Types of cante
There are many variants of cantes or '' palos'' (song forms), each expressing a unique emotion (which shares noticeable resemblance toCante Grande
Also known as cante jondo and sometimes referred to as cante gitano. Meaning "profound" and "deep," this intensely sad form of cante deals with themes of death, anguish, despair, or religious sentiments and may be sung a palo seco (without guitar accompaniment). Major forms are the '' tonás'', '' martinetes'', '' seguiriya'', '' soleá'', and ''carcelera''. It is said that cante jondo (deep song) is the heart and soul of flamenco: Sample Seguiria describing anguish in Caló, Spanish and English:Cante Intermedio
Meaning "intermediate," this form is less profound but also moving, sometimes containing an oriental cast to the music. The term (between ''cante chico'' and ''cante grande'' that is) varies according to who is singing and describing the "cante intermedio".Cante Chico
Literally meaning "little song," this form of cante sings of lighter subjects including love, bawdy humor and happiness to the accompaniment of the flamenco guitar. Festive forms of cante chico include forms such as the '' alegrías'', '' bulerías'' and '' tangos''.Other classifications of cante flamenco
Cante Gitano
Cante gitano (or the "Gypsy song") refers to the original songs believed to be developed by Gypsies who immigrated in the 15th century. These include the ''toná'', ''soleá'', ''seguiriya'', ''tango'' and ''buleria''.Cante Andaluz
Cante andaluz began to spread during the middle of the 19th century, and is a combination of other forms of folkloric music from Andalusia which demonstrate a definite influence of Gypsy flamenco music. Cante andaluz genres include the many variations of the ''fandango'' and ''cantinas''.Cantes Folklóricos Aflamencados
The styles of cantes folklóricos aflamencados are forms of cante that are not considered to be true forms of flamenco by the purists. Examples of these styles include the '' sevillanas'', '' Farruca'', '' Garrotin'', and the '' Cuban Rumba''. These are the folk song and dances from Andalusia, other Spanish provinces including Galicia andLorqueña
Lorqueña is a "aflamencado" that has been made from certain ancient folk songs based on the poems ofTitles
*''En el café de Chinitas'' ('At Chinitas Cafe') *''Anda jaleo'' ('Come Rise Up') *''Esquilones de Plata'' ('Silver Bells')Famous ''cantaores''
El Planeta (Antonio Fernández)
Although concrete information about El Planeta is scarce, it is thought he was born around 1770 in Cadiz. He is widely acknowledged as the first famous performer of the cante flamenco. Originally a blacksmith, El Planeta soon became a renowned leader within the Gypsy community, bearing the honorary title of "Count and Prince of the Fraternity." It is believed he usually sang unaccompanied, although he sometimes accompanied himself on the guitar. The oldest siguiriyas in recorded flamenco history are those of El Planeta. He died around 1850, most likely in or aroundEl Fillo (Francisco Ortega Vargas)
Born around 1820 in Villa Real, El Fillo was the chosen disciple of El Planeta. El Fillo was able to perform all forms of cante, and has thus been known as "the father of cante." His hoarse, harsh voice has become a defining characteristic of cante to this day - this style of singing is described as ''afilla'' in homage to him. It is believed that El Fillo died in 1878 in Seville.Silverio Franconetti Aguilar
Born 1829, Silverio Franaconnetti was born in Morón de la Frontera was expected to enter the family tailoring business, but would escape to the nearby blacksmith to hear the gypsy singers. Here he met El Fillo and was encouraged to become a singer. He later went to Argentina and Uruguay working as a '' picador'' in the bullrings, and he also served as an officer in the Uruguay Army. Franconnetti was arguably the best non-Gypsy singer of the Nineteenth Century. He died in 1889.La Niña De Los Peines (Pastora María Pavón Cruz)
Born in Seville in 1890, La Niña de Los Peines is regarded by some as the most exceptional and innovative female flamenco singer of all time. Affectionately called "La Niña," she was known for her interpretation of the tangos, and was often requested to sing siguiriyas at a time when women did not customarily perform it.Manolo Caracol (Manuel Ortega Juárez)
Manolo Caracol came from an exalted Gypsy dynasty which to this day remains legendary in the arenas of both flamenco and bullfighting. Born in Seville in 1909, it is commonly believed that his ancestral lineage included both El Planeta and El Fillo. Caracol won the prestigious first prize at the Cante Jondo Competition (in 1922) at the age of only 13. During the Spanish Civil War he worked in theaters to survive. Caracol claimed his style of singing was unique. He is remembered for his capacity to evoke overwhelming passions from his listeners. Caracol frequently performed with full orchestras or pianos (much to the harsh remarks made by the purists). Caracol died at the age of sixty-four in 1973 Madrid.Camarón de la Isla (José Monje Cruz)
Camarón de la Isla was born in San Fernando in 1950, and was the second child of eight to a Gypsy blacksmith and a basketweaver. He received his nickname Camarón (Shrimp) early on due to his thin body, light complexion and blond hair, and began performing at the age of eight. In 1969 he made his first album with Paco de Lucía. Although trained as a traditional flamenco singer, Camarón broke with convention, incorporating new musical instruments including the drums, zither, flute, moog, and keyboards to name a few. In his comparatively short career of 20 years, he and Paco de Lucía revolutionized the art of flamenco, attracting vast new audiences to the art form. Camarón met his untimely death in 1992 at the age of forty-one, inOther famous singers of cante
There are many more famous and influential flamenco singers, including: * Manuel Agujetas *La Repompa de Malaga * Rafael de Utrera * Potito * Remedios Amaya *Diego Carrasco *La Paquera de Jerez * Antonio Mairena * Diego El Cigala * Enrique El Mellizo * Antonio Chacon * Manuel Torre * Enrique El Granaino * Pepe de Lucía * Estrella Morente * Lola Flores (some do not consider her a flamenco singer, although she did sing) * Fosforito * Lebrijano *La Perla de Cadiz *Terremoto de Jerez * El Chocolate *Manolo Leiva * Duquende * Pepe Marchena * Chano Lobato * José Mercé (who, like Camarón, started singing flamenco and then added new elements) * Antonio Molina * Niña Pastori * Mayte Martín * Juan Valderrama * Rocio JuradoSee also
* Glossary of flamenco terms * Federico Garcia Lorca * Flamenco Chill * Flamenco guitar * Paco de Lucia *References
Sources
*ALVAREZ CABALLERO, Angel: ''Historia del Cante Flamenco'', Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1981. *GARCIA LORCA, Federico: ''In Search of Duende''. Edition by Christopher Maurer. New Direction Books, New York, 1998. *TOTTON, Robin: ''Song of the Outcast - An Introduction to Flamenco'', Amadeus Press, Oregon, 2003.External links
English links
Spanish links