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Western Non-interpolations
Western non-interpolations is a term coined by F. J. A. Hort for certain phrases that are absent in the Western text-type of New Testament manuscripts, but present in one of the two major other text-types. The Alexandrian text-type is generally terse or concise; the Western text-type is larger and paraphrased at places (using more words to convey a similar meaning); the Byzantine text-type is a combination of those two. Nevertheless, the Western text is in certain places shorter than the Alexandrian text. All these shorter readings Hort named ''Western non-interpolations''. Because New Testament scholars have generally preferred the shorter reading – '' lectio brevior'' – of textual variants since the 19th century, B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort concluded that these shorter readings in Western manuscripts represented the authentic original Biblical text. When they printed '' The New Testament in the Original Greek'' (1882), in almost all cases, it followed the Alexandrian t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The New Testament In The Original Greek - Introduction And Appendix (1882)
''The'' is a grammatical Article (grammar), article in English language, English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the Most common words in English, most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Regius (New Testament)
Codex Regius is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. It is designated by siglum L or 019 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε56 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 8th century. The manuscript has several gaps. Textual critic Frederick H. A. Scrivener described it as "by far the most remarkable document of its age and class." Description The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book) containing an almost complete text of the four Gospels on 257 thick parchment leaves (). The following portions are missing due to the loss of several leaves/pages: Matt 4:22-5:14, 28:17-20, Mark 10:16-30, 15:2-20, and John 21:15-25. The text is written in two columns per page, 25 lines per page, in large but not rounded uncial letters using black and brown ink. It has breathing marks (utilised to designate vowel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Sangallensis 48
Codex Sangallensis is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the four Gospels. It is designated by Δ or 037 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε76 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. The Latin text is written above the Greek text, interlinear style. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is usually dated to the 9th century CE, though a few palaeographers would place it in the 10th century CE. It was given its current name by biblical scholar Johann Martin Augustin Scholz in 1830. Description The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book format), containing a near complete text of the four Gospels on 198 parchment leaves (sized ), with one missing section: John 19:17-35. The text is written in one column per page, 17-28 lines per page, in large semi-uncial letters using brown and black ink. The Latin text is written above the Greek (as in Codex Boernerianus (G)), and in minuscule let ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Washingtonianus
Codex Washingtonianus, Codex Washingtonensis, Codex Freerianus, also called the ''Washington Manuscript of the Gospels'', ''The Freer Gospel'' and ''The Freer Codex'', is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, written on parchment. It is designated by W or 032 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε014 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 4th or 5th century. The manuscript has some gaps. The manuscript was among a collection of manuscripts bought by American industrialist Charles Lang Freer at the start of the 20th century, and first published by biblical scholar Henry A. Sanders. It has been described as one of the "more important majuscule manuscripts discovered during the 20th century", and "a highly valuable manuscript." In the Gospel of Mark, it shares several distinctive readings with the early 3rd century papyrus, the Chester Beatt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Vaticanus 354
Codex Vaticanus 354, formerly called ''Codex Guelpherbytanus'', is a Greek manuscript of the four Gospels written on parchment. It is designated by S or 028 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε 1027 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. A colophon on the reverse side of folio 234 lists the production date as 949 CE. This manuscript is one of the four oldest New Testament manuscripts dated in this manner, and the only dated uncial. The manuscript has complex contents. Description The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing the complete text of the four Gospels written on 235 parchment leaves (). The text is written in two columns per page, 27 lines per page, 15-17 letters per line. Contrary to what biblical scholar Caspar René Gregory stated, it has breathings and accents. The nomina sacra (''sacred names'', this being words/titles considered sacred in Christianity) are employed in the manuscript. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Campianus
Codex Campianus is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. It is designated as "M" or "021" in the Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland, Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε 72 in the Biblical manuscript#Von Soden, von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. Using the study of comparative writings styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 9th century CE. The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginalia, marginal notes and was prepared for liturgical (religious) use. It contains musical notation surrounding some of the text, with a ''Harmony of the Gospels'' included at the bottom of each page. Art miniatures are included of the respective evangelists before each Gospel. The text of the manuscript was held in high esteem by some 19th-century scholars, but this general opinion changed in the 20th century; as a result the manuscript is rarely cited in critical editions of the Novum Testamentum Graece, G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Cyprius
Codex Cyprius, designated by K or 017 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament Manuscripts), ε71 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), or Codex Colbertinus 5149, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, written on parchment. It is one of the few uncial manuscripts with the complete text of the four Gospels, and it is one of the more important late uncial manuscripts. It was brought from Cyprus (hence the name of the codex) to Paris. The text of the manuscript has been examined by many scholars. It is considered to mainly represent the Byzantine text-type (see Textual character below), but it has numerous peculiar readings. It has been variously dated from the 8th to the 11th centuries, but using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is currently dated to the 9th century. Description The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing the complete text of the four Gospels written on 267 parchment le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Seidelianus II
Codex Seidelianus II designated by He or 013 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 88 ( von Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. Description The codex contains 194 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, and 23 lines per column. The codex contains the text of the four Gospels with major lacunae ( Matt. 1:1-15:30, 25:33-26:3, Mark 1:32-2:4, 15:44-16:14, Luke 5:18-32, 6:8-22, 10:2-19, John 9:30-10:25, 18:2-18, 20:12-25). The codex contains lists of the (lists of contents), numbers of the (''chapters'') at the margin, the (''titles'') at the top, the Ammonian Sections but not the Eusebian Canons. It has breathings and accents. Text The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland gave to it textual profile 1741 821/2 22 7s and placed it in Category V. It belongs to the textual family E, but according to the Claremon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Seidelianus I
Codex Seidelianus I, designated by siglum Ge or 011 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 87 ( von Soden), also known as Codex Wolfii A and Codex Harleianus is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century (or 10th century). The codex contains 252 parchment leaves (). The manuscript is lacunose. Description The codex contains the text of the four Gospels with some lacunae ( Matthew 1:1-6:6, 7:25-8:9, 8:23-9:2, 28:18-Mark 1:13, Mark 14:19-25, Luke 1:1-13, 5:4-7:3, 8:46-9:5, 12:27-41, 24:41-end, John 18:5-19, 19:4-27). The text is written in 2 columns per page, 21 lines per page. It was written in a coarse hand. The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margin, with references to the Eusebian Canons. It contains the (''titles of chapters''). It has breathings and accents, but often irregularly. Each member of the genealogy in Luke 3 forms a separate line. Some portions of these lacunae are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Boreelianus
Codex Boreelianus, or its full name ''Codex Boreelianus Rheno-Trajectinus'', is a uncial manuscript of the New Testament Gospels in Greek language, Greek, written on parchment. It is designated by F or 09 in the Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland, Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε 86 in the Biblical manuscript#Von Soden, von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. It is full of lacuna (manuscripts), gaps, many of which arose between 1751 and 1830. The codex was named Boreelianus after Johannes Boreel (1577–1629), who brought it from the East. The text of the codex represents the majority of the text (Byzantine text-type), but with numerous alien readings (non-Byzantine). Some of its readings do not occur in any other manuscript (so called singular readings). According to the present textual critics its text is not very important, but it is cited in all modern editions of the Greek New Testament. The manuscript was brought from the East at the beg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Basilensis A
The codex (: codices ) was the historical ancestor format of the modern book. Technically, the vast majority of modern books use the codex format of a stack of pages bound at one edge, along the side of the text. But the term ''codex'' is now reserved for older manuscript books, which mostly used sheets of vellum, parchment, or papyrus, rather than paper. By convention, the term is also used for any Aztec codex (although the earlier examples do not actually use the codex format), Maya codices and other pre-Columbian manuscripts. Library practices have led to many European manuscripts having "codex" as part of their usual name, as with the Codex Gigas, while most do not. Modern books are divided into paperback (or softback) and those bound with stiff boards, called hardbacks. Elaborate historical bindings are called treasure bindings. At least in the Western world, the main alternative to the paged codex format for a long document was the continuous scroll, which was the domina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Bezae
The Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis is a bi-lingual Greek and Latin manuscript of the New Testament written in an uncial hand on parchment. It is designated by the siglum D or 05 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and δ 5 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. It contains most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of 3 John. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is currently dated to the 5th century. Codex Bezae is renowned for having a distinctive text of the four Gospels and Acts, and is a leading member of the "Western" recension. The manuscript has been studied extensively. A digital facsimile of the codex is available from Cambridge University Library, which holds the manuscript. Description The manuscript is a codex (the precursor to the modern book), containing the text of the four Gospels, Acts and 3 John written on 406 extant parchment leaves, from perhaps an original 534 (si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
