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Camp is an
aesthetic Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and taste, which in a broad sense incorporates the philosophy of art.Slater, B. H.Aesthetics ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,'' , acces ...
and sensibility that regards something as appealing or amusing because of its heightened level of artifice, affectation and exaggeration, especially when there is also a playful or ironic element. ''Camp'' is historically associated with
LGBTQ culture LGBTQ culture is a culture shared by lesbian, Gay men, gay, bisexuality, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals (LGBTQ people). It is sometimes referred to as queer culture (indicating people who are queer), LGBT culture, and LGBTQIA cult ...
and especially
gay men Gay men are male homosexuals. Some bisexual men, bisexual and homoromantic men may dually identify as ''gay'' and a number of gay men also identify as ''queer''. Historic terminology for gay men has included ''Sexual inversion (sexology), in ...
. Camp aesthetics disrupt modernist understandings of high art by inverting traditional aesthetic judgements of beauty, value, and taste, and inviting a different kind of aesthetic engagement. Camp art is distinct from but often confused with
kitsch ''Kitsch'' ( ; loanword from German) is a term applied to art and design that is perceived as Naivety, naïve imitation, overly eccentric, gratuitous or of banal Taste (sociology), taste. The modern avant-garde traditionally opposed kitsch ...
''.'' The American writer
Susan Sontag Susan Lee Sontag (; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, critic, and public intellectual. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "Notes on "Camp", Notes on 'Ca ...
emphasized its key elements as embracing frivolity, excess and artifice.'''' Art historian David Carrier notes that, despite these qualities, it is also subversive and political. ''Camp'' may be sophisticated, but subjects deemed ''camp'' may also be perceived as being dated, offensive or in bad taste.Babuscio (1993, 20), Feil (2005, 478), Morrill (1994, 110), Shugart and Waggoner (2008, 33), and Van Leer (1995) ''Camp'' may also be divided into ''high'' and ''low'' ''camp'' (i.e., camp arising from serious versus unserious matters), or alternatively into ''naive'' and ''deliberate camp'' (i.e., accidental versus intentional camp).Dansky, Steven F. "On the persistence of camp." ''The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide'' 20, no. 2 (2013): 15-19. While author and academic Moe Meyer defines ''camp'' as a form of "queer parody", journalist Jack Babuscio argues it is a specific "gay sensibility" which has often been "misused to signify the trivial, superficial and 'queer'". ''Camp'', as a particular style or set of mannerisms, may serve as a marker of identity, such as in ''camp talk'', which expresses a gay male identity. This ''camp style'' is associated with incongruity or
juxtaposition Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing two opposing elements close together or side by side. This is often done in order to Comparison, compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences, etc. Speech Juxtaposition in literary ...
, theatricality, and
humour Humour (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English) or humor (American English) is the tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. The term derives from the humorism, humoral medicine of the ancient Gre ...
, and has appeared in film,
cabaret Cabaret is a form of theatrical entertainment featuring music song, dance, recitation, or drama. The performance venue might be a pub, casino, hotel, restaurant, or nightclub with a stage for performances. The audience, often dining or drinking, ...
, and
pantomime Pantomime (; informally panto) is a type of musical comedy stage production designed for family entertainment, generally combining gender-crossing actors and topical humour with a story more or less based on a well-known fairy tale, fable or ...
. Both high and low forms of culture may be ''camp'', but where high art incorporates beauty and value, ''camp'' often strives to be lively, audacious and dynamic. ''Camp'' can also be tragic, sentimental and ironic, finding beauty or
black comedy Black comedy, also known as black humor, bleak comedy, dark comedy, dark humor, gallows humor or morbid humor, is a style of comedy that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo, particularly subjects that are normally ...
even in suffering. The humour of ''camp'', as well as its frivolity, may serve as a
coping mechanism Coping refers to conscious or unconscious strategies used to reduce and manage unpleasant emotions. Coping strategies can be cognitions or behaviors and can be individual or social. To cope is to deal with struggles and difficulties in life. I ...
to deal with
intolerance Intolerance may refer to: * Hypersensitivity or intolerance, undesirable reactions produced by the immune system * ''Intolerance'' (film), a 1916 film by D. W. Griffith * ''Intolerance'' (album), the first solo album from Grant Hart, formerly ...
and
marginalization Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century. In the EU context, the Euro ...
in society.


Origins and development

The ''
Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
'' notes that the word ''camp'' was used as a verb since at least the 1500s. Writer Bruce Rodgers also traces the term ''camp'' to the 16th century, specifically to British theatre, where it referred to men dressed as women ( drag). ''Camp'' may have derived from the gay slang
Polari Polari () is a form of slang or Cant (language), cant historically used primarily in the United Kingdom by some actors, circus and fairground performers, professional wrestlers, merchant navy sailors, criminals and prostitutes, and particula ...
, which borrowed the term from the Italian ''campare,'' or from the French term ''se camper'', meaning "to pose in an exaggerated fashion". A similar sense is also found in French theatre in
Molière Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (, ; ), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the French language and world liter ...
's 1671 play '' Les Fourberies de Scapin''. Writer
Susan Sontag Susan Lee Sontag (; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, critic, and public intellectual. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "Notes on "Camp", Notes on 'Ca ...
and linguist Paul Baker place the "soundest starting point" for the modern sense of ''camp'', meaning ''flamboyant'', as the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Writer Anthony Burgess theorized it may have emerged from the primary sense of the word'','' as in a military encampment, where gay men would subtly advertize their sexuality in all-male company through a particular style and affectation. By 1870, British crossdresser Frederick Park referred to his "campish undertakings" in a letter produced in evidence at his examination before a magistrate at Bow Street, London, on suspicion of illegal homosexual acts; the letter does not make clear what these were. In 1874, the ''Manchester Courier'' printed the description of a ticket for a Salford drag ball, called the "Queen of Camp" ball. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the first definitive use of ''camp'' as an adjective in print occurred in the writing of J. R. Ware in 1909.''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "camp (adj. & n.5)", December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/7181450905. In the UK's pre- liberation gay culture, the term was used as a general description of the aesthetic choices and behavior of working-class
gay men Gay men are male homosexuals. Some bisexual men, bisexual and homoromantic men may dually identify as ''gay'' and a number of gay men also identify as ''queer''. Historic terminology for gay men has included ''Sexual inversion (sexology), in ...
.Esther Newton (1978): ''Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America'', University of Chicago Press. . The term ''camp'' is still sometimes used in the UK to describe a gay man who is perceived as outwardly garish or eccentric, such as Matt Lucas' character Daffyd Thomas in the English comedy skit show '' Little Britain''. From the mid-1940s, numerous representations of ''camp speech'' or ''camp'' ''talk'', as used by gay men, began to appear in print in America, France and the United Kingdom. By the mid-1970s, camp was defined by the college edition of ''
Webster's New World Dictionary ''Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language'' is an American dictionary published first in 1951. As of 2022, the work is owned by HarperCollins Publishers. Overview The first edition was published by the World Publishing Comp ...
'' as "banality, mediocrity, artifice, ndostentation ... so extreme as to amuse or have a perversely sophisticated appeal".In America, the concept of camp was also described by Christopher Isherwood in 1954 in his novel '' The World in the Evening'', and later by
Susan Sontag Susan Lee Sontag (; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, critic, and public intellectual. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "Notes on "Camp", Notes on 'Ca ...
in her 1964 essay ' Notes on "Camp"'. Two key components of the "radical spectacle of camp" were originally feminine performances: swish and drag. With swish's extensive use of superlatives and drag's exaggerated female impersonation, camp occasionally became extended to all things "over the top", including women posing as female impersonators ( faux queens) such as Carmen Miranda, while also retaining its meaning as "queer parody".Moe Meyer (2010): ''An Archaeology of Posing: Essays on Camp, Drag, and Sexuality'', Macater Press, .Moe Meyer (2011): ''The Politics and Poetics of Camp'', Routledge, .Cohan, Steven. ''Incongruous entertainment: Camp, cultural value, and the MGM musical''. Duke University Press, 2005. p.11, 274. In her study of drag, cultural anthropologist Esther Newton argued that ''camp'' has three major features: incongruity, theatricality, and humour. In his 1984, writer George Melly argued that the camp sensibility allowed almost anything to be seen as a ''camp'', and that this was a way of projecting one's own queer sensibility upon the world to therefore reclaim it. Conversely, he argued, the biggest threat to camp wasn't heterosexuals ("who tend to accept it, although usually at a fairly broad and superficial level"), but "a neo-puritanism, a received conformism" emerging among gay people at the time. The rise of
postmodernism Postmodernism encompasses a variety of artistic, Culture, cultural, and philosophical movements that claim to mark a break from modernism. They have in common the conviction that it is no longer possible to rely upon previous ways of depicting ...
and
queer theory Queer theory is a field of post-structuralist critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of queer studies (formerly often known as gay and lesbian studies) and women's studies. The term "queer theory" is broadly associated with the study a ...
has made ''camp'' a common perspective on aesthetics, not solely identified with gay men.Morrill, Cynthia. "Revamping the Gay Sensibility: Queer Camp and ''dyke noir''." In Moe Meyer (ed). ''The Politics and Poetics of Camp''. Routledge, 2005. p.94. Women (especially
lesbian A lesbian is a homosexual woman or girl. The word is also used for women in relation to their sexual identity or sexual behavior, regardless of sexual orientation, or as an adjective to characterize or associate nouns with female homosexu ...
s), trans people, and people of colour have described new forms of ''camp'', such as ''dyke camp'' (including subcategories such as ''cubana'' and ''high-femme dyke camp'') and ''queer of color camp''. ''Camp'' has also been a subject of
psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of the innate structure of the human soul and the dynamics of personality development relating to the practice of psychoanalysis, a method of research and for treating of Mental disorder, mental disorders (psych ...
, where it has been portrayed as a form of performance or ''masquerade''. Scholar Cynthia Morrill has argued that the conception of "camp-as-masquerade" ignores the specifically queer sensibility of ''camp'' by interrogating queerness through a heteronormative lens (i.e., solely in relation to the symbol of the phallus). ''Camp'' has become prevalent in mainstream popular entertainment such as theatre, cinema, TV and music. In reaction to its popularisation, critics such as Jack Babuscio and Jeanette Cooperman have argued that ''camp'' requires the alienation of LGBTQ+ people from the mainstream to maintain its edge. Poet and scholar Chris Philpot, like Cooperman, nevertheless argues that ''camp'' can still be a viable "survival strategy" for
marginalized Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century. In the EU context, the Euro ...
queer people, so long as it evolves with them. Curator Andrew Bolton, after his show ''Camp: Notes on Fashion'' at the New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...
, explains that context is also important for understanding the power and relevance of camp: "Camp tends to come to the fore through moments of social and political instability, when our society is deeply polarized. The 1960s is one such moment, as were the 1980s, so, too, are the times in which we're living."


''Camp'' in contemporary culture


Fashion

Patrick Kelly's designs have been described as camp and "Radical Cheek" for his ironic use of bold colours, antiquated or incongruous styles, and reclaimed racist symbols. He designed a banana dress in reference to
Josephine Baker Freda Josephine Baker (; June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975), naturalized as Joséphine Baker, was an American and French dancer, singer, and actress. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in France. She was the first Black woman to s ...
and dedicated a whole collection to her. He used mismatched buttons when creating his own take on a Chanel suit. By the time he died in 1990, he had dressed noted queer icons such as
Grace Jones Grace Beverly Jones (born 19 May 1948) is a Jamaican singer, songwriter, model and actress. She began her Model (person), modelling career in New York State, then in Paris, working for fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent (brand), Yves St ...
and Isabella Rossellini. His grave is marked with a stylized
golliwog The golliwog, also spelled golliwogg or shortened to golly, is a doll-like character, created by cartoonist and author Florence Kate Upton, which appeared in children's books in the late 19th century, usually depicted as a type of rag doll. I ...
—a reclaimed symbol for his label—featuring big gold earrings and bright red lips.The 2019
Met Gala The Met Gala, formally called the Costume Institute Benefit, is the annual haute couture fundraising festival held for the benefit of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute in Manhattan. The Met Gala was and still is popularly rega ...
's theme was Camp: Notes on Fashion, co-chaired by Anna Wintour,
Serena Williams Serena Jameka Williams (born September 26, 1981) is an American former professional tennis player. She was ranked as the List of WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players, world No. 1 in women's singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WT ...
,
Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Known for her image reinventions and versatility across the entertainment industry, she is an influ ...
,
Harry Styles Harry Edward Styles (born 1 February 1994) is an English singer, songwriter, and actor. His showmanship, artistry, and flamboyant fashion have had a Cultural impact of Harry Styles, significant impact on popular culture. Styles's musical ca ...
, and Alessandro Michele. The show featured tributes to
queer ''Queer'' is an umbrella term for people who are non-heterosexual or non- cisgender. Originally meaning or , ''queer'' came to be used pejoratively against LGBTQ people in the late 19th century. From the late 1980s, queer activists began to ...
and camp figures, including a bronze statue of the Vatican's Belvedere Antinous, portraits of
Louis XIV LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reign ...
and
Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Fflahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish author, poet, and playwright. After writing in different literary styles throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular and influential playwright ...
, and celebrations of Black and Latinx ball culture and the Harlem Renaissance. Dapper Dan—whose luxurious fashion has been credited with camping up the
hip-hop Hip-hop or hip hop (originally disco rap) is a popular music genre that emerged in the early 1970s from the African-American community of New York City. The style is characterized by its synthesis of a wide range of musical techniques. Hi ...
genre—designed seven camp outfits for
Gucci Guccio Gucci S.p.A., doing business as Gucci ( , ), is an Italian Luxury goods, luxury fashion house based in Florence. Its product lines include handbags, ready-to-wear, footwear, accessories, and home decoration; and it licenses its name and ...
, worn at the gala by 21 Savage, Omari Hardwick, Regina Hall, Bevy Smith, Ashley Graham and Karlie Kloss (he wore the seventh). Lady Gaga's entrance took 16 minutes, as she arrived to the gala alongside an entourage of five dancers carrying umbrellas, a make up artist, and a personal photographer to snap pictures of Gaga's poses. Gaga arrived in a hot pink Brandon Maxwell gown with a 25-foot train and went through a series of four "reveals," paying homage to drag culture, debuting a new outfit each time, until reaching her final look: a bra and underwear with fishnets and platform heels. Other notable ensembles included
Katy Perry Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known professionally as Katy Perry, is an American singer, songwriter, and television personality. She is one of the List of best-selling music artists, best-selling music artists in hist ...
wearing a gown that looked like a chandelier, designed by Moschino; and Kacey Musgraves appearing as a life-size
Barbie Barbie is a fashion doll created by American businesswoman Ruth Handler, manufactured by American toy and entertainment company Mattel and introduced on March 9, 1959. The toy was based on the German Bild Lilli doll, Bild Lilli doll which Hand ...
, also by Moschino.


Film

Melodrama films have been celebrated for their unintentional camp content by gay male culture long before critics and academics first defined the genre in the 1970s. Some writers have even considered the genre to be "cinema made for and by
gay men Gay men are male homosexuals. Some bisexual men, bisexual and homoromantic men may dually identify as ''gay'' and a number of gay men also identify as ''queer''. Historic terminology for gay men has included ''Sexual inversion (sexology), in ...
." In addition to the films of Douglas Sirk (the greatest exponent of melodrama), several works by Minnelli, Nicholas Ray,
George Cukor George Dewey Cukor ( ; July 7, 1899 – January 24, 1983) was an American film director and film producer, producer. He mainly concentrated on comedies and literary adaptations. His career flourished at RKO Pictures, RKO when David O. Selzn ...
,
Billy Wilder Billy Wilder (; ; born Samuel Wilder; June 22, 1906 – March 27, 2002) was an American filmmaker and screenwriter. His career in Hollywood (film industry), Hollywood spanned five decades, and he is regarded as one of the most brilliant and ver ...
and
Joseph Losey Joseph Walton Losey III (; January 14, 1909 – June 22, 1984) was an American film and theatre director, producer, and screenwriter. Born in Wisconsin, he studied in Germany with Bertolt Brecht and then returned to the United States. Hollywood ...
acquired cult status among gay men because of the "very excessiveness, extreme emotionality, mannered performances, style and very direct sentimental form of address that these films demonstrate". Several features of the family melodrama, later emphasized by film theorists as integral to the subversive and progressive essence of the genre, were precisely the attributes that gay men found humorous. Several later exponents of gay cinema, like John Waters,
Pedro Almodóvar Pedro Almodóvar Caballero (; born 25 September 1949) is a Spanish film director, screenwriter and author. His films are distinguished by Melodrama (film genre), melodrama, irreverent humour, bold colour, glossy décor, quotations from popular c ...
, Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Todd Haynes, among others, have cited campy melodramas as a major influence. Famous representatives of camp films are, for example, John Waters ''( Pink Flamingos, 1972)'' and Rosa von Praunheim ''( The Bed Sausage, 1971)'', who mainly used this style in the 1970s, and who created films which achieved cult status. The 1972 musical ''
Cabaret Cabaret is a form of theatrical entertainment featuring music song, dance, recitation, or drama. The performance venue might be a pub, casino, hotel, restaurant, or nightclub with a stage for performances. The audience, often dining or drinking, ...
'' is also seen as an example of the aesthetic, with film critic Esther Leslie describing the camp in the film thus:
Camp thrives on tragic gestures, on lament at the transience of life, on an excess of sentiment, an ironic sensibility that art and artifice is preferable to nature and health, in a Wildean sense.
Australian writer/director Baz Luhrmann's Red Curtain Trilogy, in particular the film '' Strictly Ballroom'' (1992), has been described as camp. The term camp is also used prominently in the horror genre, with examples including '' Killer Klowns from Outer Space'', or The Evil Dead franchise.


Literature

'' Dandyism'' is often seen as a precursor to camp, especially as embodied in
Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Fflahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish author, poet, and playwright. After writing in different literary styles throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular and influential playwright ...
and his work. The character of Amarinth in Robert Hichens's '' The Green Carnation'' (1894), based on Wilde, uses "camp coding" in his "effusive and inverted" use of language. The scene where Anthony Blanche arrives late to Sebastian Flyte's lunch party in Evelyn Waugh's '' Brideshead Revisited'', has been described by writer George Melly as an example of ''camp'''s "alchemical ability" to project a
queer ''Queer'' is an umbrella term for people who are non-heterosexual or non- cisgender. Originally meaning or , ''queer'' came to be used pejoratively against LGBTQ people in the late 19th century. From the late 1980s, queer activists began to ...
sensibility upon the world and unite one's peers in that sensibility. The first post-World War II use of the word in print may be Christopher Isherwood's 1954 novel ''The World in the Evening'', where he comments: "You can't camp about something you don't take seriously. You're not making fun of it; you're making fun ''out'' of it. You're expressing what's basically serious to you in terms of fun and artifice and elegance." In the American writer
Susan Sontag Susan Lee Sontag (; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, critic, and public intellectual. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "Notes on "Camp", Notes on 'Ca ...
's 1964 essay '' Notes on "Camp"'', Sontag emphasized the embrace of artifice, frivolity, naivety, pretentiousness, offensiveness, and excess as key elements of camp. Examples cited by Sontag included Tiffany lamps, the drawings of
Aubrey Beardsley Aubrey Vincent Beardsley ( ; 21 August 187216 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author. His black ink drawings were influenced by Woodblock printing in Japan, Japanese woodcuts, and depicted the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic. ...
, Tchaikovsky's ballet '' Swan Lake'', and Japanese science fiction films such as ''Rodan'' and '' The Mysterians'' of the 1950s. However, critics of Sontag's description, such as art historian David Carrier, say that it is outdated and that "her celebration of its ecstatic marginality downplays its implicit subversiveness". In Mark Booth's 1983 book ''Camp'', he defines camp as "to present oneself as being committed to the marginal with a commitment greater than the marginal merits". He makes a distinction between genuine ''camp'', and ''camp fads and fancies —'' things that are not intrinsically camp, but display artificiality, stylization, theatricality, naivety, sexual ambiguity, tackiness, poor taste, stylishness, or camp people, and thus appeal to them. In his 1984 book ''Camp: The Lie That Tells The Truth'', writer and artist Philip Core describes
Jean Cocteau Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau ( , ; ; 5 July 1889 11 October 1963) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, designer, film director, visual artist and critic. He was one of the foremost avant-garde artists of the 20th-c ...
's autobiography as "the definition of camp". In 1993, journalist Russell Davies published comedian Kenneth Williams's diaries. Williams's diary entry for 1 January 1947 reads: "Went to Singapore with Stan—very camp evening, was followed, but tatty types so didn't bother to make overtures."


Music

American singer and actress
Cher Cher ( ; born Cheryl Sarkisian, May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality. Dubbed the "Honorific nicknames in popular music, Goddess of Pop", she is known for her Androgyny, androgynous contralto voice, Music an ...
is one of the artists who received the title of "Queen of Camp" through her colourful on-stage fashion and live performances. She gained this status in the 1970s when she launched her
variety show Variety show, also known as variety arts or variety entertainment, is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical performances, sketch comedy, magic, acrobatics, juggling, and ventriloquism. It is normally introduced by a comp� ...
s in collaboration with the costume designer Bob Mackie and became a constant presence on American prime-time television.
Madonna Madonna Louise Ciccone ( ; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she has been recognized for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, ...
is also considered camp and according to educator Carol Queen, her "whole career up to and including '' Sex'' has depended heavily on camp imagery and camp understandings of gender and sex". Madonna has also been named "Queen of Camp". In public and on stage, Dusty Springfield developed an image supported by her peroxide blonde beehive hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up that included her much-copied "panda eye" look.Laurense Cole (2008) ''Dusty Springfield: in the middle of nowhere'', Middlesex University Press. p. 13. Springfield borrowed elements of her look from blonde glamour queens of the 1950s, such as Brigitte Bardot and Catherine Deneuve.Bob Gulla (2007) ''Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm'', Greenwood Publishing Group This, her singing style and her sexuality made her a "camp icon" and won her a following in the gay community. Besides the prototypical female drag queen, she was presented in the roles of the "Great White Lady" of pop and soul, and the "Queen of Mods". Rappers such as Lil' Kim,
Nicki Minaj Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Nicki Minaj ( ), is a Trinidadian rapper, singer, and songwriter. Regarded as the "Queen of Rap" and one of the most influential rappers of all time, she is noted for her ...
and
Cam'ron Cameron Ezike Giles (born February 4, 1976), known Mononym, mononymously as Cam'ron, is an American rapper. Beginning his career in the early 1990s as Killa Cam, Giles signed with Lance Rivera, Lance "Un" Rivera's Lance Rivera, Untertainment, a ...
have all been described as camp, often because of the opulence and winking humour of their personas. Dapper Dan has been credited with introducing high fashion and camp to hip hop. In pop and rock, musicians
Prince A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The ...
and
Jimi Hendrix James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942September 18, 1970) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential guitarists of all time. Inducted ...
have also been called camp because of their flamboyance and playful use of artifice. South Korean rapper
Psy Park Jae-sang (; born December 31, 1977), better known by his stage name Psy ( ; ), is a South Korean rapper and singer-songwriter, known domestically for his humorous music videos and stage performances and internationally for his hit singl ...
, known for his viral internet music videos full of flamboyant dance and visuals, has come to be seen as a 21st-century incarnation of camp style."Exploring Psy's Digital Dandy Appeal In 'Gangnam Style' "
(3 October 2012) ''Rolling Stone'' (retrieved 21 April 2013)
Geri Halliwell is recognized as a camp icon for her high camp aesthetics, performance style and kinship with the gay community during her time as a solo artist. Dancer, singer and actress
Josephine Baker Freda Josephine Baker (; June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975), naturalized as Joséphine Baker, was an American and French dancer, singer, and actress. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in France. She was the first Black woman to s ...
has been described as ''camp.'' Her famous banana dress has been noted as particularly camp for its flamboyant, humorous and ironic qualities, as well as the way it makes a political point using outdated but reclaimed imagery.
Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Known for her image reinventions and versatility across the entertainment industry, she is an influ ...
, a contemporary exemplar of camp, uses music and dance to make social commentary on pop culture, as in the "Judas" music video. Her clothes, makeup, and accessories, created by high-end fashion designers, are integral to the narrative structure of her performances.
Katy Perry Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known professionally as Katy Perry, is an American singer, songwriter, and television personality. She is one of the List of best-selling music artists, best-selling music artists in hist ...
has also been described as camp, with outlets like '' Vogue'' describing her as another "Queen of Camp". The British tradition of the " Last Night of the Proms" has been said to glory in "nostalgia, camp, and pastiche". ''Camp'' still forms a strong element in UK culture, and many so-called gay icons and objects are chosen as such because they are camp, including musicians such as
Elton John Sir Elton Hercules John (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight; 25 March 1947) is a British singer, songwriter and pianist. His music and showmanship have had a significant, lasting impact on the music industry, and his songwriting partnership with l ...
,
Kylie Minogue Kylie Ann Minogue (; born 28 May 1968) is an Australian singer, songwriter, and actress. Frequently referred to as the "Honorific nicknames in popular music, Princess of Pop", she has achieved recognition in both the music industry and fas ...
,
Lulu Lulu may refer to: Companies * LuLu, an early automobile manufacturer * Lulu.com, an online e-books and print self-publishing platform, distributor, and retailer * Lulu Hypermarket, a retail chain in Asia * Lululemon Athletica or simply Lulu, a C ...
, and Mika. Musicologist Philip Brett has highlighted campness in the work of Benjamin Britten and has also argued for a camp reading of French composer Francis Poulenc's ''Concerto for Two Pianos in D minor'', noting its combination of a Balinese
gamelan Gamelan (; ; , ; ) is the traditional musical ensemble, ensemble music of the Javanese people, Javanese, Sundanese people, Sundanese, and Balinese people, Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussion instrument, per ...
with a sense of "musical resignation and longing". Musicologist Raymond Knapp has compared ''musical camp'' to jazz, especially in camp's playfulness and admiration for its subjects, which can seem mocking but often borders on veneration. He argues that musical camp draws attention to its performativity and inspirations, while engaging the audience interactively in the process of creating meaning.


Photography

Thomas Dworzak published a collection of "last portrait" photographs of young
Taliban , leader1_title = Supreme Leader of Afghanistan, Supreme leaders , leader1_name = {{indented plainlist, * Mullah Omar{{Natural Causes{{nbsp(1994–2013) * Akhtar Mansour{{Assassinated (2015–2016) * Hibatullah Akhundzada (2016–present) ...
soldiers about to depart for the front, found in Kabul photo studios. The book, titled ''Taliban'', attests to a campy aesthetic, quite close to the gay movement in California or a Peter Greenaway film.


Television

The
Comedy Central Comedy Central is an American Cable television in the United States, cable television channel, channel owned by Paramount Global through its Paramount Media Networks, network division's Paramount Media Networks#MTV Entertainment Group, MTV Ente ...
television show '' Strangers with Candy'' (1999–2000), starring comedian Amy Sedaris, was a camp spoof of the '' ABC Afterschool Special'' genre. Inspired by the work of George Kuchar and his brother Mike Kuchar, ASS Studios began making a series of short, no-budget camp films. Their feature film '' Satan, Hold My Hand'' (2013) features many elements recognized in camp pictures. Since 2000, the
Eurovision Song Contest The Eurovision Song Contest (), often known simply as Eurovision, is an international Music competition, song competition organised annually by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) among its members since 1956. Each participating broadcaster ...
, an annually televised competition of song performers from different countries, has shown an increasing element of camp—since the contest has shown an increasing attraction within the LGBTQ+ communities—in their stage performances. This is especially true during the televised finale, which is screened live across Europe. As it is a visual show, many Eurovision performances attempt to attract the attention of voters through means other than the music, which sometimes leads to bizarre onstage gimmicks, and what some critics have called "the Eurovision
kitsch ''Kitsch'' ( ; loanword from German) is a term applied to art and design that is perceived as Naivety, naïve imitation, overly eccentric, gratuitous or of banal Taste (sociology), taste. The modern avant-garde traditionally opposed kitsch ...
drive", with almost cartoonish novelty acts performing.


Theatre

Andrew Holleran's 1988 book of essays, '' Ground Zero'', includes an analysis of "smoldering anarchist of kitsch" Charles Ludlam—a theatre artist who produced what Garth Greenwell describes as "extravagant drag epics" with Ridiculous Theatrical Company, until his death of AIDS-related pneumonia in 1987. Greenwell writes: "Holleran's essay is the most concise and profound discussion of camp aesthetics I know." The Australian theatre and opera director Barrie Kosky is renowned for his use of camp in interpreting the works of the
Western canon The Western canon is the embodiment of High culture, high-culture literature, music, philosophy, and works of art that are highly cherished across the Western culture, Western world, such works having achieved the status of classics. Recent ...
, including
Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...
, Wagner,
Molière Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (, ; ), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the French language and world liter ...
, Seneca and Kafka. His 2006 eight-hour production for the Sydney Theatre Company ''The Lost Echo'' was based on
Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace, with whom he i ...
's ''Metamorphoses'' and
Euripides Euripides () was a Greek tragedy, tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to ...
's '' The Bacchae''. In the first act ("The Song of Phaeton"), for instance, the goddess Juno takes the form of a highly stylized Marlene Dietrich, and the musical arrangements feature
Noël Coward Sir Noël Peirce Coward (16 December 189926 March 1973) was an English playwright, composer, director, actor, and singer, known for his wit, flamboyance, and what ''Time (magazine), Time'' called "a sense of personal style, a combination of c ...
and
Cole Porter Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. Many of his songs became Standard (music), standards noted for their witty, urbane lyrics, and many of his scores found success on Broadway the ...
. Kosky's use of camp is also effectively employed to satirize the pretensions, manners, and cultural vacuity of Australia's suburban
middle class The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status. The term has historically been associated with modernity, capitalism and political debate. C ...
, which is suggestive of the style of Dame Edna Everage. For example, in ''The Lost Echo'', Kosky employs a chorus of
high school A secondary school, high school, or senior school, is an institution that provides secondary education. Some secondary schools provide both ''lower secondary education'' (ages 11 to 14) and ''upper secondary education'' (ages 14 to 18), i.e., ...
students: one girl in the chorus takes leave from the goddess Diana, and begins to rehearse a dance routine, muttering to herself in a broad Australian accent, "Mum says I have to practice if I want to be on '' Australian Idol''." In the UK, the
music hall Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was most popular from the early Victorian era, beginning around 1850, through the World War I, Great War. It faded away after 1918 as the halls rebranded their entertainment as Varie ...
tradition of
pantomime Pantomime (; informally panto) is a type of musical comedy stage production designed for family entertainment, generally combining gender-crossing actors and topical humour with a story more or less based on a well-known fairy tale, fable or ...
, which often uses drag and other features of ''camp'', remains a popular form of entertainment for families and young children. Most towns and cities in the UK stage at least one pantomime between November and February, drawing in an estimated £146 million in 2014.


Distinguishing between kitsch and camp

The words ''camp'' and ''
kitsch ''Kitsch'' ( ; loanword from German) is a term applied to art and design that is perceived as Naivety, naïve imitation, overly eccentric, gratuitous or of banal Taste (sociology), taste. The modern avant-garde traditionally opposed kitsch ...
'' are often used interchangeably, though they are distinct. ''Camp'' is rooted in a specifically queer sensibility, informed by queer identity and
culture Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...
, whereas ''kitsch'' is rooted in the rise of mass-produced art and
popular culture Popular culture (also called pop culture or mass culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of cultural practice, practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as popular art
f. pop art F is the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet. F may also refer to: Science and technology Mathematics * F or f, the number 15 (number), 15 in hexadecimal and higher positional systems * ''p'F'q'', the hypergeometric function * F-distributi ...
or mass art, sometimes contraste ...
for the mainstream. Both terms may relate to an object or work that carries aesthetic value, but ''kitsch'' refers specifically to the work itself, whereas ''camp'' is a sensibility as well as a mode of performance. A person may consume ''kitsch'' intentionally or unintentionally, but ''camp'', as Susan Sontag observed, is always a way of consuming or performing culture "in quotation marks". Sontag also distinguishes between ''naïve'' and ''deliberate'' ''camp'', and examines Christopher Isherwood's distinction between ''low camp''—which he associated with cross-dressing and drag performances—and ''high camp''—which included "the whole emotional basis of the Ballet, for example, and of course of Baroque art". ''High camp'' has also been used to describe drag that is more subtle or ironic, as opposed to drag that is more parodic and obvious (and thus ''low camp''). According to sociologist Andrew Ross, ''camp'' combines outmoded and contemporary forms of style, fashion, and technology. Often characterized by the reappropriation of a "throwaway Pop aesthetic", camp works to intermingle the categories of "high" and "low" culture. Objects may become camp objects because of their historical association with a power now in decline. As opposed to kitsch, camp reappropriates culture in an ironic fashion, whereas kitsch is indelibly sincere. Additionally, kitsch may be seen as a quality of an object, while camp "tends to refer to a subjective process". Those who identify objects as "camp" note the distance often apparent in the process through which "unexpected value can be located in some obscure or exorbitant object." In its subversiveness and irony, camp can also suggest the possibility of overturning the
status quo is a Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to social, economic, legal, environmental, political, religious, scientific or military issues. In the sociological sense, the ''status quo'' refers to the curren ...
, making it a far more "radical spectacle" than ''kitsch''. Musicologist Philip Brett has described camp as:
a strategy which confronts un-queer
ontology Ontology is the philosophical study of existence, being. It is traditionally understood as the subdiscipline of metaphysics focused on the most general features of reality. As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of realit ...
tates of beingand
homophobia Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, Gay men, gay or bisexual. It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred, or ant ...
with humor and which by those same means may also signal the possibility of the overturn of that ontology—as when, on a famous night in 1969, the evening of the funeral of Judy Garland, the mood of a group of gays and drag queens reveling in the spectacle of their own arrest by members of the New York City Vice Squad at the Stonewall Bar turned to one of rage and produced the event that solidified the lesbian and gay movement.


See also

*
Avant-garde In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable ...
* Asemic writing *
Collection de l'art brut Collection or Collections may refer to: Computing * Collection (abstract data type), the abstract concept of collections in computer science * Collection (linking), the act of linkage editing in computing * Garbage collection (computing), autom ...
* Glam rock * Horror vacui * Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art * Lowbrow (art movement) * Neo-pop * Pop art * Saving and Preserving Arts and Cultural Environments *
Surrealism Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...
*
Vernacular architecture Vernacular architecture (also folk architecture) is building done outside any academic tradition, and without professional guidance. It is not a particular architectural movement or style but rather a broad category, encompassing a wide range a ...


Notes


References


Sources

* Babuscio, Jack (1993) "Camp and the Gay Sensibility" in ''Camp Grounds: Style and Homosexuality'', David Bergman Ed., U of Massachusetts, Amherst * Feil, Ken (2005) "Queer Comedy", in ''Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide'' Vol. 2. pp. 19–38, 477–492, Maurice Charney Ed., Praeger, Westport, CN * Levine, Martin P. (1998) ''Gay Macho'', New York UP, New York * Meyer, Moe, Ed. (1994) ''The Politics and Poetics of Camp'', Routledge, London and New York ** Morrill, Cynthia (1994) "Revamping the Gay Sensibility: Queer Camp and ''dyke noir''" (In Meyer pp. 110–129) * Helene A. Shugart and Catherine Egley Waggoner (2008) ''Making Camp: Rhetorics of Transgression in U.S. Popular Culture'', U of Alabama P., Tuscaloosa * Van Leer, David (1995) ''The Queening of America: Gay Culture in Straight Society'', Routledge, London and New York


Further reading

* Baker, Paul (2023). ''Camp! The Story of the Attitude that Conquered the World''. London: Footnote Press. * Core, Philip (1984/1994). ''CAMP, The Lie That Tells the Truth'', foreword by George Melly. London: Plexus Publishing Limited. * Cleto, Fabio, editor (1999). ''Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. . * Padva, Gilad (2008). "Educating The Simpsons: Teaching Queer Representations in Contemporary Visual Media". ''Journal of LGBT Youth'' 5(3), 57–73. * Padva, Gilad and Talmon, Miri (2008). "Gotta Have An Effeminate Heart: The Politics of Effeminacy and Sissyness in a Nostalgic Israeli TV Musical". ''Feminist Media Studies'' 8(1), 69–84. * Padva, Gilad (2005). "Radical Sissies and Stereotyped Fairies in Laurie Lynd's The Fairy Who Didn't Want To Be A Fairy Anymore". ''Cinema Journal'' 45(1), 66–78. * Padva, Gilad (2000). "Priscilla Fights Back: The Politicization of Camp Subculture". ''Journal of Communication Inquiry'' 24(2), 216–243. * Meyer, Moe, editor (1993). ''The Politics and Poetics of Camp''. Routledge. . * Sontag, Susan (1964). "Notes on Camp" in ''Against Interpretation and Other Essays''. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. .


External links

*
Notes on "Camp"
' by
Susan Sontag Susan Lee Sontag (; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, critic, and public intellectual. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "Notes on "Camp", Notes on 'Ca ...
{{Authority control 1900s neologisms Fashion aesthetics Gay effeminacy LGBTQ terminology Gay working-class culture Cultural trends Postmodernism Concepts in aesthetics