may refer to: * Matthew (given name) * Matthew (surname) * ''Matthew'' (album), a 2000 album by rapper Kool Keith * Matthew (elm cultivar), a cultivar of the Chinese Elm ''Ulmus parvifolia'' Christianity * Matthew the Apostle, one of ...

John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second E ...

Luke Luke may refer to: People and fictional characters * Luke (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name * Luke (surname), including a list of people with the name * Luke the Evangelist, author of the Gospel of Luk ...

and

Mark Mark may refer to: In the Bible * Mark the Evangelist (5–68), traditionally ascribed author of the Gospel of Mark * Gospel of Mark, one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels Currencies * Mark (currency), a currenc ...

, of which only Luke is complete; after some missing pages the manuscript picks up with the

Third Epistle of John The Third Epistle of John is the third-to-last book of the New Testament and the Christian Bible as a whole, and attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two epistles of John ...

(in Latin) and contains part of

. ; Missing sections: : Matthew 1:1–20, 6:20–9:2, 27:2–12; John 1:16–3:26; Acts 8:29–10:14, 21:2–10, 21:16–18, 22:10–20, 22:29–end ; Omitted verses: : Matthew ; ; ; ; ; ; : Mark : Luke ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; : John ; Supplementations (by a later hand): : Matthew 3:7–16; Mark 16:15–20; John 18:14–20:13

Text type

The Greek text is unique, with many interpolations found in no other manuscript. It has several remarkable omissions, and a capricious tendency to rephrase sentences. Aside from this one Greek manuscript, the type of text is found in

Old Latin Old Latin, also known as Early, Archaic or Priscan Latin (Classical ), was the Latin language in the period roughly before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. A member of the Italic languages, it descends from a common Proto-Italic ...

(pre-

Vulgate The Vulgate () is a late-4th-century Bible translations into Latin, Latin translation of the Bible. It is largely the work of Saint Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels used by the Diocese of ...

) versions — as seen in the Latin here — and in Syriac, and Armenian versions. ''Bezae'' is the principal Greek representative of the

Western text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac translations from the Greek, and also in quotations from ...

. There is no consensus on the many problems the Greek text presents. Since the Latin text occasionally agrees with Codices Bobiensis and Vercellensis against all others, it "preserves an ancient form of the Old Latin", and is a witness to a text which was current no later than 250 CE. Issues of conformity have dogged the usage of the codex in biblical scholarship. "In general the Greek text is treated as an unreliable witness," but it is "an important corroborating witness wherever it agrees with other early manuscripts." Some of the outstanding features: Matthew 16:2b–3 is present and not marked as doubtful or spurious. One of the longer endings of Mark is given. Luke 22:43f and

Pericope Adulterae Jesus and the woman taken in adultery (or the ) is a passage (pericope) found in John 7:53–John 8#Pericope adulterae, 8:11 of the New Testament. It is considered by many to be Pseudepigrapha, pseudepigraphical. In the passage, Jesus was t ...

are present and not marked as spurious or doubtful. John 5:4 is omitted, and the text of Acts is nearly 8% longer than the generally received text. It also includes a story of a man working on the Sabbath placed after Luke 6:4 which is not found in any other manuscript. Acts in Codex Bezae differs quite considerably from other manuscripts, which some argue possibly represents an earlier version directly from Luke.

Notable readings

Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis contains some extraordinary readings. Below is a selection of some of the more notable or unsupported readings, with text and translation. {{show , head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: left; , content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; , 1 = {{big, Gospel of Matthew , 2 = {{bibleref2, Matthew, 1:22, NASB
:{{lang, grc, διὰ Ησαιου τοῦ προφήτου (''through Isaiah the prophet'') : D it{{sup, mss vg{{sup, mss syr{{sup, s,( c),h,pal sa{{sup, ms arm

Diatessaron The ''Diatessaron'' (; c. 160–175 AD) is the most prominent early gospel harmony. It was created in the Syriac language by Tatian, an Assyrian early Christian apologist and ascetic. Tatian sought to combine all the textual material he fou ...

{{sup, syr

Irenaeus Irenaeus ( or ; ; ) was a Greeks, Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christianity, Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the development of Christian theology by oppos ...

{{sup, lat :{{lang, grc, διὰ τοῦ προφήτου (''through the prophet'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 2:17, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ὑπὸ κυριου διὰ Ἰερεμίου (''by the LORD through Jeremiah'') : D it{{sup,

aur AUR, or aur, may refer to: * Acute urinary retention * African Union of Railways * Alliance for Romanian Unity, a political alliance in the 1990s * Alliance for the Union of Romanians, a nationalist political party * American University of Rome * ...

:{{lang, grc, διὰ Ἰερεμίου (''through Jeremiah'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B C ''al'' :{{lang, grc, ὑπὸ Ἰερεμίου (''by Jeremiah'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 3:16, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καταβαίνοντα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὡς περιστερὰν (''descending out of heaven like a dove'') : D it vg{{sup, mss syr{{sup, h :{{lang, grc, καταβαῖνον ὡσεὶ περιστερὰν (''descending like a dove'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 4:4, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος (''proceeds out through the mouth'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a, b, g{{sup, 1 ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 5:4–5, NASB
: Matt 5:5, 4: D 17. 33. 130. lat syr{{sup, c

Clement Clement or Clément may refer to: People * Clement (name), a given name and surname * Saint Clement (disambiguation)#People Places * Clément, French Guiana, a town * Clement, Missouri, U.S. * Clement Township, Michigan, U.S. * Clement's P ...

Origen Origen of Alexandria (), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an Early Christianity, early Christian scholar, Asceticism#Christianity, ascetic, and Christian theology, theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Early cent ...

Eusebius Eusebius of Caesarea (30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius, was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist from the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima. ...

: Matt 5:4,5 : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 5:11, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ψευδόμενοι (''falsely'') ::Omit. : D b c d g{{sup, 1 h k syr{{sup, s

Tertullian Tertullian (; ; 155 – 220 AD) was a prolific Early Christianity, early Christian author from Roman Carthage, Carthage in the Africa (Roman province), Roman province of Africa. He was the first Christian author to produce an extensive co ...

Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings deeply influenced the development of Western philosop ...

::Incl. : Majority Byz :{{lang, grc, ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης (''for the sake of righteousness'') : D it{{sup, mss :{{lang, grc, ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ (''for my sake'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 5:19, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ὃς δʼ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν (''but whoever will do

hem A hem in sewing is a garment finishing method, where the edge of a piece of cloth is folded and sewn to prevent unravelling of the fabric and to adjust the length of the piece in garments, such as at the end of the sleeve or the bottom of the ga ...

and should teach

the same will be called great in the kingdom of the heavens'') ::Omit. : D {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א * W bo{{sup, ms ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 5:32, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ ὃς ἐὰν ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσῃ, μοιχᾶται (''and whoever should marry her who is divorced, he commits adultery'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,d,k

{{sup, mss ::Incl. : Majority Byz :{{lang, grc, ὑπὲρ τῶν επηρεαζοντων υμας, καὶ διωκόντων ὑμᾶς : D L W Δ Θ 047 ƒ{{sup, 13 33. 118. 700. 892. Byz lat syr{{sup, p, h,pal mae-1

goth Goth or Goths may refer to: * Goths, a Germanic people Arts and entertainment * Gothic rock or goth, a style of rock music * Goth subculture, developed by fans of gothic rock * ''Goth'' (2003 film), an American horror film * ''Goth'' (2008 f ...

:{{lang, grc, ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B ƒ{{sup, 1 22

279 __NOTOC__ Year 279 ( CCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Probus and Paternus (or, less frequently, year 1032 ''Ab urbe condita''). The den ...

660 Year 660 ( DCLX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 660 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming ...

* 1192 2786* it{{sup, k syr{{sup, s, c sa bo

{{sup, lat

Cyprian Cyprian (; ; to 14 September 258 AD''The Liturgy of the Hours according to the Roman Rite: Vol. IV.'' New York: Catholic Book Publishing Company, 1975. p. 1406.) was a bishop of Carthage and an early Christian writer of Berbers, Berber descent, ...

{{bibleref2, Matthew, 6:6, NASB
:{{lang, grc, πρόσευξαι τῷ πατρί σου ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (''shut the door and pray to your Father in secret'') : D ƒ{{sup, 1 ƒ{{sup, 13 700. syr{{sup, s,c bo{{sup, mss :{{lang, grc, πρόσευξαι τῷ πατρί σου τῷ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (''shut the door and pray to your Father who is in secret'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 6:8, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἀνοῖξαι τὸ στόμα (''open your mouth'') : D it{{sup, h :{{lang, grc, αἰτῆσαι αὐτόν (''ask him'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 10:3, NASB
:{{lang, grc, Λεββαῖος (''Lebbaeus'') : D it{{sup, k,μ

{{sup, lat :{{lang, grc, Θαδδαῖος (''Thaddeus'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B 124 788. 892. 2211. ''f''{{sup, 13{{sup, mss 17. 130. 892. it{{sup, aur,c,ff{{sup, 1l vg sa bo :{{lang, grc, Λεββαῖος ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Θαδδαῖος (''Lebbaeus, called Thaddeus'') : C{{sup, 2 L W X Δ Θ ƒ{{sup, 1 ƒ{{sup, 13{{sup, mss 22. 33. 565. 579. 700. Byz it{{sup, f syr{{sup, p, h,pal arm : Judas Zelotes (''Judas the Zealot'') : it{{sup, a,b,g{{sup, 1,h, q : omit. : syr{{sup, s {{bibleref2, Matthew, 10:14, NASB
:{{lang, grc, τῆς οἰκίας ἢ (''that house or'') ::Omit. : D arm ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 10:18, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνων σταθήσεσθε (''you shall be caused to stand before governors'') ::Incl. : D 0171 it{{sup, mss syr{{sup, s ::Omit. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 10:19, NASB
:{{lang, grc, δοθήσεται γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ τί λαλήσητε (''for it will be given to you in that hour what you should speak'') ::Omit. : D L it{{sup, mss vg{{sup, mss Epiphanius ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 11:3, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐργαζόμενος (''Are you the one who is to labor'') : D* :{{lang, grc, ἐρχόμενος (''Are you the one who is to come'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 11:5, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ χωλοὶ περιπατοῦσιν (''and the lame are walking'') ::Omit. : D ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 12:34, NASB
:{{lang, grc, λαλεῖ ἀγαθὰ (''speaks good'') : D* it{{sup, d :{{lang, grc, λαλεῖ (''speaks'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 13:14, NASB
:{{lang, grc, Πορεύθητι, καὶ εἰπὲ τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ (''Go, and tell the people this'') ::Incl. : D it{{sup, mss mae-1 Eusebius ::Omit. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 13:33, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (''he spoke to them'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, d,(k) syr{{sup, s, c ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 13:49, NASB
:{{lang, grc, κόσμου : (''cosmos'') D :{{lang, grc, αἰῶνος τούτου (''this age'') : N co{{sup, sa{{sup, ms,bo :{{lang, grc, αἰῶνος (''age'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 14:2, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ὃν ἐγὼ ἀπεκεφάλισα (''whom I beheaded'') ::Incl. : D it{{sup, a,b,ff{{sup, 1,h vg{{sup, mss ::Omit. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 14:3, NASB
:{{lang, grc, Φιλίππου (''of Philip'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, mss vg{{sup, mss Augustine ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 14:8, NASB
{{lang, grc, ἐπὶ πίνακι (''on a platter'') ::Omit. : D ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 15:26, NASB
:{{lang, grc, οὐκ ἔξεστιν (''it is not permitted'') : D it{{sup, mss syr{{sup, s, c

:{{lang, grc, οὐκ ἐστιν (''it is not'') : 1293.

:{{lang, grc, οὐκ καλὸν ἐστιν (''right it is not'') : 544. 1010. geo :{{lang, grc, οὐκ ἔστιν καλὸν (''it is not right'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 15:30, NASB
:{{lang, grc, κωφούς (''mute'') ::Omit. : D ::Incl. : Majority Byz :{{lang, grc, ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτούς πάντας (''and he healed them all'') : D it{{sup, mss sa bo{{sup, ms :{{lang, grc, ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτούς (''and he healed them'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 15:32, NASB
:{{lang, grc, μήποτε ἐκλυθῶσιν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ (''lest they should faint in the way'') ::Omit. : D* ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 15:39, NASB
:{{lang, grc, Μαγαδάν (''Magadan'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א * B D :{{lang, grc, Μαγεδάν (''Magedan'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א {{sup, 2 Δ{{sup, lat lat{{sup, mss syr{{sup, s, c,( p) co{{sup, sa Eusebius :{{lang, grc, Μαγδαλάν (''Magdalan'') : C N W 33. 565. 579. it{{sup, q mae-1 co{{sup, bo :{{lang, grc, Μαγδαλά (''Magdala'') : L Δ{{sup, gr Θ ƒ{{sup, 1 ƒ{{sup, 13 22 892. Byz syr{{sup, h {{bibleref2, Matthew, 16:4, NASB :{{lang, grc, καὶ μοιχαλὶς (''and adulterous'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, mss ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 16:16, NASB :{{lang, grc, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ σῴζοντος (''the son of the saving God'') : D* :{{lang, grc, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (''the son of the living God'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 16:20, NASB :{{lang, grc, ἐπετίμησεν (''rebuked'') : D B* it{{sup, e syr{{sup, c

{{sup, mss :{{lang, grc, διεστείλατο (''ordered'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 17:1, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ὄρος ὑψηλὸν λίαν (''very high mountain'') : D

:{{lang, grc, ὄρος ὑψηλὸν κατʼ ἰδίαν (''high mountain by themselves'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 17:2, NASB
:{{lang, grc, λευκὰ ὡς χιών (''white as snow'') : D lat{{sup, mss syr{{sup, c bo{{sup, mss :{{lang, grc, λευκὰ ὡς τὸ φῶς (''white as the light'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 17:12b, NASB
:{{lang, grc, οὕτως καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μέλλει πάσχειν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν (''So also the Son of Man is about to suffer at their hands'') :Incl. in 17:12 : Majority Byz :Place in 17:13 : D it{{sup, a,b,c,d,e,ff{{sup, 1,ff{{sup, 2,g{{sup, 1,n,r{{sup, 1 {{bibleref2, Matthew, 18:10, NASB
:{{lang, grc, τῶν μικρῶν τούτων τῶν πιστευόντων εἰς ἐμέ (''these little ones who believe in me'') : D it{{sup, mss vg{{sup, mss syr{{sup, c co{{sup, sa{{sup, mss :{{lang, grc, τῶν μικρῶν τούτων (''these little ones) : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 18:16, NASB
: μαρτύρων (''witnesses'') : Majority Byz : omit : D {{bibleref2, Matthew, 18:18, NASB
: omit: D* it{{sup, n :{{lang, grc, ἔσται δεδεμένα ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ὅσα ἐὰν λύσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς (''will be bound in heaven, and whatever you should loosen upon the earth'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 19:25, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐξεπλήσσοντο καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα (''they were astonished and they were afraid exceedingly'') : D it{{sup, mss vg{{sup, mss syr{{sup, c : omit : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 19:29, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἢ πατέρα (''or father'') ::Incl. : Majority Byz ::Omit. : D :{{lang, grc, ἢ γυναῖκα (''or wife'') ::Incl. : Majority Byz ::Omit. : D {{bibleref2, Matthew, 20:28, NASB

{{lang, grc, ὑμεῖς δὲ ζητεῖτε ἐκ μικροῦ αὐξήσαι καὶ ἐκ μείζονος ἔλαττον εἶναι εἰσερχόμενοι δὲ καὶ παρακληθέντες δειπνῆσαι μὴ ἀνὰκλινεσθε εἷς τοὺς ἐξἔχοντας τόπους μήποτε ἐνδοξότερον σου ἐπέλθῃ καὶ προσελθὼν ὁ δειπνοκλήτωρ εἴπῃ σοι ἔτι κάτω χὼρει καὶ καταισχυνθήσῃ ἐὰν δὲ αναπεσής εἷς τόν ἥττονα τόπον καὶ ἐπέλθῃ σου ἥττων ἐρεῖ σοι ὁ δειπνοκλήτωρ σύναγε ἔτι ἄνω καὶ ἔσται σοι τοῦτο χρήσιμον ''But seek to increase from that which is small, and to become less from that which is greater. When you enter into a house and are summoned to dine, do not sit down at the prominent places, lest perchance a man more honorable than you come in afterwards, and he who invited you come and say to you, "Go down lower"; and you shall be ashamed. But if you sit down in the inferior place, and one inferior to you come in, then he that invited you will say to you, "Go up higher"; and this will be advantageous for you.''{{r, metz-ehrman, p=71

::Incl. : D Φ it{{sup, a

b cd e ff{{sup, 1 ff{{sup, 2( g{{sup, 1) h( m)n r{{sup, 1 r{{sup, 2 vg{{sup, mss syr{{sup, (c), p{{sup, msh{{sup, mg Juvencus Hilary ::Omit. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 21:44, NASB :Omit. : D {{papyrus link, 104 33 it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 1, ff{{sup, 2, r{{sup, 1 syr{{sup, s

{{sup, lat

:Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 22:13, NASB :{{lang, grc, Ἄρατε αὐτόν ποδῶν καὶ χειρῶν καὶ Βάλετε αὐτόν εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (''Take him by his feet and his hands and cast him into the outer darkness'') : D it{{sup, a,b,c,d,e,ff{{sup, 1,ff{{sup, 2,h,q,r{{sup, 1 syr{{sup, s, c

{{sup, lat

Lucifer The most common meaning for Lucifer in English is as a name for the Devil in Christian theology. He appeared in the King James Version of the Bible in Isaiah and before that in the Vulgate (the late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bib ...

:{{lang, grc, Δήσαντες αὐτοῦ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ἐκβάλετε αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (''After binding him by his feet and his hands, cast him into the outer darkness'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B L Θ 085 ƒ{{sup, 1 22 700. 892. it{{sup, aur,f,g{{sup, 1,l vg syr{{sup, p co Didymus :{{lang, grc, Δήσαντες αὐτοῦ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ἄρατε αὐτόν καὶ ἐκβάλετε εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (''After binding him by his feet and his hands, take and cast him into the outer darkness'') : C ( M) W Δ (Φ) 0102 33. ( 565.)( 579.) ( 1241.) ( 1424.) Byz it{{sup, f syr{{sup, ( h) :{{lang, grc, Βάλετε εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (''cast{{sup, pl iminto the outer darkness'') : ƒ{{sup, 13 {{bibleref2, Matthew, 22:17, NASB
:{{lang, grc, Εἰπέ οὖν ἡμῖν (''Therefore, tell us'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 1,ff{{sup, 2,q,r{{sup, 1 syr{{sup, s bo{{sup, ms ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 22:24, NASB
:{{lang, grc, τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ (''his wife'') ::Omit. : D ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 22:46, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐκείνης τῆς ὥρας (''from that hour'') : D W ƒ{{sup, 1 1506 it{{sup, a,d,q syr{{sup, s, c bo{{sup, mss

:{{lang, grc, ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρας (''from that day'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 23:26, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ τῆς παροψίδος (''and the plate'') ::Omit. : D Θ ƒ{{sup, 1 2* 700. it{{sup, a,d,e,ff{{sup, 2,r{{sup, 1 syr{{sup, s

{{sup, lat

::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 23:34, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν μαστιγώσετε ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς ὑμῶν (''and of them, ye will scourge in your synagogues'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a

::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 24:31, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἀρχομένων δὲ τούτων γίνεσθαι ἀναβλέψατε καὶ ἐπάρατε τὰς κεφαλὰς ὑμῶν διότι ἐγγίζει ἡ ἀπολύτρωσις ὑμῶν (''But when these things begin happening, look up and lift up your heads, because that your redemption is approaching'') ::Incl. : D 1093. it{{sup, b,c,d,h,q,r{{sup, 1 ::Omit. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Matthew, 24:41, NASB
:{{lang, grc, δύο ἐπὶ κλίνης μιᾶς εἷς παραλαμβάνεται καὶ εἷς ἀφίεται (''two upon one bed; one taken, and one left'') ::Incl. : D ƒ{{sup, 13 it{{sup, mss vg{{sup, mss

{{sup, mss ::Omit. : Majority Byz {{show , head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: left; , content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; , 1 = {{big, Gospel of Mark , 2= {{bibleref2, Mark, 1:6, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ ζώνην δερματίνην περὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ (''and a leather belt roundabout his waist'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,d,ff{{sup, 2,r{{sup, 1,t vg{{sup, ms ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Mark, 1:7, NASB
:{{lang, grc, κύψας (''stoop'') ::Omit. : D Θ ƒ{{sup, 13 28.* 565. ℓ{{sup, ''844'',''2211'' it{{sup, mss ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Mark, 5:9, NASB
:{{lang, grc, απεκριτη : D :{{lang, grc, λεγιων ονομα μοι : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B C L Δ :{{lang, grc, απεκριθη λεγων : E 565. 700. :{{lang, grc, λεγεων : A W Θ ƒ{{sup, 1 ƒ{{sup, 13 Byz{{Cite book , title=Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece , editor-first1=Kurt , editor-last1=Aland , editor1-link=Kurt Aland , editor-first2=Matthew , editor-last2=Black , editor2-link=Matthew Black , editor-first3=Carlo Maria , editor-last3=Martini , editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini , editor-first4=Bruce M. , editor-last4=Metzger , editor4-link=Bruce Metzger , editor-first5=Allen , editor-last5=Wikgren , editor5-link=Allen Wikgren , edition=26 , year=1981 , publisher=Deutsche Bibelstiftung , location=Stuttgart , isbn=3-438-051001 (NA26){{rp, 102 {{bibleref2, Mark, 10, NASB :Verse Order 23, 25, 24, 26 : D :Verse Order 23, 24, 25, 26 : Majority Byz{{r, na26, p=123 {{bibleref2, Mark, 13:2, NASB :{{lang, grc, και μετα τριων ημερων αλλος αναστησεται ανευ χειρων (''and within three days another will arise without hands'') ::Incl. : D W it{{sup, a,b,c,d,(e),ff{{sup, 2,i,(k),n,r{{sup, 1

::Omit. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Mark, 15:34, NASB (see {{bibleref2, Psalms, 22:2, NASB) :{{lang, grc, ὠνείδισάς με (''insult me'') : D it{{sup, c, (i), k syr{{sup, h :{{lang, grc, ἐγκατέλιπές με (''forsaken me'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B Ψ 059. vg

Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; , ; ; – 160s/170s AD) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine science, Byzant ...

Justin Martyr Justin, known posthumously as Justin Martyr (; ), also known as Justin the Philosopher, was an early Christian apologist and Philosophy, philosopher. Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and a dialogue did survive. The ''First Apolog ...

:{{lang, grc, με ἐγκατέλιπες (''forsaken me'') : Majority Byz {{show , head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: left; , content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; , 1 = {{big, Gospel of Luke , 2 = {{bibleref2, Luke, 4:17, NASB :{{lang, grc, ἁπτύξας (''touched'') : D* :{{lang, grc, ἀναπτύξας (''unrolled'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א D{{sup, c K Δ Θ Π Ψ ƒ{{sup, 1 ƒ{{sup, 13 28. 565. 700. 1009. 1010. 1071. 1079. 1216. 1230. 1242. 1253. 1344. 1546. 1646. 2148. 2174. Byz :{{lang, grc, ἀνοίξας (''opened'') : A B L W Ξ 33. 892. 1195. 1241. ℓ ''547'' syr{{sup, s, h,pal bo sa {{bibleref2, Luke, 6:5, NASB
:{{lang, grc, τῇ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ, θεασάμενός τινα ἐργαζόμενον τῷ σαββάτῳ, εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἄνθρωπε, εἰ μὲν οἴδας τί ποιεῖς, μακάριοις εἶ· εἰ δὲ μὴ οἴδας, ἐπικατάρατος καὶ παραβάτης εἶ τοῦ νόμου. (''On that same day, seeing someone working on the Sabbath, he (Jesus) said to him, 'Man, if you know what you do, blessed are you; but if you do not know, you are cursed and a transgressor of the law.) ::Incl. : D ::Omit. : Majority Byz{{r, scrivener, p=li {{bibleref2, Luke, 7:1, NASB :{{lang, grc, και εγενετο οτε ετελεσεν ταυτα τα ρηματα λαλων ηλθεν : D (it syr{{sup, h(mg) :{{lang, grc, επειδη επληρωσεν παντα τα ρηματα αυτου εις τας ακοας του λαου εισηλθεν : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 7:2, NASB
:{{lang, grc, παις (''boy servant'') : D :{{lang, grc, δουλος (''slave'') : Majority Byz{{r, na26, p=175 {{bibleref2, Luke, 9:55–56, NASB
:{{lang, grc, και ειπεν, Ουκ οιδατε ποιου πνευματος εστε (''But He turned and rebuked them and He said: You do not know what manner of spirit you are of'') : D (ℓ ''1127''{{sup, m) D geo Epiphanius :{{lang, grc, καὶ εἶπεν, Οὐκ οἰδατε οἵου πνεύματός ἐστε ὑμεῖς : Byz :Omit. : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א A B C L Δ Ξ 28. 33. 71. 157. ''al'' {{bibleref2, Luke, 11:2, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐφ ἡμᾶς ἐλθέτω σου ἡ βασιλεία (''Let thine kingdom come upon us'') : D :{{lang, grc, ἐλθέτω τὸ πνεῦμα σου τὸ ἄγιον εφ ημας και καθαρισατω ημας (''May your Holy Spirit come upon us and cleanse us'') : 162. 700. :{{lang, grc, ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου (''May your kingdom come'') : Byz :{{lang, grc, ἐλθάτω ἡ βασιλεία σου (''May your kingdom come'') : C P W Δ ƒ{{sup, 13 1241 :Omit. : geo {{bibleref2, Luke, 22:1, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ηγγισεν : D

Codex Regius Codex Regius (, "Royal Book" or "King's Book"; ) or GKS 2365 4º is an Icelandic codex in which many Old Norse poems from the ''Poetic Edda'' are preserved. Thought to have been written during the 1270s, it is made up of 45 vellum Vellum ...

:{{lang, grc, εγγιζεν : Majority Byz{{r, na26, p=232 {{bibleref2, Luke, 23:34, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγεν πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς, οὐ γὰρ οἴδασιν τί ποιοῦσιν (''Then Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they are doing"'') ::Omit. : {{papyrus link, 75 {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א {{sup, a B D W Θ 0124 31.* 38. 435. 597.* 1241. 1808.* it{{sup, a,b{{sup, c,d syr{{sup, s co ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:1, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἀρώματα (''aromatics'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, mss syr{{sup, s, c co{{sup, sa ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:2, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐλθοῦσαι δὲ εὗρον (''Then, upon arriving, they found'') ::Omit. : D 070 it{{sup, c sa ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:3, NASB
:{{lang, grc, τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ (''of the Lord Jesus'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 2,l,r{{sup, 1 ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:6, NASB
:{{lang, grc, οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε, ἀλλὰ ἠγέρθη ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 2,l,r{{sup, 1 arm{{sup, mss geo{{sup, mss ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:7, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἁμαρτωλῶν (''sinful'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 2,l,r{{sup, 1 ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:9, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἀπὸ τοῦ μνημείου (''from the tomb'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 2,l,r{{sup, 1 arm geo ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:10, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἦσαν δὲ (''Now they were'') ::Omit. : A D W Γ 788. 1241. ℓ{{sup, mss it{{sup, d,e syr{{sup, s, c ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:17, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ ἐστάθησαν (''and they stood still'') ::Omit. : D Cyril ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:36, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς εἰρήνη ὑμῖν (''and said to them, "Peace be unto you"'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,e,ff{{sup, 2 ,l,r{{sup, 1 ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:37, NASB
:{{lang, grc, φαντασμα (''phantasma'') : D Marcion{{sup, Tert :{{lang, grc, πνευμα (''spirit'') : Majority Byz{{r, na26, p=245 {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:42, NASB
:{{lang, grc, και απο μελισσιου κηριου (''and honeycomb of the beehive'') ::Omit. : {{Papyrus link, 75 {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א A B D L W P 579. 1079. 1377.* 2411. it{{sup, d,e syr{{sup, s sa bo{{sup, mss ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:46, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐκ νεκρῶν (''from the dead'') ::Omit. : D sa ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:49, NASB
:{{lang, grc, τοῦ πατρός (''of the Father'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, e ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:51, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (''and he was being uplifted into the sky'') ::Omit. : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א * D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 2,l ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:52, NASB
:{{lang, grc, προσκυνήσαντες αὐτὸν (''upon worshiping him'') ::Omit. : D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 2,l syr{{sup, s ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, Luke, 24:53, NASB
:{{lang, grc, αἰνοῦντες (''praising'') D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,ff{{sup, 2,l,r{{sup, 1 vg{{sup, mss :{{lang, grc, εὐλογοῦντες (''eulogizing'') {{Papyrus link, 75 {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B C* L syr{{sup, s,pal sa bo geo :{{lang, grc, αἰνοῦντες καὶ εὐλογοῦντες (''praising and eulogizing'') A C{{sup, 2 W Δ Θ Ψ ƒ{{sup, 1 ƒ{{sup, 13 33 157

579 __NOTOC__ Year 579 ( DLXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 579 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe ...

Byz it{{sup, aur,c,f,q vg{{sup, mss syr{{sup, p,h arm {{show , head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: left; , content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; , 1 = {{big, Gospel of John , 2 = {{bibleref2, John, 1:4, NASB
:{{lang, grc, ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν (''in Him is life'') : D {{Script, Hebr, א it sa{{sup, mss :{{lang, grc, ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν (''in Him was life'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, John, 4:51, NASB :{{lang, grc, υιος σου : D{{sup, gr :{{lang, grc, υιος αυτου : D{{sup, lat {{bibleref2, John, 4:9, NASB :{{lang, grc, οὐ γὰρ συγχρῶνται Ἰουδαῖοι Σαμαρίταις (''for Jews have no dealings with Samaritans'') ::Omit. : {{Script, Hebr, *א D it{{sup, a,b,d,e,j ::Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, John, 5:39, NASB
:{{lang, grc, καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν ἁμαρτάνουσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ· (''and they are the ones who sin concerning Me'') : D :{{lang, grc, καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν αἱ μαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ· (''and they testify concerning Me'') : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, John, 6:1, NASB
:{{lang, grc, της θαλασσης της Γαλιλαιας εις τα μερη της Τιβεριαδος : D Θ 892. 1009. 1230. 1253. it{{sup, b,d,e :{{lang, grc, τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, John, 7:8, NASB
:{{lang, grc, εγω ουκ αναβαινω (''I am not going'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א D K 1241. :{{lang, grc, εγω ουπω αναβαινω (''I am not yet going'') : B L T W Θ Ψ 0105 0180 0250 ƒ{{sup, 1 ƒ{{sup, 13 Byz{{r, na26, p=269 {{bibleref2, John, 8:46, NASB
:Omit. : D :Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, John, 11:54, NASB
:{{lang, grc, εἰς τὴν χώραν Σαμφουριν ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐρήμου (''into the region of

Sepphoris Sepphoris ( ; ), known in Arabic as Saffuriya ( ) and in Hebrew as Tzipori ( ''Ṣīppōrī'')Palmer (1881), p115/ref> is an archaeological site and former Palestinian village located in the central Galilee region of Israel, north-northwe ...

near the wilderness'') : D :{{lang, grc, εἰς τὴν χώραν ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐρήμου (''into the region near the wilderness'') : Majority Byz{{r, na26, p=289 {{bibleref2, John, 12:8, NASB
:Omit. : D :Incl. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, John, 17:11, NASB :{{lang, grc, καὶ οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἐν τῷ τούτῳ τῷ κόσμῳ (''and no longer am I in this world'') : D b c f ff{{sup, 2 q :{{lang, grc, καὶ οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ (''and no longer am I in the world'') : Majority Byz :{{lang, grc, ουκετι ειμι εν τω κοσμω· και εν τω κοσμω ειμι (''no longer am I in this world, and I am in the world'') ::Incl. : {{papyrus link, 107{{sup, (vid) D (a c) r{{sup, 1 ::Omit. : Majority Byz {{bibleref2, John, 20:8, NASB :{{lang, grc, και ιδεν και ουκ επιστευσεν (''and saw and did not believe'') : D :{{lang, grc, και ιδεν και επιστευσεν (''and saw and believed'') : Majority Byz {{show , head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: left; , content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; , 1 = {{big, Acts of the Apostles , 2 = {{bibleref2, Acts, 20:28, NASB
:{{lang, grc, του κυριου (''of the Lord'') : D {{papyrus link, 74 C* E Ψ 33. 36. 453. 945. 1739. 1891. :{{lang, grc, του θεοῦ (''of God'') : {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B 614. 1175. 1505. vg syr bo{{sup, ms;

:{{lang, grc, τοῦ κυρίου καὶ θεοῦ (''of the Lord and of God'') : C{{sup, c3 L 323 1241 Byz{{r, na26, p=384

History

The codex's place of origin is still disputed; both

Gaul Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Roman people, Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of . Ac ...

(

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

) and southern

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

have been suggested.{{Cite book , first=David Charles , last=Parker , author-link=David C. Parker , title=Codex Bezae: An Early Christian Manuscript and its Text , year=1992 , publisher=Cambridge University Press , location=Cambridge , isbn=978-0-521-07236-6 {{rp, 261–276 Other proposed places of origin include

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...

and

Beirut Beirut ( ; ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, just under half of Lebanon's population, which makes it the List of largest cities in the Levant region by populatio ...

.{{r, CDL-CB The manuscript is believed to have been repaired at

Lyon Lyon (Franco-Provençal: ''Liyon'') is a city in France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, north ...

(France) in the ninth century, as revealed by a distinctive ink used for supplementary pages. It was closely guarded for many centuries in the monastic library of St

at Lyon. The manuscript was consulted, perhaps in Italy, for disputed readings at the

Council of Trent The Council of Trent (), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation at the time, it has been described as the "most ...

, and was at about the same time collated for Stephanus's edition of the Greek New Testament. During the upheavals of the

Wars of Religion A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war (), is a war and conflict which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs. In the modern period, there are frequent debates over the extent ...

in the 16th century, when textual analysis had a new urgency among the

Reformation The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major Theology, theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the p ...

's Protestants, the manuscript was stolen from the monastic library in Lyon when French

Huguenots The Huguenots ( , ; ) are a Religious denomination, religious group of French people, French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, ...

ransacked the library in 1562. It was delivered to the Protestant scholar

Theodore Beza Theodore Beza (; or ''de Besze''; 24 June 1519 – 13 October 1605) was a French Calvinist Protestant theologian, reformer and scholar who played an important role in the Protestant Reformation. He was a disciple of John Calvin and lived most ...

, the friend and successor of

Calvin Calvin may refer to: Names * Calvin (given name) ** Particularly Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States * Calvin (surname) ** Particularly John Calvin, theologian Places In the United States * Calvin, Arkansas, a hamlet * Calvin T ...

, who gave it in 1581 to the

University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge is a Public university, public collegiate university, collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, wo ...

, in the comparative security of England, which accounts for its double name. It remains in the

(Nn. II 41).{{Cite web , title=Liste Handschriften , publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research , location=Münster , url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20005 , access-date=16 March 2013 {{Cite book , first1=Bruce Manning , last1=Metzger , author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger , first2=Bart D. , last2=Ehrman , author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman , title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration , edition=4 , year=2005 , publisher=Oxford University Press , location=New York; Oxford , isbn=978-0-19-516122-9 , url=https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00metz , url-access=limited{{rp, 70–73 Scholar John Mill collated and biblical scholar

Johann Jakob Wettstein Johann Jakob Wettstein (also Wetstein; 5 March 1693 – 23 March 1754) was a Swiss theologian, best known as a New Testament critic. Biography Youth and study Johann Jakob Wettstein was born in Basel. Among his tutors in theology was Samuel We ...

transcribed (in 1716) the text of the codex. Both did their editions of the Greek Testament, but both did their work carelessly. A much better collation was made about 1732 by John Dickinson. In 1787, the University of Cambridge appointed Dr Thomas Kipling to edit a facsimile edition which appeared in two volumes in 1793. The English cleric Frederick H. A. Scrivener edited the text of the codex in 1864 (rewritten text of the codex){{Cite book , first=Frederick Henry Ambrose , last=Scrivener , author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener , title=Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: Being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles , year=1864 , publisher=Bell and Daldy , location=London , url=https://archive.org/details/bezaecodexcanta00cambgoog and published a photographic facsimile in 1899. The importance of the manuscript is such that a colloquium held at

Lunel, Hérault Lunel (; Provençal: ''Lunèl'') is a commune in the Hérault department in southern France. Lunel is located east of Montpellier and southwest of Nîmes (Gard). Lunel station has rail connections to Narbonne, Montpellier, Nîmes and Avigno ...

, in the south of France on 27–30 June 1994 was entirely devoted to it.The story of the colloquium has been chronicled by one of the participants: J.-M. Auwers, "Le colloque international sur le Codex Bezae", Revue Théologique de Louvain 26 (1995), 405–412. See also: {{Cite book , editor1-first=David Charles , editor1-last=Parker , author1-link=David C. Parker , editor2-first=Christian , editor2-last=Amphoux , author2-link=Christian Amphoux , title=Codex Bezae, Studies from the Lunel Colloquium , year=1996 , publisher=Brill , location=Leiden. Papers discussed the many questions it poses to our understanding of the use of the Gospels and Acts in early Christianity, and of the text of the New Testament.

References

{{reflist, 2

External links

{{Commons category
High resolution digital facsimile of the Codex Bezae
with full transcription, from Cambridge University Library * R. Waltz

at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism'' (2007)

The Gospels and Acts according to codex Bezae; greek and latin text, translation and comments

History of Research on Codex Bezae

Codex Bezae and the Da Vinci Code
The alleged parchment 1 has been copied from Codex Bezae * Real secrets and hoaxes, of Da Vinci Code, Rennes-le-Château and Codex Bezae, analyzed on th
"Mercure de Gaillon"

{{in lang, fr

1910: Codex Bezae
More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
{{Authority control Bezae Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts 5th-century biblical manuscripts Manuscripts held by the University of Cambridge

Description

Codex contents

Text type

Notable readings

History

See also

References

Further reading

External links