Buddhism Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

(

Pali Pāli (, IAST: pāl̤i) is a Classical languages of India, classical Middle Indo-Aryan languages, Middle Indo-Aryan language of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pali Canon, Pāli Can ...

and ''Buddha Dharma'') is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to

Siddhartha Gautama Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),* * * was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist lege ...

, commonly known as the

Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),* * * was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was ...

, "the awakened one". The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, Buddhism.

The Buddha

Gautama Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),* * * was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist lege ...

Tathāgata Tathāgata () is a Pali and Sanskrit word used in ancient India for a person who has attained the highest religious goal. Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, used it when referring to himself or other past Buddhas in the Pāli Canon. Like ...

— meaning "Thus Come One" ''and'' "Thus Gone One" simultaneously, the epithet the Buddha uses most often to refer to himself; occasionally it is used as a general designation for a person who has reached the highest attainment *

Buddha's Birthday Buddha's Birthday or Buddha Day (also known as Buddha Jayanti, Buddha Purnima, and Buddha Pournami) is a primarily Buddhist festival that is celebrated in most of South Asia, South, Southeast Asia, Southeast and East Asia, commemorating the bir ...

* Eight Great Events * The Four Sights — observations that affected Prince Siddhartha deeply and made him realize the sufferings of all beings, and compelled him to begin his spiritual journey ** An old man ** A sick man ** A dead man ** An

ascetic Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures through self-discipline, self-imposed poverty, and simple living, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their pra ...

Monk A monk (; from , ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a man who is a member of a religious order and lives in a monastery. A monk usually lives his life in prayer and contemplation. The concept is ancient and can be seen in many reli ...

* Qualities of the Buddha ** Abandonment of all defilements (''

kilesa Kleshas (; ''kilesa''; ''nyon mongs''), in Buddhism, are mental states that cloud the mind and manifest in unwholesome actions. ''Kleshas'' include states of mind such as anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, etc. Contemporary translators use ...

'' — principally greed, hatred and delusion) together with their residual impressions (''vasana'') *** All defilements have been abandoned totally – all defilements have been destroyed with none remaining *** All defilements have been abandoned completely – each defilement has been destroyed at the root, without residue *** All defilements have been abandoned finally – no defilement can ever arise again in the future ** Acquisition of all virtues *** Great Wisdom (''Mahapaññā'') **** Extensiveness of range – understanding the totality of existent phenomena **** Profundity of view – understanding the precise mode of existence of each phenomenon *** Great Compassion (''Maha-karuṇā'') *

Physical characteristics of the Buddha There are no extant representations of the Buddha represented in artistic form until roughly the 2nd century CE, probably due to the prominence of aniconism in Buddhism in the earliest extant period of Buddhist devotional statuary and bas reli ...

Buddha footprint Buddha's footprints (Sanskrit: )( Tibetan: སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞབས་རྗེས། )are Buddhist icons shaped like an imprint of Gautama Buddha's foot or both feet. There are two forms: natural, as found in stone or ro ...

Buddha statue Much Buddhist art uses depictions of the historical Buddha, Gautama Buddha, which are known as () in Sanskrit and Pali. These may be statues or other images such as paintings. The main figure in an image may be someone else who has obtained B ...

(''Buddharupa'') *

Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand The iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand recall specific episodes during his travels and teachings that are familiar to the Buddhists according to an iconography with specific rules. The Buddha is always represented with certain ph ...

Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film The life of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, has been the subject of several films. History The first known film about the life of Buddha was ''Buddhadev'' (English title: ''Lord Buddha'') which was produced by the well-known Indian filmmaker Dad ...

Miracles of Gautama Buddha The miracles of Gautama Buddha refers to supernatural feats and abilities attributed to Gautama Buddha by the Buddhist scriptures. The feats are mostly attributed to supranormal powers gained through meditation, rather than divine miracles. Supr ...

* List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed * Colours of Buddha's aura (''prabashvara'') ** Sapphire blue (''nila'') **

Golden yellow Gold, also called golden, is a color tone resembling the gold chemical element. The web color ''gold'' is sometimes referred to as ''golden'' to distinguish it from the color ''metallic gold''. The use of ''gold'' as a color term in tradi ...

(''pita'') ** Crimson (''lohita'') ** White (''odata'') ** Scarlet (''manjesta'') *

Family of Gautama Buddha The Gautama Buddha, Buddha was born into a noble family in Lumbini in 563 BCE as per historical events and 624 BCE according to Buddhist tradition. He was called Siddhartha Gautama in his childhood. His father was king Śuddhodana, leader of the S ...

Śuddhodana Śuddhodana (; Pali: ''Suddhodana''), meaning "he who grows pure rice," was the father of Siddhartha Gautama, better known as the Buddha. He was a leader of the Shakya, who lived in an Oligarchy, oligarchic republic, with their capital at Kapil ...

(father) **

Māyā ''Maya'' (; Devanagari: , IAST: ), literally "illusion" or "magic", has multiple meanings in Indian philosophies depending on the context. In later Vedic texts, connotes a "magic show, an illusion where things appear to be present but are not ...

(mother) ** Yasodharā (wife) **

Rāhula Rahul (Pāli) or Rāhula (Sanskrit; born ) was the only son of Siddhārtha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha, and his wife, princess Yaśodharā. He is mentioned in numerous Buddhist texts, from the early period onward. Accounts about R ...

(son) ** Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī (foster mother) **

Nanda Nanda, including Nanda (南大), may refer to: Education * Nanchang University (南昌大学), a public university in Nanchang, Jiangxi, China * Nanhua University (南华大学), a public university in Hengyang, Hunan, China * Nanjing Universi ...

(half-brother) **

Ānanda Ānanda (Pali and Sanskrit: आनंद; 5th4th century BCE) was the primary attendant of the Buddha and one of his ten principal disciples. Among the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda stood out for having the best memory. Most of the texts of ...

(cousin) **

Anuruddha Anuruddha (; ) was one of the ten principal disciples and a cousin of Gautama Buddha. Early years Anuruddha was the son of Amitodana and brother to Mahanama and princess Rohini (Buddha's disciple). Since Amitodana was the brother of Suddh ...

(cousin) **

Devadatta Devadatta was by tradition a Buddhist monk, cousin and brother-in-law of Gautama Siddhārtha. The accounts of his life vary greatly, but he is generally seen as an evil and divisive figure in Buddhism, who led a breakaway group in the ear ...

(cousin) * Teachers of the Bodhisatta Gotama **

Āḷāra Kālāma Alara Kalama (Pāḷi & Sanskrit '), was a hermit and a teacher of meditation. He was a śramaṇa and, according to Buddhist scriptures, the first teacher of Gautama Buddha. History Various recessions of the Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra and ot ...

— taught Gautama the Jhanic Stage of nothingness **

Uddaka Rāmaputta Uddaka Rāmaputta (Pāli; ) was a sage and teacher of meditation identified by the Buddhist tradition as one of the teachers of Gautama Buddha. 'Rāmaputta' means 'son of Rāma', who may have been his father or spiritual teacher. Uddaka Rāmaput ...

— taught Gautama the Jhanic Stage of neither perception nor non-perception * Gautama Buddha in world religions ** Gautama Buddha in Hinduism

Branches of Buddhism

Schools of Buddhism

Schools of Buddhism The schools of Buddhism are the various institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism, which have often been based on historical sectarianism and the differing teachings and interpretations of specific Buddhist texts. The branching of Buddhi ...

Theravāda

Theravada ''Theravāda'' (; 'School of the Elders'; ) is Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed ''Theravādins'' (anglicized from Pali ''theravādī''), have preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching or ''Dharma (Buddhi ...

— literally, "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching", it is the oldest surviving

Buddhist Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

school. It was founded in India. It is relatively conservative, and ''generally'' closer to early Buddhism, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

(now about 70% of the population) and most of continental Southeast Asia. * ''

Bangladesh Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...

'': ** Sangharaj Nikaya ** Mahasthabir Nikaya * ''

Burma Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and ha ...

'': ** Thudhamma Nikaya *** Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw ** Shwekyin Nikaya ** Dvaya Nikaya or Dvara Nikaya * ''

Cambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...

'' * ''

Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...

'' * ''

'': ** Siam Nikaya **

Amarapura Nikaya Amarapura (, , ; also spelt as Ummerapoora) is a former capital of Myanmar, and now a township of Mandalay city. Amarapura is bounded by the Irrawaddy river in the west, Chanmyathazi Township in the north, and the ancient capital site of Ava ...

** Ramañña Nikaya * ''

Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

'': ** Maha Nikaya ***

Dhammakaya Movement The Dhammakaya tradition or Dhammakaya movement (sometimes spelled Thammakaai) is a Thai Buddhist tradition founded by Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro in the early 20th century. It is associated with several temples descended from Wat Paknam Bhasich ...

Thammayut Nikaya Dhammayuttika Nikāya (Pali language, Pali; ; ; , ), or Dhammayut Order (), is an Buddhist monasticism, order of Theravada Buddhist ''bhikkhus'' (monks) in Buddhism in Thailand, Thailand, Buddhism in Cambodia, Cambodia, and Buddhism in Myanmar, ...

***

Thai Forest Tradition The Kammaṭṭhāna Forest Tradition of Thailand (from meaning Kammaṭṭhāna, "place of work"), commonly known in the West as the Thai Forest Tradition, is a Parampara, lineage of Theravada Buddhist monasticism. The Thai Forest Traditi ...

**** Tradition of

Ajahn Chah Ajahn Chah (17 June 191816 January 1992) was a Thai Buddhist monk. He was an influential teacher of the ''Buddhadhamma'' and a founder of two major monasteries in the Thai Forest Tradition. Respected and loved in his own country as a man of g ...

Mahāyāna

Mahayana Mahāyāna ( ; , , ; ) is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, Buddhist texts#Mahāyāna texts, texts, Buddhist philosophy, philosophies, and practices developed in ancient India ( onwards). It is considered one of the three main ex ...

— literally the "Great Vehicle", it is the largest school of Buddhism, and originated in India. The term is also used for classification of Buddhist philosophies and practice. According to the teachings of Mahāyāna traditions, "Mahāyāna" also refers to the path of seeking complete enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings, also called "Bodhisattvayāna", or the "

Bodhisattva In Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a person who has attained, or is striving towards, '' bodhi'' ('awakening', 'enlightenment') or Buddhahood. Often, the term specifically refers to a person who forgoes or delays personal nirvana or ''bodhi'' in ...

Vehicle."Keown, Damien (2003), ''A Dictionary of Buddhism'': p. 38 *

Madhyamaka Madhyamaka ("middle way" or "centrism"; ; ; Tibetic languages, Tibetan: དབུ་མ་པ་ ; ''dbu ma pa''), otherwise known as Śūnyavāda ("the Śūnyatā, emptiness doctrine") and Niḥsvabhāvavāda ("the no Svabhava, ''svabhāva'' d ...

** Prāsangika ** Svatantrika ** Sanlun (Three Treatise school) *** Sanron ** Maha-Madhyamaka ( Jonangpa) *

Yogācāra Yogachara (, IAST: ') is an influential tradition of Buddhist philosophy and psychology emphasizing the study of cognition, perception, and consciousness through the interior lens of meditation, as well as philosophical reasoning (hetuvidyā). ...

** Cittamatra in Tibet ** Wei-Shi (Consciousness-only school) or Faxiang (Dharma-character school) *** Beopsang *** Hossō *

Tathagatagarbha In Buddhist philosophy and soteriology, Buddha-nature ( Chinese: , Japanese: , , Sanskrit: ) is the innate potential for all sentient beings to become a Buddha or the fact that all sentient beings already have a pure Buddha-essence within ...

** Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan) **

Huayan The Huayan school of Buddhism (, Wade–Giles: ''Hua-Yen,'' "Flower Garland," from the Sanskrit "''Avataṃsaka''") is a Mahayana Buddhist tradition that developed in China during the Tang dynasty (618-907).Yü, Chün-fang (2020). ''Chinese Bu ...

() ***

Hwaeom The Huayan school of Buddhism (, Wade–Giles: ''Hua-Yen,'' "Flower Garland," from the Sanskrit "''Avataṃsaka''") is a Mahayana Buddhist tradition that developed in China during the Tang dynasty (618-907).Yü, Chün-fang (2020). ''Chinese Bu ...

***

Kegon The Huayan school of Buddhism (, Wade–Giles: ''Hua-Yen,'' "Flower Garland," from the Sanskrit "''Avataṃsaka''") is a Mahayana Buddhist tradition that developed in China during the Tang dynasty (618-907).Yü, Chün-fang (2020). ''Chinese Bu ...

Chán Chan (; of ), from Sanskrit '' dhyāna'' (meaning "meditation" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It developed in China from the 6th century CE onwards, becoming especially popular during the Tang and Song d ...

Zen Zen (; from Chinese: ''Chán''; in Korean: ''Sŏn'', and Vietnamese: ''Thiền'') is a Mahayana Buddhist tradition that developed in China during the Tang dynasty by blending Indian Mahayana Buddhism, particularly Yogacara and Madhyamaka phil ...

/ Seon / Thien **

Caodong Caodong school () is a Chinese Chan Buddhist branch and one of the Five Houses of Chán. The school emphasised sitting meditation (Ch: zuochan, Jp: zazen), and the " five ranks" teaching. During the Song dynasty, Caodong masters like Hongzh ...

***

Sōtō Sōtō Zen or is the largest of the three traditional sects of Zen in Japanese Buddhism (the others being Rinzai school, Rinzai and Ōbaku). It is the Japanese line of the Chinese Caodong school, Cáodòng school, which was founded during the ...

****

Keizan Keizan Jōkin (, 1268–1325), also known as Taiso Jōsai Daishi, is considered to be the second great founder of the Sōtō school of Zen in Japan. While Dōgen, as founder of Japanese Sōtō, is known as , Keizan is often referred to as . Keiz ...

line ****

Jakuen Jìyuán (寂円, 1207 – 8 October 1299), better known to Buddhist scholars by his Japanese name Jakuen, was a Chinese Zen Buddhist monk and a disciple of Rujing. Most of his life is known to us only through medieval hagiography, legends ...

line **** Giin line ** Linji ***

Rinzai The Rinzai school (, zh, t=臨濟宗, s=临济宗, p=Línjì zōng), named after Linji Yixuan (Romaji: Rinzai Gigen, died 866 CE) is one of three sects of Zen in Japanese Buddhism, along with Sōtō and Ōbaku. The Chinese Linji school of ...

***

Ōbaku Ōbaku Zen or the Ōbaku school () is one of three main schools of Japanese Zen Buddhism, in addition to the Sōtō and Rinzai schools. The school was founded in Japan by the Chinese monk Ingen Ryūki, who immigrated to Japan during the Manch ...

*** Fuke ***

Won Buddhism Won Buddhism () is a Buddhist modernism, modern Buddhist religion originating in Korea. The name "Won Buddhism" comes from the Korean words 원/圓 ''won'' ("circle") and 불교/佛敎 ''bulgyo'' ("Buddhism"), lite ...

: Korean Reformed Buddhism *

Pure Land Pure Land is a Mahayana, Mahayana Buddhist concept referring to a transcendent realm emanated by a buddhahood, buddha or bodhisattva which has been purified by their activity and Other power, sustaining power. Pure lands are said to be places ...

(Amidism) ** Jodo Shu ** Jodo Shinshu *

Tiantai Tiantai or T'ien-t'ai () is an East Asian Buddhist school of Mahāyāna Buddhism that developed in 6th-century China. Drawing from earlier Mahāyāna sources such as Madhyamaka, founded by Nāgārjuna, who is traditionally regarded as the f ...

(Lotus Sutra School) **

Cheontae Uicheon, the founder of the Korean Tiantai school Cheontae is the Korean descendant of the Chinese Buddhist school Tiantai. Tiantai was introduced to Korea a couple of times during earlier periods, but was not firmly established until the tim ...

Tendai , also known as the Tendai Dharma Flower School (天台法華宗, ''Tendai hokke shū,'' sometimes just ''Hokkeshū''), is a Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition with significant esoteric elements that was officially established in Japan in 806 by t ...

(also contains Vajrayana elements) *

Nichiren was a Japanese Buddhist priest and philosopher of the Kamakura period. His teachings form the basis of Nichiren Buddhism, a unique branch of Japanese Mahayana Buddhism based on the '' Lotus Sutra''. Nichiren declared that the '' Lotus Sutra ...

Nichiren Shū was a Buddhism in Japan, Japanese Buddhist priest and philosopher of the Kamakura period. His teachings form the basis of Nichiren Buddhism, a unique branch of Japanese Mahayana, Mahayana Buddhism based on the ''Lotus Sutra''. Nichiren declar ...

Nichiren Shōshū is a branch of Nichiren Buddhism based on the traditionalist teachings of the 13th century Buddhism in Japan, Japanese Buddhist Bhikkhu#Monks in Japan, priest Nichiren (1222–1282), claiming him as its founder through his senior disciple Nikk ...

** Nipponzan Myōhōji **

Soka Gakkai is a Japanese new religions, Japanese new religion led by Minoru Harada since December 2023 based on the teachings of the 13th-century Buddhist priest Nichiren. It claims the largest membership among Nichiren Buddhism, Nichiren Buddhist group ...

Vajrayāna

Vajrayana ''Vajrayāna'' (; 'vajra vehicle'), also known as Mantrayāna ('mantra vehicle'), Guhyamantrayāna ('secret mantra vehicle'), Tantrayāna ('tantra vehicle'), Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, is a Mahāyāna Buddhism, Mahāyāna Buddhis ...

Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism is a form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet, Bhutan and Mongolia. It also has a sizable number of adherents in the areas surrounding the Himalayas, including the Indian regions of Ladakh, Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, D ...

Nyingma Nyingma (, ), also referred to as ''Ngangyur'' (, ), is the oldest of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Nyingma school was founded by PadmasambhavaClaude Arpi, ''A Glimpse of the History of Tibet'', Dharamsala: Tibet Museum, 2013. ...

** New Bön (synthesis of Yungdrung Bön and Nyingmapa) ** Kadam **

Sakya The ''Sakya'' (, 'pale earth') school is one of four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, the others being the Nyingma, Kagyu, and Gelug. It is one of the Red Hat Orders along with the Nyingma and Kagyu. Origins Virūpa, 16th century. It depict ...

*** Ngor-pa *** Tsar-pa **

Jonang The Jonang () is a school of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Its origins in Tibet can be traced to the early 12th century master Yumo Mikyo Dorje. It became widely known through the work of the popular 14th century figure Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen. The J ...

Gelug file:DalaiLama0054 tiny.jpg, 240px, 14th Dalai Lama, The 14th Dalai Lama (center), the most influential figure of the contemporary Gelug tradition, at the 2003 Kalachakra ceremony, Bodh Gaya, Bodhgaya (India) The Gelug (, also Geluk; 'virtuous' ...

Kagyu The ''Kagyu'' school, also transliterated as ''Kagyü'', or ''Kagyud'' (), which translates to "Oral Lineage" or "Whispered Transmission" school, is one of the main schools (''chos lugs'') of Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan (or Himalayan) Buddhism. ...

: ***

Shangpa Kagyu The Shangpa Kagyu (, "Oral Tradition of the man from Shang") is known as the "secret lineage" of the Kagyu school of Vajrayana or Tibetan Buddhism and differs in origin from the better known Dagpo Kagyu schools. The Dagpo Kagyu are the line ...

*** Marpa Kagyu: **** Rechung Kagyu ****

Dagpo Kagyu Dagpo Kagyu encompasses the branches of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism that trace their lineage back through Gampopa (1079-1153), who was also known as Dagpo Lhaje () "the Physician from Dagpo" and Nyamed Dakpo Rinpoche "Incomparable P ...

: *****

Karma Kagyu Karma Kagyu (), or Kamtsang Kagyu (), is a widely practiced and probably the second-largest lineage within the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The lineage has long-standing monasteries in Tibet, China, Russia, M ...

(or Kamtshang Kagyu) ***** Tsalpa Kagyu ***** Baram Kagyu ***** Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu): ****** Taglung Kagyu ****** Trophu Kagyu ****** Drukpa Kagyu ****** Martsang Kagyu ****** Yerpa Kagyu ****** Yazang Kagyu ****** Shugseb Kagyu ******

Drikung Kagyu Drikung Kagyü or Drigung Kagyü ( Wylie: 'bri-gung bka'-brgyud) is one of the eight "minor" lineages of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. "Major" here refers to those Kagyü lineages founded by the immediate disciples of Gampopa (1079-1153), ...

Rime movement Rime may refer to: *Rime ice, ice that forms when water droplets in fog freeze to the outer surfaces of objects, such as trees. Rime is also an alternative spelling of "rhyme" as a noun: *Syllable rime, term used in the study of phonology in lin ...

(ecumenical movement) * Japanese Mikkyo **

Shingon is one of the major schools of Buddhism in Japan and one of the few surviving Vajrayana lineages in East Asian Buddhism. It is a form of Japanese Esoteric Buddhism and is sometimes called "Tōmitsu" (東密 lit. "Esoteric uddhismof Tō- ...

(derived from

but added tantric practices)

Early Buddhist schools

Early Buddhist schools The early Buddhist schools refers to the History of Buddhism in India, Indian Buddhist "doctrinal schools" or "schools of thought" (Sanskrit: ''vāda'') which arose out of the early unified Buddhist monasticism, Buddhist monastic community (San ...

* ** Ekavyahārikas (during Aśoka) ***

Lokottaravāda The Lokottaravāda (Sanskrit, लोकोत्तरवाद; ) was one of the early Buddhist schools according to Mahayana doxological sources compiled by Bhāviveka, Vinitadeva and others, and was a subgroup which emerged from the Mahāsā ...

** Golulaka (during Aśoka) ***

Bahuśrutīya Bahuśrutīya (Sanskrit: बहुश्रुतीय) was one of the early Buddhist schools, according to early sources such as Vasumitra, the ''Śāriputraparipṛcchā'', and other sources, and was a sub-group which emerged from the Mahāsā� ...

(late third century BCE) ***

Prajñaptivāda The Prajñaptivāda (Sanskrit; ) was a branch of the Mahāsāṃghika, one of the early Buddhist schools in India. The Prajñaptivādins were also known as the ''Bahuśrutīya-Vibhajyavādins''. History According to Vasumitra, the Prajñaptivā ...

(late third century BCE) **

Caitika Caitika () was an Early Buddhist schools, early Buddhist school, a sub-sect of the Mahāsāṃghika. They were also known as the Caityaka sect. The Caitikas proliferated throughout the mountains of South India, from which they derived thei ...

(mid-first century BCE) *** Apara Śaila *** Uttara Śaila ** Cetiyavāda * Sthaviravāda **

Pudgalavāda The Pudgalavāda (Sanskrit; English: "Personalism"; Pali: Puggalavāda; zh, t=補特伽羅論者, p=Bǔtèjiāluō Lùnzhě; ) was a Buddhist philosophical view and also refers to a group of Nikaya Buddhist schools (mainly known as Vātsīputr� ...

('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE) *** Vatsīputrīya (during Aśoka) later name:

Saṃmitīya The Pudgalavāda (Sanskrit; English: "Personalism"; Pali: Puggalavāda; zh, t=補特伽羅論者, p=Bǔtèjiāluō Lùnzhě; ) was a Buddhist philosophical view and also refers to a group of Nikaya Buddhist schools (mainly known as Vātsīputr� ...

*** Dharmottarīya *** Bhadrayānīya *** Sannāgarika ** Vibhajjavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka) ***

Theravāda ''Theravāda'' (; 'School of the Elders'; ) is Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed ''Theravādins'' ( anglicized from Pali ''theravādī''), have preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching or '' Dhamma'' in ...

(c. 240 BCE) ***

Mahīśāsaka Mahīśāsaka (; ) is one of the early Buddhist schools according to some records. Its origins may go back to the dispute in the Second Buddhist council. The Dharmaguptaka sect is thought to have branched out from the Mahīśāsaka sect toward ...

(after 232 BCE) ****

Dharmaguptaka The Dharmaguptaka (Sanskrit: धर्मगुप्तक; ; ) are one of the eighteen or twenty early Buddhist schools from the ancient region of Gandhara, now Pakistan. They are said to have originated from another sect, the Mahīśāsakas f ...

(after 232 BCE) **

Sarvāstivāda The ''Sarvāstivāda'' (; ;) was one of the early Buddhist schools established around the reign of Ashoka (third century BCE).Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, 2018, p. 60. It was particularl ...

(c. 237 BCE) ***

Kāśyapīya Kāśyapīya (Sanskrit: काश्यपीय; Pali: ''Kassapiyā'' or ''Kassapikā''; ) was one of the early Buddhist schools in India. Etymology The name ''Kāśyapīya'' is believed to be derived from Kāśyapa, one of the original missionar ...

(after 232 BCE) ***

Sautrāntika The Sautrāntika or Sutravadin (, Suttavāda in Pali; ; ; ) were an early Buddhist school generally believed to be descended from the Sthavira nikāya by way of their immediate parent school, the Sarvāstivādins.Westerhoff, Jan, The Golden Ag ...

(between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE) ***

Mūlasarvāstivāda The Mūlasarvāstivāda (; ) was one of the early Buddhist schools of India. The origins of the Mūlasarvāstivāda school and their relationship to the Sarvāstivāda remain largely unknown, although various theories exist. The continuity of t ...

(3rd and 4th centuries) *** Vaibhashika

Buddhist modernism

Buddhist modernism Buddhist modernism (also referred to as modern Buddhism, modernist Buddhism, Neo-Buddhism, and Protestant Buddhism) are new movements based on modern era reinterpretations of Buddhism. David McMahan states that modernism in Buddhism is similar t ...

Humanistic Buddhism Humanistic Buddhism () is a modern philosophy practiced by Buddhist groups originating from Chinese Buddhism which places an emphasis on integrating Buddhist practices into everyday life and shifting the focus of ritual from the dead to the l ...

* Sōka Gakkai *

Vipassana movement The Vipassanā movement refers to a branch of modern Burmese Theravāda Buddhism that promotes "bare insight" (''sukha-Vipassana'') meditation practice to develop insight into the three marks of existence and attain stream entry. It gained ...

New Kadampa Tradition The New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union (NKT—IKBU) is a global Buddhist new religious movement founded by Kelsang Gyatso in England in 1991. In 2003 the words "International Kadampa Buddhist Union" (IKBU) were a ...

Friends of the Western Buddhist Order The Triratna Buddhist Community, formerly the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO), is an international fellowship of Buddhists. It was founded in the UK in 1967 by Sangharakshita (born Dennis Philip Edward Lingwood) and describes itself ...

Fo Guang Shan Fo Guang Shan (FGS) () is an international Chinese Buddhism, Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhist organization and monastic order based in Taiwan that practices Humanistic Buddhism whose roots are traced to the Linji school of Chan Buddhism. The headqu ...

Buddhism worldwide

Buddhism by country This list shows the distribution of the Buddhist religion, practiced by about 300 million, representing 4.1% of the world's total population. It also includes other entities such as some territories. Buddhism is the state religion in four coun ...

* Buddhism in the East *** Tamil Buddhism **

Buddhism in Central Asia Buddhism in Central Asia mainly existed in Mahayana forms and was historically especially prevalent along the Silk Road. The history of Buddhism in Central Asia is closely related to the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism during the first mill ...

** Buddhism in Southeast Asia **

East Asian Buddhism East Asian Buddhism or East Asian Mahayana is a collective term for the schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism which developed across East Asia and which rely on the Chinese Buddhist canon. These include the various forms of Chinese, Japanese, Kore ...

* Buddhism in the Middle East *

Buddhism in the West Buddhism in the West (or more narrowly Western Buddhism) broadly encompasses the knowledge and practice of Buddhism outside of Asia, in the Western world. Occasional intersections between Western world, Western civilization and the Buddhist wor ...

** Buddhism in the Americas *** Buddhism in Central America **

Buddhism in Australia In Australia, Buddhism is a minority religion. According to the 2021 census, 2.4 percent of the total population or 610,000 of Australia identified as Buddhist. It was also the fastest-growing religion by percentage, having increased its numbe ...

Buddhism in Europe Although there was regular contact between practising Buddhists and Europeans in antiquity the former had little direct impact. In the latter half of the 19th century, Buddhism came to the attention of Western intellectuals and during the cour ...

* Buddhism in Africa

Buddhist scriptures and texts

Buddhist texts Buddhist texts are religious texts that belong to, or are associated with, Buddhism and Schools of Buddhism, its traditions. There is no single textual collection for all of Buddhism. Instead, there are three main Buddhist Canons: the Pāli C ...

Theravada texts

Pali literature Pali literature is concerned mainly with Theravada Buddhism, of which Pali (IAST: pāl̤i) is the traditional language. The earliest and most important Pali literature constitutes the Pāli Canon, the authoritative scriptures of Theravada school ...

* Pāli Canon (Tipitaka) **

Vinaya Pitaka The Vinaya (Pali and Sanskrit: विनय) refers to numerous monastic rules and ethical precepts for fully ordained monks and nuns of Buddhist Sanghas (community of like-minded ''sramanas''). These sets of ethical rules and guidelines devel ...

— Basket of Discipline *** Suttavibhanga **** Patimokkha — Buddhist Monastic Code ***

Khandhaka Khandhaka is the second book of the Theravadin ''Vinaya Pitaka'' and includes the following two volumes: * Mahāvagga: includes accounts of Gautama Buddha's and the ten principal disciples' awakenings, as well as rules for uposatha days and mona ...

**** Mahāvagga **** Cullavagga *** Parivara **

Sutta Pitaka Sutta may refer to: *The Pali version of the Sanskrit term Sutra **In Buddhism, a discourse of the Buddha: see Sutra ''Sutra'' ()Monier Williams, ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, Entry fo''sutra'' page 1241 in Indi ...

— Basket of Discourses ***

Digha Nikaya Digha (), is a seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies in Purba Medinipur district and at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal. The town has a low gradient with a shallow sand beach. It is a popular sea resort in India. ...

— the Long Discourses **** Brahmajala Sutta — Discourse on the Net of Perfect Wisdom **** Samaññaphala Sutta — The Fruit of Contemplative Life Discourse ****

Kevatta Sutta The ''Kevatta Sutta'' (or ''Kevaddha'') is a Buddhist scripture, one of the texts in the Digha Nikaya (long discourses collection) of the Pali Canon. The scripture takes its name from the householder Kevatta, who invites the Buddha to display va ...

**** Mahaparinibbana Sutta — The Last Days of the Buddha **** Mahasatipatthana Sutta — The Great Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness **** Aggañña Sutta **** Sigalovada Sutta *** Majjhima Nikaya — the Middle-length Discourses **** Sammaditthi Sutta — Discourse on Right View ****

Satipatthana Sutta The ''Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta'' ( Majjhima Nikaya 10: ''The Discourse on the Establishing of Mindfulness''), and the subsequently created Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta (Dīgha Nikāya 22: ''The Great Discourse on the Establishing of Mindfulness'' ...

— The Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness ****

Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta The Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta is a Buddhist sutta in the Majjhima Nikaya of the '' Tripitaka''. This sutta is number 72 in the Third Division on Wanderers aribbajakavagga and has an alternate spelling of ggivacchagottaby the Bhikkhu Nanamoli a ...

****

Anapanasati Sutta (Pali; Sanskrit: '), meaning "mindfulness of breathing" ( means mindfulness; refers to inhalation and exhalation), is the act of paying attention to the breath. It is the quintessential form of Buddhist meditation, attributed to Gautama Budd ...

— Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing *** Samyutta Nikaya — the Connected Discourses ****

Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta The ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta'' (Pali; Sanskrit: ''Dharmacakrapravartana Sūtra''; English: ''The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dhamma Sutta'' or ''Promulgation of the Law Sutta'') is a Buddhist scripture that is considered by Buddhi ...

— Setting Rolling the Wheel of Truth (Buddha's first discourse) **** Anattalakkhana Sutta — The Nonself Characteristic (Buddha's second discourse) ****

Fire Sermon Fire is the rapid oxidation of a fuel in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Flames, the most visible portion of the fire, are produced in the combustion reaction when the fuel ...

— Buddha's third discourse *** Anguttara Nikaya — the Numerical Discourses **** Dighajanu Sutta **** Dona Sutta **** Kalama Sutta ****

Upajjhatthana Sutta The Upajjhatthana Sutta ("Subjects for Contemplation"), also known as the Abhiṇhapaccavekkhitabbaṭhānasutta in the Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana Tipiṭaka, is a Buddhist discourse (Pali: ''sutta''; Skt.: ''sutra'') famous for its inclusion of ...

— Subjects for Contemplation *** Khuddaka Nikaya — the Minor Collection **** Khuddakapatha *****

Mangala Sutta Mangala (, IAST: ) is the personification, as well as the name for the planet Mars, in Hindu literature. Also known as Lohita (), he is the deity of anger, aggression, as well as war. According to Vaishnavism, he is the son of Bhumi, the eart ...

***** Ratana Sutta ***** Karaṇīya Mettā Sutta — The Hymn of Universal Love ****

Dhammapada The ''Dhammapada'' (; ) is a collection of sayings of the Buddha in verse form and one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures.See, for instance, Buswell (2003): "rank among the best known Buddhist texts" (p. 11); and, "on ...

— The Path of Truth **** Udana — Inspired utterances ****

Itivuttaka The ''Itivuttaka'' (Pali for "as it was said") is a Buddhist scripture, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada ''Theravāda'' (; 'School of the Elders'; ) is Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed ''Theravādins'' (a ...

**** Suttanipata ***** Uraga Vagga ****** Rhinoceros Horn Sutra ******

Metta Sutta The Mettā Sutta is the name used for two Buddhist discourses (Pali: '' sutta'') found in the Pali Canon. The one, more often chanted by Theravadin monks, is also referred to as ''Karaṇīyamettā Sutta'' after the opening word, ''Karaṇīyam' ...

***** Cula Vagga ****** Ratana Sutta ******

******

Dhammika Sutta The Dhammika Sutta is part of the Sutta Nipata(Sn 2.14). In this sutta, the Buddha instructs a lay disciple named Dhammika on rules for monks and on the "layman's rule of conduct" (''gahatthavatta''). Dhammika asks of virtue In the sutta, ...

***** Maha Vagga ***** Atthaka Vagga ***** Parayana Vagga **** Vimanavatthu ****

Petavatthu __NOTOC__ The ''Petavatthu'' () is a Theravada Buddhist scripture, included in the Minor Collection (''Khuddaka Nikaya'') of the Pali Canon's Sutta Pitaka. It ostensibly reports stories about and conversations among the Buddha and his disciple ...

****

Theragatha The ''Theragāthā'' (''Verses of the Elder Monks'') is a Buddhist text, a collection of short poems in Pali attributed to members of the early Buddhist sangha. It is classified as part of the Khuddaka Nikaya, the collection of minor books in t ...

— Verses of the Elder Monks **** Therigatha — Verses of the Elder Nuns ****

Jataka tales The ''Jātaka'' (Sanskrit for "Birth-Related" or "Birth Stories") are a voluminous body of literature native to the Indian subcontinent which mainly concern the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form. Jataka stories we ...

— Buddha's former lives ****

Niddesa The Niddesa (abbrev., "Nidd") is a Buddhist scripture, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pr ...

**** Patisambhidamagga — Path of discrimination ****

Apadana Apadana (, or ) is a large hypostyle hall in Persepolis, Iran. It belongs to the oldest building phase of the city of Persepolis, in the first half of the 5th century BC, as part of the original design by Darius I, Darius the Great. Its cons ...

**** Buddhavamsa **** Cariyapitaka **** Nettipakarana **** Petakopadesa **** Milindapanha **

Abhidhamma Pitaka The Theravada Abhidhamma tradition, also known as the Abhidhamma Method, refers to a scholastic systematization of the Theravada, Theravāda school's understanding of the highest Buddhist teachings (Abhidharma, Abhidhamma). These teachings are t ...

— Basket of Ultimate Doctrine *** Dhammasangani *** Vibhanga *** Dhatukatha *** Puggalapannatti *** Kathavatthu *** Yamaka *** Patthana * Anupitaka — non-canonical or extra-canonical Pāli literature ** Paracanonical texts * Commentaries — commentaries on the Tipitaka ** Subcommentaries — commentaries on the commentaries on the Tipitaka **

Visuddhimagga The ''Visuddhimagga'' (Pali; English: ''The Path of Purification''; ), is the 'great treatise' on Buddhism, Buddhist practice and Theravāda Abhidhamma written by Buddhaghosa approximately in the 5th century in Sri Lanka. It is a manual condens ...

— ''The Path of Purification'', considered the most important Theravada text outside of the Tipitaka canon of scriptures **

Vimuttimagga __NOTOC__ The ''Vimuttimagga'' ("Path of Freedom") is a Buddhist practice manual, traditionally attributed to the Arahant Upatissa (c. 1st or 2nd century). It was translated into Chinese in the sixth century as the ''Jietuo dao lun'' 解脫道論 ...

— ''The Path of Freedom'', manual of meditation ** Abhidhammattha Sangaha — A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma

Mahayana texts

Mahayana sutras The Mahayana sutras are Buddhist texts that are accepted as wikt:canon, canonical and authentic Buddhist texts, ''buddhavacana'' in Mahayana, Mahayana Buddhist sanghas. These include three types of sutras: Those spoken by the Buddha; those spoke ...

** Angulimaliya Sutra ** Brahmajala Sutra **

Innumerable Meanings Sutra The ''Innumerable Meanings Sutra'' also known as the ''Immeasurable Meanings Sutra'' and ''Sutra of Infinite Meanings'' (Sanskrit: अनन्त निर्देश सूत्र, ''Ananta Nirdeśa Sūtra''; ; Japanese: ''Muryōgi Kyō''; ...

** Lalitavistara Sutra ** Lankavatara Sutra **

Lotus Sutra The ''Lotus Sūtra'' (Sanskrit: ''Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtram'', ''Sūtra on the White Lotus of the True Dharma'', zh, p=Fǎhuá jīng, l=Dharma Flower Sutra) is one of the most influential and venerated Buddhist Mahāyāna sūtras. ...

Perfection of Wisdom A Tibetan painting with a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra at the center of the mandala Prajñāpāramitā means "the Perfection of Wisdom" or "Transcendental Knowledge" in Mahāyāna. Prajñāpāramitā refers to a perfected way of seeing the natu ...

sutras (''Prajñāpāramitā'') ***

Diamond Sutra The ''Diamond Sutra'' (Sanskrit: ) is a Mahayana, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Buddhist sutra from the genre of ('perfection of wisdom') sutras. Translated into a variety of languages over a broad geographic range, the ''Diamond Sūtra'' is one of th ...

***

Heart Sutra The ''Heart Sūtra'', ) is a popular sutra in Mahayana, Mahāyāna Buddhism. In Sanskrit, the title ' translates as "The Heart of the Prajnaparamita, Perfection of Wisdom". The Sutra famously states, "Form is emptiness (''śūnyatā''), em ...

** Ten Stages Sutra ** Vimalakirti-nirdesa Sutra **

Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment 260px, ''The Complete Enlightenment Sutra'', gold on oak paper The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment or Complete Enlightenment () is a Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtra highly esteemed by both the Huayan and Zen schools. The earliest records are in Chin ...

Platform Sutra Double page from the Korean woodblock print of "''The Sixth Patriarch's Dharma Jewel Platform Sutra''", Bibliothèque_Nationale_de_France.html" ;"title="Goryeo, c. 1310. Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Goryeo, c. 1310. Bibliothèque National ...

** Amitabha Sutra ** Avatamsaka Sutra ** Contemplation Sutra ** Infinite Life Sutra **

Mahaparinirvana Sutra In Buddhism, ''Parinirvana'' (Sanskrit: '; Pali: ') describes the state entered after death by someone who has attained ''nirvana'' during their lifetime. It implies a release from '' '', karma and rebirth as well as the dissolution of the ''sk ...

** Mahasamnipata Sutra ** Sanghata Sutra ** Shurangama Sutra ** Sutra of Forty-Two Sections ** Sutra of Golden Light * Sutra of The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva **

Ullambana Sutra The Yulanpen Sutra, also known as the Ullambana Sutra (), is a Mahayana sutra concerning filial piety. It was translated from an Indic language (see History) and is found in Taisho 685 and Taisho 686 in Volume 16, the third volume of the Collec ...

* Āgamas *

Chinese Buddhist canon The Chinese Buddhist canon refers to a traditional collection of Chinese language Buddhist texts which are the central canonical works of East Asian Buddhism. The traditional term for the canon is Great Storage of Scriptures ().Jiang Wu, "The ...

Tripitaka Koreana The is a Korean collection of the ( Buddhist scriptures), carved onto 81,258 wooden printing blocks in the 13th century. They are currently located at the Buddhist temple Haeinsa, in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It is the oldest ...

Vajrayana texts

* Buddhist Tantras ** Guhyasamāja Tantra **

Mahavairocana Tantra Vairocana (from Sanskrit: Vi+rocana, "from the sun" or "belonging to the sun", "Solar", or "Shining"), also known as Mahāvairocana (Great Vairocana), is a major Buddha from Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. Vairocana is often interpreted, in texts ...

** Vajrasekhara Sutra ** Hevajra Tantra **

Cakrasaṃvara Tantra The ''Cakrasaṃvara Tantra'' (, ''khorlo demchok,'' The "Binding of the Wheels" Tantra, ) is an influential Buddhist Tantra. It is roughly dated to the late 8th or early 9th century by David B. Gray (with a '' terminus ante quem'' in the late t ...

** Guhyagarbha tantra **

Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa The ''Āryamañjuśrīmūlakalpa'' (''The Noble Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī'') is a Mahayana sutras, Mahāyāna sūtra and a Mantrayana, Mantrayāna ritual manual (kalpa) affiliated with the bodhisattva of wisdom, Manjusri, Mañjuśr ...

** Shurangama Sutra **

Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti The ''Mañjuśrī-Nāma-Saṃgīti'' () (hereafter, ''Nama-samgiti'') is considered amongst the most advanced teachings given by the Shakyamuni Buddha. It represents the pinnacle of all Shakyamuni Buddha's teachings, being a tantra of the nondu ...

Kalachakra Tantra ''Kālacakra'' () is a polysemic term in Vajrayana Buddhism and Hinduism that means "wheel of time" or "time cycles". "''Kālacakra''" is also the name of a series of Buddhist texts and a major practice lineage in Indian Buddhism and Tibetan Bud ...

Nyingma Gyubum ''Nyingma Gyubum'' (, ''Collected Teachings of the Ancients'') is a collection of Vajrayana texts reflecting the teachings of the Nyingma ("Ancient") school of Tibetan Buddhism. The contents of this collection comprises the Inner Tantras c ...

** Guhyagarbha tantra **

Kulayarāja Tantra The ''Kulayarāja Tantra'' ( Tibetan phonetically: ''Kunjed Gyalpo'', ; English: "All-Creating King", or "Supreme Source") is a Buddhist Tantra in the Tibetan language and the principal Mind Series (Wylie: ''sems sde'') text of the Dzogchen ( ...

Seventeen tantras The ''Seventeen Tantras of the Esoteric Instruction Series'' () or the ''Seventeen Tantras of the Ancients'' (''rnying-ma'i rgyud bcu-bdun'') are an important collection of tantras in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. They comprise the cor ...

of Dzogchen ** Vima Nyingtik ** Longchen Nyingthig *

Tibetan Buddhist canon The Tibetan Buddhist canon is a compilation of the Buddhist sacred texts recognized by various schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Canon includes the Kangyur, which is the Buddha's recorded teachings, and the Tengyur, which is commentaries by gr ...

Kangyur The Tibetan Buddhist canon is a defined collection of sacred texts recognized by various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, comprising the Kangyur and the Tengyur. The ''Kangyur'' or ''Kanjur'' is Buddha's recorded teachings (or the 'Translation of ...

Tengyur The Tengyur or ''Tanjur'' or ''Bstan-’gyur'' (Tibetan: "Translation of Teachings") is the collected commentaries by great buddhist masters on Buddha Shakyamuni's teachings. The Tengyur is included in the Tibetan Buddhist Canon, which consi ...

* Terma (hidden treasure) literature **

Bardo Thodol The ''Bardo Thodol'' (, 'Liberation through hearing during the intermediate state'), commonly known in the West as ''The Tibetan Book of the Dead'', is a terma text from a larger corpus of teachings, the ''Profound Dharma of Self-Liberation ...

History of Buddhism

History of Buddhism The history of Buddhism can be traced back to the 5th century BCE. Buddhism originated from Ancient India, in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha (Mahajanapada), Magadha, and is based on the teachings of the renunciate Siddhartha Gautama, ...

Timeline of Buddhism The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Buddhism from the birth of Gautama Buddha to the present. Timeline Dates 6th–5th century BCE 4th century BCE 3rd century BCE 2nd century BCE 1st century BCE 1st century ...

Pre-sectarian Buddhism Pre-sectarian Buddhism, also called early Buddhism, the earliest Buddhism, original Buddhism, and primitive Buddhism, is Buddhism as theorized to have existed before the various Early Buddhist schools developed, around 250 BCE (followed by later ...

Buddhist councils Since the Mahaparinirvana of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhist monastic communities, the "''sangha''", have periodically convened for doctrinal and disciplinary reasons and to revise and correct the contents of the Buddhist ...

First Buddhist council Since the Mahaparinirvana of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhist monastic communities, the "''sangha''", have periodically convened for doctrinal and disciplinary reasons and to revise and correct the contents of the Buddhist ...

Second Buddhist council Since the Mahaparinirvana of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhist monastic communities, the "''sangha''", have periodically convened for doctrinal and disciplinary reasons and to revise and correct the contents of the Buddhist ...

Third Buddhist council Since the Mahaparinirvana of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhist monastic communities, the "''sangha''", have periodically convened for doctrinal and disciplinary reasons and to revise and correct the contents of the Buddhist c ...

Fourth Buddhist council Since the Mahaparinirvana of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhist monastic communities, the "'' sangha''", have periodically convened for doctrinal and disciplinary reasons and to revise and correct the contents of the Buddhis ...

** Fifth Buddhist council ** Sixth Buddhist council * World Buddhist Forum, 2006 *

Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE. The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE via the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory bo ...

History of Buddhism in India Buddhism is an ancient Indian religion, which arose in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha (now Bihar, India). It is based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE and was deemed a "Buddha" or an " ...

Decline of Buddhism in India Buddhism, which originated in India, gradually dwindled starting in the 4th–6th century CE, and was replaced by Hinduism approximately in the 12th century, in a centuries-long process. Lack of appeal among the rural masses, who instead e ...

Greco-Buddhism Greco-Buddhism or Graeco-Buddhism was a cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism developed between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in Gandhara, which was in present-day Pakistan and parts of north-east Afghanis ...

* Buddhism and the Roman world * Buddhist crisis

Doctrines of Buddhism

Three Jewels (''Tiratana'' • ''Triratna'')

Three Jewels In Buddhism, refuge or taking refuge refers to a religious practice which often includes a prayer or recitation performed at the beginning of the day or of a practice session. Its object is typically the Three Jewels (also known as the Triple ...

— Gautama Buddha, the Blessed One, the Awakened One, the Teacher ** Accomplished (''arahaṃ'' • ''arhat'') ** Fully enlightened (''sammā-sambuddho'' • ''samyak-saṃbuddha'') ** Perfect in true knowledge and conduct (''vijjā-caraṇa sampanno'' • ''vidyā-caraṇa-saṃpanna'') ** Sublime (''sugato'' • ''sugata'') ** Knower of the worlds (''lokavidū'' • ''loka-vid'') ** Incomparable leader of persons to be tamed (''anuttaro purisa-damma-sārathi'' • ''puruṣa-damya-sārathi'') ** Teacher of devas and humans (''satthā deva-manussānaṃ'' • ''śāsta deva-manuṣyāṇaṃ'') ** The Enlightened One (''buddho'') ** The Blessed One (''bhagavā'' • ''bhagavat'') *

Dhamma Dharma (; , ) is a key concept in various Indian religions. The term ''dharma'' does not have a single, clear translation and conveys a multifaceted idea. Etymologically, it comes from the Sanskrit ''dhr-'', meaning ''to hold'' or ''to support' ...

(Dharma) — the cosmic principle of truth, lawfulness, and virtue discovered, fathomed, and taught by the Buddha; the Buddha's teaching as an expression of that principle; the teaching that leads to enlightenment and liberation ** Well expounded by the Blessed One (''svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo'' • ''svākhyāta'') ** Directly visible (''sandiṭṭhiko'' • ''sāṃdṛṣṭika'') ** Immediate (''akāliko'' • ''akālika'') ** Inviting one to come and see (''ehi-passiko'' • ''ehipaśyika'') ** Worthy of application (''opanayiko'' • ''avapraṇayika'') ** To be personally experienced by the wise (''paccattaṃ veditabbo viññūhi'' • ''pratyātmaṃ veditavyo vijñaiḥ'') *

Saṅgha Sangha or saṃgha () is a term meaning "association", "assembly", "company" or "community". In a political context, it was historically used to denote a governing assembly in a republic or a kingdom, and for a long time, it has been used b ...

(Saṃgha) — the spiritual community, which is twofold (1) the monastic Saṅgha, the order of monks and nuns; and (2) the noble Saṅgha, the spiritual community of noble disciples who have reached the stages of world-transcending realization ** Practicing the good way (''supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho'') ** Practicing the straight way (''ujupaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho'') ** Practicing the true way (''ñāyapaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho'') ** Practicing the proper way (''sāmīcipaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho'') ** Worthy of gifts (''āhuṇeyyo'') ** Worthy of hospitality (''pāhuṇeyyo'') ** Worthy of offerings (''dakkhiṇeyyo'') ** Worthy of reverential salutation (''añjalikaraṇīyo'') ** The unsurpassed field of merit for the world (''anuttaraṃ puññākkhettaṃ lokassā'')

Four Noble Truths (''Cattāri ariyasaccāni'' • ''Catvāri āryasatyāni'')

Four Noble Truths In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths (; ; "The Four Arya (Buddhism), arya satya") are "the truths of the noble one (the Buddha)," a statement of how things really are (Three marks of existence, the three marks of existence) when they are seen co ...

1. The Noble Truth of Suffering (''Dukkha ariya sacca'')

Suffering Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence (psyc ...

(''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') — ''to be fully understood'' (''pariññeyya'') ** Dukkha as intrinsic suffering, as bodily or mental

pain Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging Stimulus (physiology), stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sense, sensory and emotional experience associated with, or res ...

(''dukkha-dukkha'') *** birth (''

jāti ''Jāti'' is the term traditionally used to describe a cohesive group of people in the Indian subcontinent, like a caste, sub-caste, clan, tribe, or a religious sect. Each Jāti typically has an association with an occupation, geography or trib ...

'') ***

old age Old age is the range of ages for people nearing and surpassing life expectancy. People who are of old age are also referred to as: old people, elderly, elders, senior citizens, seniors or older adults. Old age is not a definite biological sta ...

('' jarā'') *** illness ('' byādhi'') *** death ('' maraṇa'') *** sorrow ('' soka'') ***

lamentation A lament or lamentation is a passionate expression of grief, often in music, poetry, or song form. The grief is most often born of regret, or mourning. Laments can also be expressed in a verbal manner in which participants lament about something ...

('' parideva'') ***

('' dukkha'') ***

grief Grief is the response to the loss of something deemed important, particularly to the death of a person to whom or animal to which a Human bonding, bond or affection was formed. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, ...

('' domanassa'') *** despair ('' upāyāsā'') ** Dukkha due to

change Change, Changed or Changing may refer to the below. Other forms are listed at Alteration * Impermanence, a difference in a state of affairs at different points in time * Menopause, also referred to as "the change", the permanent cessation of t ...

(''vipariṇāma-dukkha'') *** Association with the unpleasant (''appiyehi sampayogo'') *** Separation from the pleasant (''piyehi vippayogo'') *** Not to get what one wants (''yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi'') ** Dukkha of conditioned formations (''saṅkhāra-dukkha'') *** Five aggregates of clinging (''pañcupādānakkhandha'') **** material form (''rūpa'') ****

feeling According to the '' APA Dictionary of Psychology'', a feeling is "a self-contained phenomenal experience"; feelings are "subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations, thoughts, or images evoking them". The term ''feeling'' is closel ...

(''vedanā'') ****

perception Perception () is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous syste ...

(''saññā'' • ''samjñā'') **** mental formations (''saṅkhāra'' • ''samskāra'') ****

consciousness Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of a state or object, either internal to oneself or in one's external environment. However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations, and debate among philosophers, scientists, an ...

(''viññāṇa'' • ''vijñāna'')

2. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering (''Dukkha samudaya ariya sacca'')

* Craving (''taṇhā'' • ''tṛṣṇā'') (''

samudaya In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths (; ; "The Four arya satya") are "the truths of the noble one ( the Buddha)," a statement of how things really are ( the three marks of existence) when they are seen correctly ( right view). The four truths ...

'') — ''to be abandoned'' (''pahātabba'') ** Craving for sensual

pleasure Pleasure is experience that feels good, that involves the enjoyment of something. It contrasts with pain or suffering, which are forms of feeling bad. It is closely related to value, desire and action: humans and other conscious animals find ...

s (''

kāma ''Kama'' (Sanskrit: काम, ) is the concept of pleasure, enjoyment and desire in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It can also refer to "desire, wish, longing" in Hindu texts, Hindu, Buddhist texts, Buddhist, Jain literature, Jai ...

taṇhā'') ** Craving for

existence Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of an entity is its essential features or qualities, which can be understood even if one does ...

(''

bhava The Sanskrit word ''bhava'' (भव) means being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, be, production, origin,Monier Monier-Williams (1898), Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Archiveभव, bhava but also habitual or emotio ...

taṇhā'') ** Craving for

non-existence Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of an entity is its essential features or qualities, which can be understood even if one does ...

(''vibhava taṇhā'')

3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (''Dukkha nirodha ariya sacca'')

Nirvana Nirvana, in the Indian religions (Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), is the concept of an individual's passions being extinguished as the ultimate state of salvation, release, or liberation from suffering ('' duḥkha'') and from the ...

(''Nibbāna'' • ''Nirvāṇa'') (''

nirodha In Buddhism, nirodha, "cessation," "extinction," refers to the cessation or renouncing of craving and desire which arise with unguarded perception and cognition. It is the third of the Four Noble Truths, stating that '' dukkha'' ('suffering', th ...

'') — ''to be realized'' (''sacchikātabba'') ** Nibbāna element with residue remaining (''sa-upādisesa nibbānadhātu'' • ''sopadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa'') ** Nibbāna element with no residue remaining (''anupādisesa nibbānadhātu'' • ''nir-upadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa'') —

Parinirvana In Buddhism, ''Parinirvana'' (Sanskrit: '; Pali: ') describes the state entered after death by someone who has attained '' nirvana'' during their lifetime. It implies a release from '' '', karma and rebirth as well as the dissolution of the '' ...

(''parinibbāna'' • ''parinirvāṇa'')

4. The Noble Truth of the Path of Practice leading to the Cessation of Suffering (''Dukkha nirodha gāminī paṭipadā ariya sacca'')

Noble Eightfold Path The Noble Eightfold Path () or Eight Right Paths () is an early summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara, the painful cycle of rebirth, in the form of nirvana. The Eightfold Path consists of eight pra ...

(''Ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo'' • ''Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ'') — ''to be developed'' (''bhāvetabba'') ** Right view ** Right intention ** Right speech ** Right action ** Right livelihood ** Right effort ** Right mindfulness ** Right concentration

Three Characteristics of Existence (''Tilakkhaṇa'' • ''Trilakṣaṇa'')

Three marks of existence In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: ''tilakkhaṇa''; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण ''trilakṣaṇa'') of all existence and beings, namely '' anicca'' (impermanence), '' dukkha'' (commonly translated ...

Impermanence Impermanence, also known as the philosophical problem of change, is a philosophical concept addressed in a variety of religions and philosophies. In Eastern philosophy it is notable for its role in the Buddhism, Buddhist three marks of existe ...

(''anicca'' • ''anitya'') *

(''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') * Nonself (''anattā'' • ''anātman'')

Five Aggregates (''Pañca khandha'' • ''Pañca-skandha'')

Skandha ' (Sanskrit) or (Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings, clusters". In Buddhism, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (), the five material and mental factors that take part in the perpetual process of craving, cli ...

* Matter (Form) (''rūpa'') ** Four Great Elements (''mahābhūta'') *** Earth element (''paṭhavī-dhātu'') *** Water (or liquid) element (''āpo-dhātu'') *** Fire (or heat) element (''tejo-dhātu'') *** Air (or wind) element (''vāyo-dhātu'') *

Feeling According to the '' APA Dictionary of Psychology'', a feeling is "a self-contained phenomenal experience"; feelings are "subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations, thoughts, or images evoking them". The term ''feeling'' is closel ...

(''vedanā'') ** Pleasant feeling (''sukha'') ** Painful feeling (''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') ** Neither-painful-nor-pleasant (neutral) feeling (''adukkham-asukhā'') *

Perception Perception () is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous syste ...

(''saññā'' • ''samjñā'') * Mental formations (''saṅkhāra'' • ''samskāra'') — '' see below'' *

Consciousness Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of a state or object, either internal to oneself or in one's external environment. However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations, and debate among philosophers, scientists, an ...

(''viññāṇa'' • ''vijñāna'')

Dependent Origination (''Paticcasamuppāda'' • ''Pratītyasamutpāda'')

This/that Conditionality (''Idappaccayatā'')

Describing the causal nature of everything in the universe, as expressed in the following formula:

Twelve Links (''Nidāna'')

Describes how suffering arises. *

Ignorance Ignorance is a lack of knowledge or understanding. Deliberate ignorance is a culturally-induced phenomenon, the study of which is called agnotology. The word "ignorant" is an adjective that describes a person in the state of being unaware, or ...

(''avijjā'' • ''avidyā'') ** Not knowing

suffering Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence (psyc ...

** Not knowing the origin of suffering ** Not knowing the cessation of suffering ** Not knowing the way leading to the cessation of suffering * Volitional formations (''saṅkhāra'' • ''saṃskāra'') ** Bodily formation ** Verbal formation ** Mental formation *

(''viññāṇa'' • ''vijñāna'') ** Eye-consciousness ** Ear-consciousness ** Nose-consciousness ** Tongue-consciousness ** Body-consciousness ** Mind-consciousness * Mind and body (''nāmarūpa'') ** Mind (''nāma'') ***

(''vedanā'') ***

(''saññā'' • ''samjñā'') *** Volition (''cetanā'') *** Contact (''phassa'') ***

Attention Attention or focus, is the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli. It is the selective concentration on discrete information, either subjectively or objectively. William James (1890) wrote that "Atte ...

(''manasikāra'') ** Body/materiality/form (''rūpa'') *** Four Great Elements ****

Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to Planetary habitability, harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all ...

— solidity ****

Water Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and Color of water, nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known liv ...

—

fluid In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously motion, move and Deformation (physics), deform (''flow'') under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are M ...

ity ****

Fire Fire is the rapid oxidation of a fuel in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction Product (chemistry), products. Flames, the most visible portion of the fire, are produced in the combustion re ...

— heat ****

Wind Wind is the natural movement of atmosphere of Earth, air or other gases relative to a planetary surface, planet's surface. Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heatin ...

—

oscillation Oscillation is the repetitive or periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum ...

* Six sense bases (''saḷāyatana'' • ''ṣaḍāyatana'') ** Eye-base ** Ear-base ** Nose-base ** Tongue-base ** Body-base ** Mind-base * Contact (''phassa'' • ''sparśa'') ** Eye-contact ** Ear-contact ** Nose-contact ** Tongue-contact ** Body-contact ** Mind-contact *

(''vedanā'') ** Feeling born of eye-contact ** Feeling born of ear-contact ** Feeling born of nose-contact ** Feeling born of tongue-contact ** Feeling born of body-contact ** Feeling born of mind-contact * Craving (''taṇhā'' • ''tṛṣṇā'') ** Craving for forms ** Craving for sounds ** Craving for odors ** Craving for flavors ** Craving for tangibles ** Craving for mind-objects * Clinging (''upādāna'') ** Clinging to sensual pleasures (''kāmupādāna'') ** Clinging to views (''diṭṭhupādāna'') ** Clinging to

ritual A ritual is a repeated, structured sequence of actions or behaviors that alters the internal or external state of an individual, group, or environment, regardless of conscious understanding, emotional context, or symbolic meaning. Traditionally ...

s and observances (''sīlabbatupādāna'') ** Clinging to a doctrine of

self In philosophy, the self is an individual's own being, knowledge, and values, and the relationship between these attributes. The first-person perspective distinguishes selfhood from personal identity. Whereas "identity" is (literally) same ...

(''attavādupādāna'') *

Being Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of an entity is its essential features or qualities, which can be understood even if one do ...

(''bhava'') ** Sense-sphere being ** Fine-material being ** Immaterial being *

Birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the f ...

(''jāti'') * Old age and death (''jarāmaraṇa'')

Transcendental Dependent Origination

Describes the path out of suffering. *

(''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') *

Faith Faith is confidence or trust in a person, thing, or concept. In the context of religion, faith is " belief in God or in the doctrines or teachings of religion". According to the Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, faith has multiple definitions, inc ...

(''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') *

Joy Joy is the state of being that allows one to experience feelings of intense, long-lasting happiness and contentment of life. It is closely related to, and often evoked by, well-being, success, or good fortune. Happiness, pleasure, and gratitu ...

(''pāmojja'') *

Rapture The Rapture is an Christian eschatology, eschatological position held by some Christians, particularly those of American evangelicalism, consisting of an end-time event when all dead Christian believers will be resurrected and, joined with Chr ...

(''pīti'' • ''prīti'') *

Tranquillity Tranquillity (also spelled tranquility) is the quality or state of being tranquil; that is, calm, serene, and worry-free. The word tranquillity appears in numerous texts ranging from the religious writings of Buddhism—where the term refers to ...

(''passaddhi'') *

Happiness Happiness is a complex and multifaceted emotion that encompasses a range of positive feelings, from contentment to intense joy. It is often associated with positive life experiences, such as achieving goals, spending time with loved ones, ...

(''sukha'') *

Concentration In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: '' mass concentration'', '' molar concentration'', '' number concentration'', ...

(''samādhi'') * Knowledge and vision of things as they really are (''yathābhūta-ñāna-dassana'') * Disenchantment with worldly life (''nibbidā'') * Dispassion (''virāga'') *

Freedom Freedom is the power or right to speak, act, and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws". In one definition, something is "free" i ...

(''vimutti'') * Knowledge of destruction of the taints (''āsava-khaye-ñāna'')

Karma (Kamma)

Karma in Buddhism * Definition — ''volitional action, considered particularly as a moral force capable of producing, for the agent, results that correspond to the ethical quality of the action; thus good karma produces happiness, and bad karma produces suffering'' * Vipāka, Result of karma (''vipāka'') * Cetanā, Intention (''cetanā'') ** Kusala (Buddhism), Wholesome intention (''kusala'') ** Akusala, Unwholesome intention (''akusala'') * Kammadvara, Three doors of action (''kammadvara'') ** Human body, Body — Bodily acts ** Speech — Verbal acts ** Mind — Mental acts * Mula (Buddhism), Roots (''mula'') ** Unwholesome *** Raga (Buddhism), Greed (''lobha'' • ''raga'') *** Dvesha (Buddhism), Hatred (''dosa'' • ''dvesha'') *** Moha (Buddhism), Delusion (''moha'') ** Wholesome *** Alobha, Nongreed (''alobha'') — renunciation, detachment, generosity *** Adosa, Nonhatred (''adosa'') — loving-kindness, sympathy, gentleness *** Amoha, Nondelusion (''amoha'') — wisdom * Kammapatha, Courses of action (''kammapatha'') ** Unwholesome *** Bodily **** Destroying life **** Taking what is not given **** Wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures *** Verbal **** False speech **** Slanderous speech **** Harsh speech **** Idle chatter *** Mental **** Covetousness **** Ill will **** Wrong view ** Wholesome *** Bodily **** Abstaining from destroying life **** Abstaining from taking what is not given **** Abstaining from wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures *** Verbal **** Abstaining from false speech **** Abstaining from slanderous speech **** Abstaining from harsh speech **** Abstaining from idle chatter *** Mental **** Being free from covetousness **** Being free from ill will **** Holding right view * Function ** Reproductive kamma (''janaka kamma'') — that which produces mental aggregates and material aggregates at the moment of Fertilisation, conception ** Supportive kamma (''upatthambhaka kamma'') — that which comes near the Reproductive Kamma and supports it ** Obstructive kamma (''upapiḍaka kamma'') — that which tends to weaken, interrupt and retard the fruition of the Reproductive Kamma ** Destructive kamma (''upaghātaka kamma'') — that which not only obstructs but also destroys the whole force of the Reproductive Kamma * Order to take effect ** Weighty kamma (''garuka kamma'') — that which produces its results in this life or in the next for certain *** Five heinous crimes, causing rebirth in hell immediately after death (''anantarika-karma, ānantarika-kamma'') **** Intentionally killing one's father (patricide) **** Intentionally killing one's mother (matricide) **** Intentionally killing an arahant **** Maliciously causing blood to flow from the body of a

**** Creating a Schism (religion), schism in the Sangha (Buddhism), sangha ** Proximate kamma (''āsanna kamma'') — that which one does or remembers immediately before the dying moment ** Habitual kamma (''āciṇṇa kamma'') — that which one habitually performs and recollects and for which one has a great liking ** Reserve kamma (''kaṭattā kamma'') — refers to all actions that are done once and soon forgotten * Time of taking effect ** Immediately effective kamma (''diţţhadhammavedaniya kamma'') ** Subsequently, effective kamma (''upapajjavedaniya kamma'') ** Indefinitely effective kamma (''aṗarāpariyavedaniya kamma'') ** Defunct kamma (''ahosi kamma'') * Place of taking effect ** Immoral (''akusala'') kamma pertaining to the sense-sphere (''kamavacara'') ** Moral (''kusala'') kamma pertaining to the sense-sphere (''kamavacara'') ** Moral kamma pertaining to the form-sphere (''rupavacara'') ** Moral kamma pertaining to the formless-sphere (''arupavacara'') * Karma in Buddhism#The Theravada commentarial tradition, Niyama Dhammas ** ''Utu Niyama'' — Physical Inorganic Order (seasonal changes and climate), the natural law pertaining to physical objects and changes in the natural environment, such as the weather; the way flowers bloom in the day and fold up at night; the way soil, water and nutrients help a tree to grow; and the way things disintegrate and decompose. This perspective emphasizes the changes brought about by heat or temperature ** ''Bīja Niyama'' — Physical Organic Order (laws of heredity), the natural law pertaining to heredity, which is best described in the adage, "as the seed, so the fruit” ** ''Citta Niyama'' — Order of Mind and Psychic Law (will of mind), the natural law pertaining to the workings of the mind, the process of cognition of sense objects and the mental reactions to them ** ''Kamma Niyama'' — Order of Acts and Results (consequences of one's actions), the natural law pertaining to human behavior, the process of the generation of action and its results. In essence, this is summarized in the words, "good deeds bring good results, bad deeds bring bad results” ** ''Dhamma Niyama'' — Order of the Norm (nature's tendency to produce a perfect type), the natural law governing the relationship and interdependence of all things: the way all things arise, exist and then cease. All conditions are subject to change, are in a state of affliction and are not self: this is the Norm

Rebirth (''Punabbhava'' • ''Punarbhava'')

* Saṃsāra (Buddhism), Saṃsāra — Lit., the "wandering," the round of rebirths without discoverable beginning, sustained by ignorance and craving

Buddhist cosmology

Buddhist cosmology Samsara

* Six realms ** Deva (Buddhism), Heaven (''sagga'') *** Tushita, Tusita — one of the six deva-worlds of the ''kāmadhātu'' *** Trayastrimsa, Tāvatiṃsa — the fifth of the heavens of the ''kāmadhātu'', and the highest of the heavens that maintains a physical connection with the rest of the world *** Four Heavenly Kings ** Asura (Buddhism), Demigod realm (''asura'') ** Human beings in Buddhism, Human realm (''mānusatta'') ** Preta, Hungry Ghost realm (''peta'' • ''preta'') ** Animals in Buddhism, Animal realm ** Naraka (Buddhism), Hell (''niraya'' • ''naraka'') *** Avici, Avīci — the lowest level of the hell realm * Trailokya, Three planes of existence (''tiloka'' • ''triloka'') ** Desire realm, World of desire (''kāmaloka'') ** World of form (''rūpaloka'') ** World of formlessness (''arūpaloka'') * Ten spiritual realms ** Buddhahood **

— Bodhisattvahood ** Pratyekabuddha — Realization ** Sāvakabuddha — Learning ** Deva (Buddhism), Deva — Heaven ** Asura (Buddhism), Asura — Paranoid jealousy ** Human beings in Buddhism — Humanity ** Animals in Buddhism — Animality ** Preta — Hunger ** Naraka (Buddhism), Naraka — Hell

Sense bases (''Āyatana'')

Ayatana * Six sense bases (''saḷāyatana'' • ''ṣaḍāyatana'') ** eye (''cakkhu'') and Rūpa, Forms ** Ear (''sota'') and Sounds ** nose (''ghāṇa'') and Odors ** Tongue (''jivhā'') and Flavor (taste), Flavors ** Human body, Body (''kāya'') and Somatosensory system, Tactile objects ** Vijñāna, Mind (''mano'') and Dharma (Buddhism), Phenomena

Six Great Elements (''Dhātu'')

* Earth element (''paṭhavī-dhātu'') * Water (or liquid) element (''āpo-dhātu'') * Fire (classical element), Fire element (''tejo-dhātu'') * Air (or wind) element (''vāyo-dhātu'') * Space, Space element (''ākāsa-dhātu'') * Vijñāna, Consciousness element (''viññāṇa-dhātu'')

Faculties (''Indriya'')

Indriya * Six sensory faculties ** Eye/vision faculty (''cakkh-undriya'') ** Ear/hearing faculty (''sot-indriya'') ** Nose/smell faculty () ** Tongue/taste faculty (''jivh-indriya'') ** Body/sensibility faculty () ** Mind faculty (''man-indriya'') * Three physical faculties ** Femininity (''itth-indriya'') ** Masculinity (''puris-indriya'') ** Life or vitality () * Five feeling faculties ** Physical

(''sukh-indriya'') ** Physical

(''dukkh-indriya'') ** Mental joy (''somanasa-indriya'') ** Mental

(''domanass-indriya'') ** Indifference (emotion), Indifference (''upekh-indriya'') * Five spiritual faculties **

(') ** Vīrya, Energy (''viriy-indriya'') ** Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sat-indriya'') **

(') ** Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''-indriya'') * Three final-knowledge faculties ** Thinking "I shall know the unknown" (') ** Gnosis (') ** One who knows (')

Formations (''Saṅkhāra'' • ''Saṃskāra'')

Mental Factors (''Cetasika'' • ''Caitasika'' )

Theravāda abhidhamma

* Seven universal mental factors common to all; ethically variable mental factors common to all consciousnesses (''sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas'') ** Contact (''phassa'') **

(''vedanā'') **

(''saññā'') ** Volition (''cetanā'') ** Ekaggatā, One-pointedness (''ekaggatā'') ** Jīvitindriya, Life Faculty (''jīvitindriya'') **

(''manasikāra'') * Six occasional or particular mental factors; ethically variable mental factors found only in certain consciousnesses (''pakiṇṇaka cetasikas'') ** Vitakka, Application of thought (''vitakka'') ** Vicāra, Examining (''vicāra'') ** Adhimokkha, Decision (''adhimokkha'') ** Viriya, Energy (''viriya'') **

(''pīti'') ** Chanda (Buddhism), Wholesome desire (''chanda'') * Fourteen unwholesome mental factors (''akusala cetasikas'') ** Four universal unwholesome mental factors (''akusalasādhāraṇa''): *** Moha (Buddhism), Delusion (''moha'') *** Ahirika, Lack of shame (''ahirika'') *** Anottappa, Disregard for consequence (''anottappa'') *** Uddhacca, Restlessness (''uddhacca'') ** Three mental factors of the greed-group (''lobha''): *** Lobha, Greed (''lobha'') *** View (Buddhism), Wrong view (''diṭṭhi'') *** Māna, Conceit (''māna'') ** Four mental factors of the hatred-group (''dosa'') *** Dvesha (Buddhism), Hatred (''dosa'') *** Issā, Envy (''issā'') *** Macchariya, Miserliness (''macchariya'') *** Kukkucca, Regret (''kukkucca'') ** Other unwholesome mental factors *** Thīna, Sloth (''thīna'') *** Middha, Torpor (''middha'') *** Vicikicchā, Doubt (''vicikicchā'') * Twenty-five beautiful mental factors (''sobhana cetasikas'') ** Nineteen universal beautiful mental factors (''sobhanasādhāraṇa''): *** Saddhā, Faith (''saddhā'') *** Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'') *** Hiri (Buddhism), Shame at doing evil (''hiri'') *** Ottappa, Regard for consequence (''ottappa'') *** Alobha, Lack of greed (''alobha'') *** Adosa, Lack of hatred (''adosa'') *** Tatramajjhattatā, Balance, neutrality of mind (''tatramajjhattatā'') *** Kāyapassaddhi, Tranquillity of mental body (''kāyapassaddhi'') *** Cittapassaddhi, Tranquillity of consciousness (''cittapassaddhi'') *** Kāyalahutā, Lightness of mental body (''kāyalahutā'') *** Cittalahutā, Lightness of consciousness (''cittalahutā'') *** Kāyamudutā, Softness/malleability of mental body (''kāyamudutā'') *** Cittamudutā, Softness/malleability of consciousness (''cittamudutā'') *** Kāyakammaññatā, Readiness/wieldiness of mental body (''kāyakammaññatā'') *** Cittakammaññatā, Readiness/wieldiness of consciousness (''cittakammaññatā'') *** Kāyapāguññatā, Proficiency of mental body (''kāyapāguññatā'') *** Cittapāguññatā, Proficiency of consciousness (''cittapāguññatā'') *** Kāyujukatā, Straightness/rectitude of mental body (''kāyujukatā'') *** Cittujukatā, Straightness/rectitude of consciousness (''cittujukatā'') ** Three Abstinences (''virati''): *** Right speech (''sammāvācā'') *** Noble Eightfold Path#Right action, Right action (''sammākammanta'') *** Right livelihood (''sammā-ājīva'') ** Two Illimitables (''appamañña''): *** Karuṇā, Compassion (''karuṇā'') *** Mudita, Sympathetic joy (''muditā'') ** One Faculty of wisdom (''paññindriya''): *** Paññā, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Mahayana abhidharma

* Five universal mental factors (''sarvatraga'') common to all: # ''Sparśa'' — contact, contacting awareness, sense impression, touch # ''Vedanā'' — feeling, sensation # ''Saṃjñā'' — perception # ''Cetanā'' — volition # ''Manasikara'' — attention * Five determining mental factors (''viṣayaniyata''): # Chanda (Buddhism), ''Chanda'' — desire (to act), intention, interest # ''Adhimoksha'' — decision, interest, firm conviction # Mindfulness (Buddhism), ''Smṛti'' — mindfulness # ''Wisdom in Buddhism, Prajñā'' — wisdom # ''Samādhi'' — concentration * Eleven virtuous (''kuśala'') mental factors # Saddhā, ''Sraddhā'' — faith # Hri (Buddhism), ''Hrī'' — self-respect, conscientiousness, sense of shame # ''Apatrāpya'' — decorum, regard for consequence # ''Alobha'' — non-attachment # ''Adveṣa'' — non-aggression, equanimity, lack of hatred # ''Amoha'' — non-bewilderment # ''Vīrya'' — diligence, effort # ''Praśrabdhi'' — pliancy # ''Apramāda'' — conscientiousness # ''Upekṣa'' — equanimity # ''Ahiṃsā'' — nonharmfulness *Six root mental defilements (''mūlakleśa''): # Raga (Buddhism), ''Raga'' — attachment # ''Pratigha'' — anger # ''Avidya (Buddhism), Avidya'' — ignorance # ''Māna'' — pride, conceit # ''Vicikitsa'' — doubt # View (Buddhism), ''Dṛiṣṭi'' — wrong view * Twenty secondary defilement (''upakleśa''): #''Krodha (Mental factor), Krodha'' — rage, fury #''Upanāha'' — resentment #''Mrakśa'' — concealment, slyness-concealment #''Pradāśa'' — spitefulness #''Irshya'' — envy, jealousy #''Mātsarya'' — stinginess, avarice, miserliness #''Maya (Buddhist mental factor), Māyā'' — pretense, deceit #''Śāṭhya'' — hypocrisy, dishonesty #''Mada (Buddhism), Mada'' — self-infatuation, mental inflation, self-satisfaction #''Vihiṃsā'' — malice, hostility, cruelty, intention to harm #''Āhrīkya'' — lack of shame, lack of conscious, shamelessness #''Anapatrāpya'' — lack of propriety, disregard, shamelessness #''Styāna'' — lethargy, gloominess #''Auddhatya'' — excitement, ebullience #''Āśraddhya'' — lack of faith, lack of trust #''Kausīdya'' — laziness, slothfulness #''Pramāda'' — heedlessness, carelessness, unconcern #''Muṣitasmṛtitā'' — forgetfulness #''Asaṃprajanya'' — non-alertness, inattentiveness #''Vikṣepa'' — distraction, desultoriness * Four changeable mental factors (''aniyata''): #''Kaukṛitya'' — regret, worry, #''Middha'' — sleep, drowsiness #''Vitarka'' — conception, selectiveness, examination #''Vicāra'' — discernment, discursiveness, analysis

Mind and Consciousness

* ''Citta'' — Mind, mindset, or state of mind * ''Cetasika'' — Mental factors * ''Manas (early Buddhism), Manas'' — Mind, general thinking faculty * Consciousness (''Vijñāna, viññāṇa'') * Mindstream (''citta-saṃtāna'') — the moment-to-moment continuity of consciousness * ''Bhavanga'' — the most fundamental aspect of mind in Theravada * Luminous mind (''pabhassara citta'') * Consciousness-only (''vijñapti-mātratā'') * Eight Consciousnesses (''aṣṭavijñāna'') ** Eye-consciousness – seeing apprehended by the visual sense organs ** Ear-consciousness – hearing apprehended by the auditory sense organs ** Nose-consciousness – smelling apprehended through the olfactory organs ** Tongue-consciousness – tasting perceived through the gustatory organs ** Ideation-consciousness – the aspect of mind known in Sanskrit as the "mind monkey"; the consciousness of ideation (idea generation), ideation ** Body-consciousness – tactile feeling apprehended through skin contact, touch ** The manas consciousness – obscuration-consciousness – a consciousness which through apprehension, gathers the hindrances, the poisons, the karmic formations ** Store-house consciousness (''ālāyavijñāna'') — the seed consciousness, the consciousness which is the basis of the other seven * Conceptual proliferation, Mental proliferation (''papañca'' • ''prapañca'') — the deluded conceptualization of the world through the use of ever-expanding language and concepts * Mind monkey, Monkey mind — unsettled, restless mind

Obstacles to Enlightenment

* Āsava, Taints (''āsava'') ** Kāma, Sensual desire (''kāmāsava'') ** Bhava, Becoming (''bhavāsava'') ** View (Buddhism), Wrong view (''diṭṭhāsava'') **

(''avijjāsava'') * Kleshas (Buddhism), Defilements (''kilesa'' • ''kleśā'') ** Three poisons (Buddhism), Three defilements *** Rāga (Buddhism), Greed (''lobha'' • ''rāga'') *** Dvesha (Buddhism), Hatred (aversion) (''dosa'' • ''dvesha'') *** Moha (Buddhism), Delusion (''moha'') ** Round of defilements (''kilesa-vaṭṭa'') ***

(''avijjā'' • ''avidyā'') *** Craving (''taṇhā'' • ''tṛṣṇā'') *** Clinging (''upādāna'') * Vipallasa, Four perversions of view, thought and perception (''vipallasa'') ** Taking what is impermanence, impermanent (''anicca'' • ''anitya'') to be permanent (''nicca'' • ''nitya'') ** Taking what is dukkha, suffering (''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') to be sukkha, happiness (''sukha'') ** Taking what is anatta, nonself (''anattā'' • ''anātman'') to be

(''attā'' • ''ātman'') ** Taking what is asubha, not beautiful (''asubha'') to be beautiful (''subha'') * Five hindrances (''pañca nīvaraṇā'') — the main inner impediments to the development of concentration and insight ** Kāmacchanda, Sensual desire (''kāmacchanda'') — craving for pleasure to the senses ** Vyāpāda, Ill-will (''vyāpāda'') — feelings of malice directed toward others ** Thīna-middha, Sloth and torpor (''thīna-middha'') — half-hearted action with little or no energy ** Uddhacca-kukkucca, Restlessness and remorse (''uddhacca-kukkucca'') — the inability to calm the mind ** Vicikicchā, Doubt (''vicikicchā'') — lack of conviction or trust * Anusaya, Latent tendencies (''anusaya'') ** Kāma-rāga, Sensual passion (''kāma-rāga'') ** Patigha, Resistance (''patigha'') ** View (Buddhism), Views (''diṭṭhi'') ** Vicikicchā, Doubt (''vicikicchā'') ** Māna, Conceit (''māna'') ** Bhavarāga, Craving for continued existence (''bhavarāga'') **

(''avijjā'' • ''avidyā'') * Fetter (Buddhism), Ten Fetters (''saṃyojana'') ** Sakkāyadiṭṭhi, Identity view (''sakkāyadiṭṭhi'') — the view of a truly existent self either as identical with the five aggregates, or as existing in some relation to them *** Sassatavada, Eternity-belief (''sassata-diṭṭhi'') *** Annihilation-belief (''uccheda-diṭṭhi'') ** Vicikicchā, Doubt (''vicikicchā'') — doubt about the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Saṅgha, or the training ** Sīlabbata-parāmāsa, Wrong grasp of rules and observances (''sīlabbata-parāmāsa'') — the belief that mere external observances, particularly religious rituals and ascetic practices, can lead to liberation ** Kāmacchanda, Sensual lust (''kāmacchando'') ** Vyāpādo, Ill will (''vyāpādo'') ** Rūparāgo, Desire for existence in the form realm (''rūparāgo'') ** Arūparāgo, Desire for existence in the formless realm (''arūparāgo'') ** Māna, Conceit (''māna'') ** Uddhacca, Restlessness (''uddhacca'') **

(''avijjā'' • ''avidyā'')

Two Kinds of Happiness (''Sukha'')

* Bodily pleasure (''kayasukha'') * Mental happiness (''cittasukha'')

Two Kinds of Bhava

* Kamma Bhava — kammas caused by four Upadanas * Upapatti Bhava — rebirth bhava

Two Guardians of the World (''Sukka lokapala'')

* Hiri (Buddhism), Shame at doing evil (''hiri'') * Ottappa, Fear of the results of wrongdoing (''ottappa'')

Three Conceits

* "I am better" * "I am equal" * "I am worse"

Three Standpoints

* Assāda, Gratification (''assāda'') * Ādinava, Danger (''ādinava'') * Nissaraṇa, Escape (''nissaraṇa'')

Three Primary Aims

* Welfare and happiness directly visible in this present life, attained by fulfilling one's moral commitments and social responsibilities (''diṭṭha-dhamma-hitasukha'') * Welfare and happiness pertaining to the next life, attained by engaging in meritorious deeds (''samparāyika-hitasukha'') * The ultimate good or supreme goal, Nirvana (Buddhism), Nibbāna, final release from the cycle of rebirths, attained by developing the

(''paramattha'')

Three Divisions of the Dharma

* Pariyatti, Study (''pariyatti'') * Patipatti, Practice (''paṭipatti'') * Pativedha, Realization (''pativedha'')

Four Kinds of Nutriment

* Food, Physical food [either gross or subtle] (''kabalinkaro'') * Contact (''phasso dutiyo'') * Manosancetana, Mental volition (''manosancetana'') *

(''viññāṇa'' • ''vijñāna'')

Four Kinds of Acquisitions (''Upadhi'')

* Skandha, The Five Aggregates (''khandha'' • ''skandha'') * Kilesa, Defilements (''kilesa'' • ''kleśā'') * Volitional formations (''saṅkhāra'' • ''saṃskāra'') * Kāmacchanda, Sensual pleasures (''kāmacchanda'')

Eight Worldly Conditions

:''The "Eight Worldly Winds"'' referenced in discussions of upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'', ''upekṣhā'') * Pleasure and

* Praise and blame * Honour and Infamy, dishonour * Gain (accounting), Gain and Grief, loss

Truth (''Sacca'' • ''Satya'')

(''cattāri ariyasaccāni'' • ''catvāri āryasatyāni'') **

(''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') ** Samudaya, Cause of suffering (''samudaya'') ** Nirodha, Cessation of suffering (''nirodha'') ** Noble Eightfold Path, Path leading to the cessation of suffering (''magga'' • ''marga'') * Two truths doctrine ** Samvriti, Conventional truth (''sammutisacca'' • ''saṃvṛtisatya'') ** Paramartha, Ultimate truth (''paramatthasacca'' • ''paramārthasatya'')

Higher Knowledge (''Abhiññā'' • ''Abhijñā'')

Abhijñā * Six types of higher knowledges (''chalabhiñña'') ** Iddhi, Supernormal powers (''iddhi'') *** Multiplying the body into many and into one again *** Appearing and vanishing at will *** Passing through solid objects as if space *** Ability to rise and sink in the ground as if in water *** Walking on water as if land *** Flight, Flying through the skies *** Touching anything at any distance (even the moon or sun) *** Traveling to other worlds (like the world of Brahma (Buddhism), Brahma) with or without the body ** Divine ear (''dibba-sota''), that is, clairaudience ** Mind-penetrating knowledge (''ceto-pariya-ñāa''), that is, telepathy ** Remembering one's former abodes (''pubbe-nivāsanussati''), that is, recalling one's own Rebirth (Buddhism), past lives ** Divine eye (''dibba-cakkhu''), that is, knowing others' Karma in Buddhism, karmic destinations ** Extinction of mental intoxicants (''āsavakkhaya''), upon which arahantship follows * Three knowledges (''tevijja'') ** Remembering one's former abodes (''pubbe-nivāsanussati'') ** Divine eye (''dibba-cakkhu'') ** Extinction of mental intoxicants (''āsavakkhaya'')

Great fruits of the contemplative life (''Maha-Phala'')

Phala * upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'', ''upekṣhā'') * Fearlessness (''nibbhaya'') * Freedom from unhappiness & suffering (''asukhacaadukkha'') * Meditative Absorption (''samādhi'') * Out-of-body experience (''manomaya'') * Clairaudience (''dibba-sota'') * Intuition and mental telepathy (''ceto-pariya-ñána'') * Recollection of past lives (''patisandhi'') * Clairvoyance (''dibba-cakkhu'') * The Ending of Mental Fermentations (''samatha'')

Concepts unique to Mahayana and Vajrayana

* Bardo — Intermediate state ** Shinay bardo – the Bardo of This Life ** Milam bardo – the Bardo of Dream ** Samten bardo – the Bardo of Meditation ** Chikkhai bardo – the Bardo of Dying ** Chönyid bardo – the Bardo of Dharmata ** Sidpai bardo – the Bardo of Existence * Bodhicitta — the wish to attain Buddhahood *

— name given to anyone who has generated bodhicitta * Buddha-nature — immortal potency or element within the purest depths of the mind, present in all sentient beings, for awakening and becoming a Buddha * Dzogchen — the natural, primordial state or natural condition of every sentient being * Eternal Buddha * Lung (Tibetan Buddhism) * Pure land * Rainbow body — a body not made of flesh, but consists of pure light, an astral body * Svabhava — Intrinsic nature * Tathātā/Dharmatā — Thusness ** Dharmadhatu — Realm of Truth *** Four Dharmadhātu * Terma (Buddhism), Terma * Three Roots ** Lama ** Iṣṭha-deva(tā) (Buddhism), Iṣṭha-deva(tā) — Yidam ** Dakini/Dharmapala * Trikaya ** Nirmanakaya ** Sambhogakaya ** Dharmakāya * Upaya, Upāya — Skillful means ** Five Wisdoms

Other concepts

* Śūnyatā, Emptiness (''suññatā'' • ''śūnyatā'') * Middle Way (''majjhimā paṭipadā'' • ''madhyamā-pratipad'') — the Buddhist path of non-extremism ** Avoiding the extreme of Gratification, sensual indulgence (''kāmesu kāma-sukha-allika'') ** Avoiding the extreme of Mortification of the flesh, self-mortification (''atta-kilamatha'') * Sentient beings (Buddhism), Sentient beings (''satta'' • ''sattva'')

Buddhist practices

Buddhist devotion

Buddhist devotion * Refuge (Buddhism), Taking refuge in the Triple Gem **

** Dharma (Buddhism), Dharma ** Sangha (Buddhism), Sangha * Puja (Buddhism), Worship (''pūjā'') — ''see also'': ''Abhisheka'' ** Offering (Buddhism), Offerings ** Prostration (Buddhism), Prostration (''panipāta'' • ''namas-kara'') ** Buddhist chant, Chanting *** Mantra **** Om mani padme hum **** Nianfo, Namo Amituofo **** Daimoku, Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō **** Buddho (mantra), Buddho **** Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa — Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Fully Self-enlightened One

Moral discipline and precepts (''Sīla'' • ''Śīla'')

* Five Precepts (''pañca-sīlāni'' • ''pañca-śīlāni'') ** Abstinence, Abstaining from taking life (''pāṇātipātā veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from theft, taking what is not given (''adinnādānā veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from sexual misconduct (''kāmesu micchācāra veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from lie, false speech (''musāvāda veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from Alcoholic beverage, drinks and Recreational drug use, drugs that cause heedlessness (''surā-meraya-majja-pamādaṭṭhānā veramaṇī'') * Eight Precepts (''aṭṭhasīla'') ** Abstaining from taking life (both human and non-human) ** Abstaining from taking what is not given (stealing) ** Abstaining from all Human sexual activity, sexual activity ** Abstaining from telling lies ** Abstaining from using intoxicating Alcoholic beverage, drinks and Recreational drug use, drugs which lead to carelessness ** Abstaining from eating at the wrong time (the right time is eating once, after sunrise, before noon) ** Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music, attending entertainment performances, wearing perfume, and using cosmetics and garlands (decorative accessories) ** Abstaining from luxurious places for sitting or sleeping * Ten Precepts (Buddhism), Ten Precepts (''dasasīla'') ** Abstaining from killing living things ** Abstaining from stealing ** Abstaining from un-chastity (sensuality, sexuality, lust) ** Abstaining from lying ** Abstaining from taking intoxicants ** Abstaining from taking food at inappropriate times (after noon) ** Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs (performances) ** Abstaining from wearing perfume, cosmetics and garland (decorative accessories) ** Abstaining from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds ** Abstaining from accepting money * Five Precepts#Sixteen Precepts, Sixteen Precepts ** Three Treasures *** Taking refuge in the Buddha *** Taking refuge in the Dharma *** Taking refuge in the Sangha ** Three Pure Precepts *** Not Creating Evil *** Practicing Good *** Actualizing Good For Others ** Ten Grave Precepts *** Affirm life; Do not kill *** Be giving; Do not steal *** Honor the body; Do not misuse sexuality *** Manifest truth; Do not lie *** Proceed clearly; Do not cloud the mind *** See the perfection; Do not speak of others errors and faults *** Realize self and other as one; Do not elevate the self and blame others *** Give generously; Do not be withholding *** Actualize harmony; Do not be angry *** Experience the intimacy of things; Do not defile the Three Treasures * Vinaya ** Patimokkha, ''Pātimokkha'' (''Pratimoksha'') — the code of monastic rules binding on members of the Buddhist monastic order *** ''Parajika'' (defeats) — four rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life **** Sexual intercourse, that is, any voluntary sexual interaction between a bhikkhu and a living being, except for mouth-to-mouth intercourse which falls under the ''sanghadisesa'' **** Stealing, that is, the robbery of anything worth more than 1/24 troy ounce of gold (as determined by local law.) **** Intentionally bringing about the death of a human being, even if it is still an embryo — whether by killing the person, arranging for an assassin to kill the person, inciting the person to die, or describing the advantages of death **** Deliberately Lie, lying to another person that one has attained a superior human state, such as claiming to be an arahant when one knows one is not, or claiming to have attained one of the Jhāna, jhanas when one knows one hasn't *** ''Sanghadisesa'' — thirteen rules requiring an initial and subsequent meeting of the sangha (communal meetings) *** ''Aniyata'' — two indefinite rules where a monk is accused of having committed an offence with a woman in a screened (enclosed) or private place by a lay person *** ''Nissaggiya pacittiya'' — thirty rules entailing "confession with forfeiture" *** ''Pacittiya'' — ninety-two rules entailing confession *** ''Patidesaniya'' — four violations which must be verbally acknowledged *** ''Sekhiyavatta'' — seventy-five rules of training, which are mainly about the deportment of a monk **** ''Sāruppa'' — proper behavior **** ''Bhojanapatisamyutta'' — food **** ''Dhammadesanāpatisamyutta'' — teaching dhamma **** ''Pakinnaka'' — miscellaneous *** ''Adhikarana-samatha'' — seven rules for settlement of legal processes that concern monks only * Bodhisattva vows * Samaya — a set of vows or precepts given to initiates of an esoteric

Buddhist order * Dhutanga, Ascetic practices (''dhutanga'') — a group of thirteen austerities, or ascetic practices, most commonly observed by Forest Monastics of the

Tradition of Buddhism

Three Resolutions

* To abstain from all evil (''sabbapāpassa akaraṇaṃ'') * To Sādhanā, cultivate the good (''kusalassa upasampadā'') * To purify one's mind (''sacittapariyodapanaṃ'')

Three Pillars of Dharma

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Bhavana, Meditation (''bhāvanā'')

Threefold Training (''Sikkhā'')

Threefold Training * The training in the higher moral discipline (''adhisīla-sikkhā'') — Śīla, morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * The training in the higher mind (''adhicitta-sikkhā'') — Samadhi (Buddhism), concentration (''samādhi'') * The training in the higher wisdom (''adhipaññā-sikkhā'') — Wisdom in Buddhism, wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Five Qualities

(''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Buddhist texts, Learning (''suta'') * Dāna, Generosity (''cāga'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Five Powers of a Trainee

(''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') * Hiri (Buddhism), Conscience (''hiri'') — an innate sense of shame over moral transgression * Ottappa, Fear of wrong-doing (''ottappa'') — moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Five Things that lead to Enlightenment

* Kalyāṇa-mittatā, Admirable friendship (''kalyāṇa-mittatā'' • ''kalyāṇa-mitratā'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Hearing the

* Vīrya, Exertion (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Impermanence, Awareness of impermanence (''anicca-ñāṇa'')

Five Subjects for Contemplation

* I am subject to ageing, I am not exempt from ageing * I am subject to illness, I am not exempt from illness * I am subject to death, I am not exempt from death * There will be

and separation from all that I hold dear and near to me * I am the owner of my Karma in Buddhism, actions, heir to my actions, I am born of my actions, I am related to my actions and I have my actions as refuge; whatever I do, good or evil, of that I will be the heir

Gradual training (''Anupubbikathā'')

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Virtue (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Deva (Buddhism), Heaven (''sagga'') * Danger of kāma, sensual pleasure (''kāmānaṃ ādīnava'') * Nekkhamma, Renunciation (''nekkhamma'') * The

(''cattāri ariyasaccāni'' • ''catvāri āryasatyāni'')

Seven Good Qualities (''Satta saddhammā'')

(''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') * Hiri (Buddhism), Conscience (''hiri'') * Ottappa, Moral dread (''ottappa'') * Suta (Buddhism), Learning (''suta'') * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'' • ''smṛti'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Ten Meritorious Deeds (''Dasa Punnakiriya vatthu'')

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Bhavana, Meditation (''bhāvanā'') * Paying due respect to those who are worthy of it (''apacayana'') * Helping others perform good deeds (''veyyavacca'') * Anumodana, Sharing of merit after doing some good deed (''anumodana'') * Pattanumodana, Rejoicing in the merits of others (''pattanumodana'') * Teaching the

(''dhammadesana'') * Listening to the

(''dhammassavana'') * Straightening one's own views (''ditthujukamma'')

Perfections (''Pāramī'' • ''Pāramitā'')

Ten Theravada Pāramīs (''Dasa pāramiyo'')

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'') * Nekkhamma, Renunciation (''nekkhamma'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'') * Vīrya, Energy (''virya'') * Kshanti, Patience (''khanti'') * Sacca, Truthfulness (''sacca'') * Adhiṭṭhāna, Determination (''adhiṭṭhāna'') * Mettā, Loving-kindness (''mettā'') * Upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'')

Six Mahayana Pāramitās

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Morality (''śīla'') * Kshanti, Patience (''kṣanti'') * Vīrya, Energy (''vīrya'') * Dhyāna in Buddhism, Concentration (''dhyāna'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''prajñā'')

States Pertaining to Enlightenment (''Bodhipakkhiyādhammā'' • ''Bodhipakṣa dharma'')

Four Foundations of Mindfulness (''Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā'' • ''Smṛtyupasthāna'')

Satipatthana * Mindfulness of the body (''kāyagatāsati'' • ''kāyasmṛti'') ** Anapanasati, Mindfulness of breathing (''ānāpānasati'' • ''ānāpānasmṛti'') *** Mindfulness of the body (''kāyanupassana'') — first tetrad **** Breathing a long breath **** Breathing a short breath **** Experiencing the whole (breath-) body (awareness of the beginning, middle, and end of the breath) **** Tranquilizing the bodily formation *** Mindfulness of feelings (''vedanānupassana'') — second tetrad **** Experiencing rapture **** Experiencing bliss **** Experiencing the mental formation **** Tranquilizing the mental formation *** Mindfulness of the mind (''cittanupassana'') — third tetrad **** Experiencing the mind **** Gladdening the mind **** Concentrating the mind **** Liberating the mind *** Mindfulness of Dhammas (''dhammānupassana'') — fourth tetrad **** Contemplating impermanence (''aniccānupassī'') **** Contemplating fading away (''virāgānupassī'') **** Contemplating cessation (''nirodhānupassī'') **** Contemplating relinquishment (''paṭinissaggānupassī'') ** Human position, Postures *** Walking *** Standing *** Sitting *** Lying (position), Lying down ** Sampajañña, Clear comprehension (''sampajañña'' • ''samprajaña'') *** Clear comprehension of the purpose of one's action (''sātthaka'') *** Clear comprehension of the suitability of one's means to the achievement of one's purpose (''sappāya'') *** Clear comprehension of the domain, that is, not abandoning the subject of meditation during one's daily routine (''gocara'') *** Clear comprehension of reality, the awareness that behind one's activities there is no abiding self (''asammoha'') ** Reflections on repulsiveness of the body, meditation on the thirty-two body parts (''patikulamanasikara'') *** head hairs *** Androgenic hair, body hairs *** Nail (anatomy), nails *** Tooth, teeth *** skin *** flesh *** tendons *** bones *** bone marrow *** kidneys *** heart *** liver *** pleura (or Thoracic diaphragm, diaphragm) *** spleen *** lungs *** intestines *** mesentery *** stomach *** feces *** bile *** phlegm *** pus *** blood *** sweat *** fat *** tears *** skin-oil *** saliva *** mucus *** synovial fluid *** urine *** brain ** Reflections on the Mahābhūta, material elements (''mahābhūta'') ***

***

** Asubha, Cemetery contemplations (''asubha'') *** Swollen or bloated corpse *** Corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay *** Festering or suppurated corpse *** Corpse splattered half or fissured from decay *** Corpse gnawed by animals such as Dhole, wild dogs and foxes *** Corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and human body, body being dispersed *** Corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing *** Bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out *** Corpse infested with and eaten by worms *** Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton * Mindfulness of Vedanā, feelings (''vedanāsati'' • ''vedanāsmṛti'') ** Pleasant feeling *** Worldly pleasant feeling *** Spiritual pleasant feeling ** Painful feeling *** Worldly painful feeling *** Spiritual painful feeling ** Neither-pleasant-nor-painful (neutral) feeling *** Worldly neutral feeling *** Spiritual neutral feeling * Mindfulness of the Citta, mind (''cittasati'' • ''cittasmṛti'') ** With lust (''sarāga'') or without lust (''vītarāga'') ** With hate (''sadosa'') or without hate (''vītadosa'') ** With delusion (''samoha'') or without delusion (''vītamoha'') ** Contracted (''sakhitta'') or scattered (''vikkhitta'') ** Lofty (''mahaggata'') or not lofty (''amahaggata'') ** Surpassable (''sa-uttara'') or unsurpassed (''anuttara'') ** Quieted (''samāhita'') or not quieted (''asamāhita'') ** Released (''vimutta'') or not released (''avimutta'') * Mindfulness of Dharma (Buddhism), mental phenomena (''dhammāsati'' • ''dharmasmṛti'') ** Five hindrances, Hindrances ** Skandha, Aggregates of Upadana, clinging ** Ayatana, Sense bases and their Fetter (Buddhism), fetters ** Seven factors of enlightenment **

Four Right Efforts (''Cattārimāni sammappadhānāni'' • ''Samyak-pradhāna'')

Four Right Exertions * The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome mental states (''anuppādāya'') * The effort to abandon arisen unwholesome mental states (''pahānāya'') * The effort to generate unarisen wholesome mental states (''uppādāya'') * The effort to maintain and perfect arisen wholesome mental states (''ṭhitiyā'')

Four Roads to Mental Power (''Iddhipāda'' • ''Ṛddhipāda'')

Iddhipada * Concentration due to Chanda (Buddhism), desire (''chanda'') * Concentration due to Vīrya, energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Concentration due to Citta, mind (''citta'') * Concentration due to Vīmaṃsā, investigation (''vīmaṃsā'')

Five Spiritual Faculties (''Pañca indriya'')

Indriya *

(''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') — faith in the Buddha's awakening * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') — exertion towards the Four Right Exertions, Four Right Efforts * Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'' • ''smṛti'') — focusing on the four satipatthana *

(''samādhi'') — achieving the four jhānas * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'') — discerning the

Five Powers (''Pañca bala'')

Five Strengths *

(''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') — controls doubt * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') — controls laziness * Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'' • ''smṛti'') — controls heedlessness *

(''samādhi'') — controls distraction * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'') — controls ignorance

Seven Factors of Enlightenment (''Satta sambojjhaṅgā'' • ''Sapta bodhyanga'')

Seven Factors of Enlightenment

= Neutral

= * Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'' • ''smṛti'')

= Arousing

= * Dhamma vicaya, Investigation of doctrine (''dhamma vicaya'' • ''dharma-vicaya'') * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') *

(''pīti'' • ''prīti'')

= Calming

= *

(''passaddhi'') *

(''samādhi'') * Upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'' • ''upekṣā'')

Noble Eightfold Path (''Ariya aṭṭhaṅgika magga'' • ''Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ'')

= Wisdom (''Paññākkhandha'')

* Right view (''sammā-diṭṭhi'' • ''samyag-dṛṣṭi'') ** Mundane right view *** Karma in Buddhism, Karma ** Supramundane right view *** Right view that accords with the

(''saccanulomika sammā-diṭṭhi'') **** Buddhist texts, Study **** Contemplation **** Buddhist meditation, Meditation *** Right view that penetrates the Four Noble Truths (''saccapativedha sammā-diṭṭhi'') * Right intention (''sammā-saṅkappa'' • ''samyak-saṃkalpa'') ** Nekkhamma, The intention of renunciation (''nekkhamma-sankappa'') ** Mettā, The intention of non-ill will (''abyapada-sankappa'') ** Karuṇā, The intention of harmlessness (''avihimsa-sankappa'')

= Moral discipline (''Sīlakkhandha'')

= * Right speech (''sammā-vācā'' • ''samyag-vāc'') ** Abstinence, Abstaining from Lie, false speech (''musāvāda veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from Slander, slanderous speech (''pisunaya vacaya veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from harsh speech (''pharusaya vacaya veramaṇī'') *** Abstaining from verbal abuse *** Abstaining from insults *** Abstaining from sarcasm ** Abstaining from Gossip, idle chatter (''samphappalāpa veramaṇī'') * Noble Eightfold Path#Right action, Right action (''sammā-kammanta'' • ''samyak-karmānta'') ** Abstinence, Abstaining from the taking of life (''pāṇātipātā veramaṇī'') *** Abstaining from homicide *** Abstaining from animal slaughter **** Abstaining from hunting **** Abstaining from fishing **** Abstaining from killing insects *** Abstaining from deliberately harming or torture, torturing another being ** Abstaining from taking what is not given (''adinnādānā veramaṇī'') *** Abstaining from stealing *** Abstaining from robbery *** Abstaining from Snatch theft, snatching *** Abstaining from fraudulence *** Abstaining from deceitfulness ** Abstaining from sexual misconduct (''kāmesu micchācāra veramaṇī'') *** Abstaining from adultery *** Abstaining from sexual harassment *** Abstaining from rape * Right livelihood (''sammā-ājīva'' • ''samyag-ājīva'') ** Abstinence, Abstaining from dealing in weapons ** Abstaining from dealing in living beings (including raising animals for Animal slaughter, slaughter as well as History of slavery, slave trade and prostitution) ** Abstaining from dealing in meat production and butchery ** Abstaining from dealing in poisons ** Abstaining from dealing in intoxicants ** Abstaining from deceit ** Abstaining from treachery ** Abstaining from Fortune-telling, soothsaying ** Abstaining from trickery ** Abstaining from usury

= Concentration (''Samādhikkhandha'')

= * Right effort (''sammā-vāyāma'' • ''samyag-vyāyāma'') ** The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome states of mind (''samvarappadhana'') *** Yoniso manasikara, Wise attention (''yoniso manasikara'') *** Indriya-samvara, Restraint of the sense faculties (''indriya-samvara'') ** The effort to abandon unwholesome states of mind that have already arisen (''pahanappadhana'') *** Overcoming the Five hindrances ** The effort to generate wholesome states of mind that have not yet arisen (''bhavanappadhana'') *** Seven Factors of Enlightenment (''satta sambojjhaṅgā'' • ''sapta bodhyanga'') **** Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'') **** Dhamma vicaya, Investigation of doctrine (''dhamma vicaya'') **** Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') ****

(''pīti'') ****

(''passaddhi'') ****

(''samādhi'') **** Upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkha'') ** The effort to maintain and perfect wholesome states of mind already arisen (''anurakkhanappadhana'') * Right mindfulness (''sammā-sati'' • ''samyak-smṛti'') ** Rūpa, Contemplation of the body (''kāyanupassana'') ** Vedanā, Contemplation of feeling (''vedanānupassana'') ** Citta, Contemplation of states of mind (''cittanupassana'') ** Dharma (Buddhism), Contemplation of phenomena (''dhammānupassana'') * Right concentration (''sammā-samādhi'' • ''samyak-samādhi'') ** Jhāna, Four jhānas *** First jhāna (''pathamajjhana'') *** Second jhāna (''dutiyajjhana'') *** Third jhāna (''tatiyajjhana'') *** Fourth jhāna (''catutthajjhana'')

= Acquired factors

= * Noble Eightfold Path#Liberation, Right knowledge (''sammā-ñāṇa'') * Noble Eightfold Path#Liberation, Right liberation (''sammā-vimutti'')

Buddhist meditation

Theravada meditation practices

= Tranquillity/Serenity/Calm (''Samatha'' • ''Śamatha'')

= Samatha Abbot of Watkungtaphao in Phu Soidao Waterfall

* Kammaṭṭhāna, Place of work (''kammaṭṭhāna'') ** Ten ''Kasinas'' *** Earth kasina (''pathavikasinam'') *** Water kasina (''apokasinam'') *** Fire kasina (''tejokasinam'') *** Wind kasina (''vayokasinam'') *** Brownish or deep purplish blue kasina (''nilakasinam'') *** Yellow kasina (''pitakasinam'') *** Red kasina (''lohitakasinam'') *** White kasina (''odatakasinam'') *** Light kasina (''alokakasinam'') *** Open air-space, sky kasina (''akasakasinam'') ** Ten reflections on repulsiveness (''asubas'') *** A swollen or bloated corpse (''uddhumatakam'') *** A corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay (''vinilakam'') *** A festering or suppurated corpse (''vipubbakam'') *** A corpse splattered half or fissured from decay (''vicchiddakam'') *** A corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes (''vikkhayittakam'') *** A corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and body being dispersed (''vikkhitakam'') *** A corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing (''hatavikkhittakam'') *** A bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out (''lohitakam'') *** A corpse infested with and eaten by worms (''puluvakam'') *** Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton (''atthikam'') ** Ten Anussati, Recollections (''anussati'' • ''anusmriti'') *** ''Buddhānussati'' (''Buddhanusmrti'') — Recollection of the Buddha — ''fixing the mind with attentiveness and reflecting repeatedly on the glorious virtues and attributes of Buddha'' *** ''Dhammānussati'' (''Dharmanusmrti'') — Recollection of the Dhamma — ''reflecting with serious attentiveness repeatedly on the virtues and qualities of Buddha's teachings and his doctrine'' *** ''Saṅghānussati'' (''Sanghanusmrti'') — Recollection of the Saṅgha — ''fixing the mind strongly and repeatedly upon the rare attributes and sanctity of the Sangha'' *** ''Sīlānussati'' — Recollection of virtue — ''reflecting seriously and repeatedly on the purification of one's own morality or sīla'' *** ''Cāgānussati'' — Recollection of generosity — ''reflecting repeatedly on the mind's purity in the noble act of one's own dāna, charitableness and liberality'' *** ''Devatānussati'' — Recollection of deities — ''reflecting with serious and repeated attention on one's own complete possession of the qualities of absolute faith (saddhā), morality (sīla), learning (suta), liberality (cāga) and wisdom (paññā) just as the devas have, to enable one to be reborn in the world of devas'' *** ''Maraṇānussati'' — Mindfulness of death — ''reflecting repeatedly on the inevitability of death'' *** ''Patikulamanasikara#Objects of contemplation, Kāyagatāsati'' — Mindfulness of the body — ''reflecting earnestly and repeatedly on the impurity of the body which is composed of the detestable 32 constituents such as hair, body hair, nails, teeth, skin, etc.'' *** ''Anapanasati, Ānāpānasati'' — Mindfulness of breathing — ''repeated reflection on the inhaled and exhaled breath'' *** ''Upasamānussati'' — Recollection of peace — ''reflecting repeatedly with serious attentiveness on the supreme spiritual blissful state of Nirvana'' ** Brahmavihara, Four Divine Abidings (''brahmavihāra'') *** Mettā, Loving-kindness (''mettā'' • ''maitrī'') *** Karuṇā, Compassion (''karuṇā'') *** Mudita, Sympathetic joy (''muditā'') *** Upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'' • ''upekṣā'') ** Arūpajhāna, Four formless jhānas (''arūpajhāna'') *** Ākāsānañcāyatana, Base of the infinity of space (''ākāsānañcāyatana'') *** Viññāṇañcāyatana, Base of the infinity of consciousness (''viññāṇañcāyatana'') *** Ākiñcaññāyatana, Base of nothingness (''ākiñcaññāyatana'') *** Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana, Base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception (''nevasaññānāsaññāyatana'') ** Aharepatikulasanna, Perception of disgust of food (''aharepatikulasanna'') ** Four Great Elements (''mahābhūta'') *** Earth element (''paṭhavī-dhātu'') *** Water (or liquid) element (''āpo-dhātu'') *** Fire (classical element), Fire element (''tejo-dhātu'') *** Air (or wind) element (''vāyo-dhātu'')

= Concentration (''Samādhi'')

= * Nimitta, Sign (''nimitta'') ** Uggahanimitta, Learning sign (''uggahanimitta'') ** Patibhaganimitta, Counterpart sign (''paṭibhāganimitta'') * Khanikasamādhi, Momentary concentration (''khaṇikasamādhi'') * Parikammasamādhi, Preliminary concentration (''parikammasamādhi'') * Upacārasamādhi, Neighbourhood concentration (''upacārasamādhi'') * Samāpatti, Nine attainments (''samāpatti'') ** Appanāsamādhi, Attainment concentration (''appanāsamādhi'') *** Dhyāna in Buddhism, Jhāna (''Dhyāna'') — states of deep meditative concentration marked by the one-pointed fixation of the mind upon its object **** Rupajhana, Four form jhānas (''rūpajhāna'') ***** First jhāna (''pathamajjhana'') ****** Vitakka, initial application (''vittaka'') ****** Vicara, sustained application (''vicāra'') ****** Pīti, rapture (''pīti'') ****** Sukha, bliss (''sukha'') ****** Ekaggata, one-pointedness (''ekaggata'') ***** Second jhāna (''dutiyajjhana'') ****** Pīti, rapture (''pīti'') ****** Sukha, bliss (''sukha'') ****** Ekaggata, one-pointedness (''ekaggata'') ***** Third jhāna (''tatiyajjhana'') ****** Sukha, bliss (''sukha'') ****** Ekaggata, one-pointedness (''ekaggata'') ***** Fourth jhāna (''catutthajjhana'') ****** Ekaggata, one-pointedness (''ekaggata'') ****** Upekkha, equanimity (upekkhā • upekṣā) **** Arūpajhāna, Four formless jhānas (''arūpajhāna'') ***** Ākāsānañcāyatana, Base of the infinity of space (''ākāsānañcāyatana'') ***** Viññāṇañcāyatana, Base of the infinity of consciousness (''viññāṇañcāyatana'') ***** Ākiñcaññāyatana, Base of nothingness (''ākiñcaññāyatana'') ***** Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana, Base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception (''nevasaññānāsaññāyatana'') ** Jhāna#Cessation of feelings and perceptions, Cessation of perception and feeling (''nirodha-samāpatti'')

= Insight meditation (''Vipassanā'' • ''Vipaśyanā'')

= * Vipassanā ñanas, Insight knowledge (''vipassanā-ñāṇa'') ** Vipassana jhanas ** Eighteen kinds of insight *** Contemplation on impermanence (''aniccanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of permanence *** Contemplation on dukkha, unsatisfactoriness (''dukkhanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of real happiness *** Contemplation on anatta, non-self (''anattanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of self *** Contemplation on disenchantment (revulsion) (''nibbidanupassana'') overcomes affection *** Contemplation on dispassion (fading away) (''viraganupassana'') overcomes greed *** Contemplation on cessation (''nirodhanupassana'') overcomes the arising *** Contemplation on giving up (''patinissagganupassana'') overcomes attachment *** Contemplation on dissolution (''khayanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of something compact *** Contemplation on disappearance (''vayanupassana'') overcomes kamma-accumulation *** Contemplation on changeableness (''viparinamanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of something immutable *** Contemplation on the signless (''animittanupassana'') overcomes the conditions of rebirth *** Contemplation on the desireless (''appanihitanupassana'') overcomes longing *** Contemplation on Śūnyatā, emptiness (''suññatanupassana'') overcomes clinging *** Higher wisdom and insight (''adhipaññadhamma vipassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of something substantial *** True eye of knowledge (''yathabhuta ñanadassana'') overcomes clinging to delusion *** Contemplation on misery (''adinavanupassana'') overcomes clinging to desire *** Reflecting contemplation (''patisankhanupassana'') overcomes thoughtlessness *** Contemplation on the standstill of existence (''vivattanupassana'') overcomes being entangled in fetters ** Sixteen Stages of Vipassanā Knowledge *** Knowledge to distinguish mental and physical states (''namarupa pariccheda ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of the cause-and-effect relationship between mental and physical states (''paccaya pariggaha ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of mental and physical processes as impermanent, unsatisfactory and nonself (''sammasana ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of arising and passing away (''udayabbaya ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of the dissolution of formations (''bhanga ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of the fearful nature of mental and physical states (''bhaya ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of mental and physical states as unsatisfactory (''adinava ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of disenchantment (''nibbida ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of the desire to abandon the worldly state (''muncitukamayata ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which investigates the path to deliverance and instills a decision to practice further (''patisankha ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which regards mental and physical states with equanimity (''sankharupekha ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which conforms to the Four Noble Truths (''anuloma ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of deliverance from the worldly condition (''gotrabhu ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge by which defilements are abandoned and are overcome by destruction (''magga ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which realizes the fruit of the path and has nibbana as object (''phala ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which reviews the defilements still remaining (''paccavekkhana ñāṇa'')

Zen meditation practices

* Zazen **

** Kōan — a story, dialogue, question, or statement in Zen, containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to intuition ** Shikantaza — just sitting

Vajrayana meditation practices

* Tonglen * Tantra ** Anuttarayoga Tantra *** Generation stage *** Completion stage * Margaphala * Ngöndro — Four thoughts which turn the mind towards Dharma ** The freedoms and advantages of precious Human beings in Buddhism, human rebirth ** The truth of impermanence and :wikt:change, change ** The workings of Karma in Buddhism, karma ** The suffering of living beings within Saṃsāra (Buddhism), Samsara

Other practices

* Ahimsa — Nonviolence, Non-violence * Appamada — Heedfulness * Chöd — advanced spiritual practice and discipline arising from confluences of Bonpo, Mahasidda, Nyingmapa traditions and now practiced throughout the schools of

* Merit (Buddhism), Merit * Paritta — Protection * Saṃvega, Samvega and pasada * Simran (Sanskrit word), Simran

Attainment of Enlightenment

Enlightenment in Buddhism

General

(''Nibbāna'' • ''Nirvāṇa'') — the final goal of the Buddha's teaching; the unconditioned state beyond the round of rebirths, to be attained by the destruction of the defilements; Full Enlightenment or Awakening, the cessation of dukkha, suffering; saupādisesa-nibbāna-dhātu – Nibbāna with residue remaining **

(''Parinibbāna'' • ''Parinirvāṇa'') — final passing away of an enlightened person, final Nibbāna, Nibbāna at death; anupādisesa-nibbāna-dhātu – Nibbāna without residue remaining * Bodhi — the awakening attained by the Buddha and his accomplished disciples, referring to insight into the

and the

* Types of Buddha ** ''Buddhahood, Sammāsambuddha'' (''Samyak-saṃbuddha'') — one who, by his own efforts, attains Nirvana, having rediscovered the

after it has been lost to humanity, and makes this Path known to others ** ''Pratyekabuddha, Paccekabuddha'' (''Pratyekabuddha'') — "a lone Buddha", a self-awakened Buddha, but one who lacks the ability to spread the Dhamma to others ** ''Sāvakabuddha'' (''Śrāvakabuddha'') — enlightened 'disciple of a Buddha'. Usual being named Arhat

Theravada

* Four stages of enlightenment (''see also'': Arya#Buddhism, Ariya-puggala – Noble Ones) ** ''Sotāpanna'' — Stream-enterer (first stage of enlightenment) — one who has "opened the eye of the Dhamma", and is guaranteed enlightenment after no more than seven successive rebirths, having eradicated the first three Fetter (Buddhism), fetters *** The four factors leading to stream-entry **** Association with superior persons **** Hearing the true Dhamma **** Careful attention **** Practice in accordance with the Dhamma *** The four factors of a stream-enterer **** Possessing confirmed confidence in the Buddha **** Possessing confirmed confidence in the Dhamma **** Possessing confirmed confidence in the Sangha **** Possessing moral virtues dear to the noble ones ** ''Sakadagami'' — Once-returner (second stage of enlightenment) — will be reborn into the human world once more, before attaining enlightenment, having eradicated the first three Fetter (Buddhism), fetters and attenuated greed, hatred, and delusion ** ''Anagami, Anāgāmi'' — Non-returner (third stage of enlightenment) — does not come back into human existence, or any lower world, after death, but is reborn in the "Pure Abodes", where he will attain Nirvāṇa, having eradicated the first five Fetter (Buddhism), fetters ** ''Arahant (Buddhism), Arahant'' — "Worthy One", (''see also'': ''Arhat''), a fully enlightened human being who has abandoned all ten Fetter (Buddhism), fetters, and who upon decease (Parinibbāna) will not be reborn in any world, having wholly abandoned saṃsāra

Mahayana

— one who has generated bodhicitta, the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood ** Bhumi (Buddhism), Bodhisattva Bhumis — stages of enlightenment through which a bodhisattva passes

Zen

* Satori — a Japanese Buddhist term for "enlightenment", which translates as a flash of sudden awareness, or individual enlightenment * Kensho — "Seeing one's nature"

Buddhist monasticism and laity

Buddhist monasticism * Śrāvaka, Disciple 声闻弟子ShengWenDiZi (''sāvaka'' • ''śrāvaka'') * Upāsaka and Upāsikā, Male lay follower (忧婆塞 YouPoSai) (''upāsaka'') and Upāsaka and Upāsikā, Female lay follower (忧婆夷 YouPoYi) (''upāsikā'') ** Householder (Buddhism), Householder 在家弟子ZaiJiaDiZi ** ''Dhammacari, Dhammacārī'' — lay devotees who have seriously committed themselves to Buddhist practice for several years ** ''Anagarika, Anāgārika'' — lay attendant of a monk ** ''近侍Jisha (Japan), JinShi (chinese)'' — personal attendant of a monastery's abbot or teacher in Chan/Zen Buddhism ** ''Ngagpa'' — non-monastic male practitioners of such disciplines as Vajrayana, shamanism, Tibetan medicine, Tantra and Dzogchen ** ''Thilashin'' — Burmese Buddhist female lay renunciant ** ''Mae ji'' — Buddhist laywomen in Thailand occupying a position somewhere between that of an ordinary lay follower and an ordained monk * Pabbajja, Lower ordination (''pabbajja'' • ''pravrajya'') ** Samanera, Novice monk (''sāmaṇera'' • ''śrāmaṇera'') ** Samaneri, Novice nun (''samaṇerī'' • ''śrāmaṇerī'') * Upasampada, Higher ordination (''upasampadā'') ** Bhikkhu, Monk (''bhikkhu'' • ''bhikṣu'') ** Bhikkhuni, Nun (''bhikkhunī'' • ''bhikṣuṇī'') * Titles for Buddhist teachers ** General *** ''Acharya, Acariya'' (''Ācārya'') — teacher *** ''Upajjhaya'' (''Upādhyāya'') — preceptor *** ''Pandita (Buddhism), Pandita'' — a learned master, scholar or professor in Buddhist philosophy *** ''Bhante'' — Venerable Sir ** in

*** in Southeast Asia **** ''Ayya (Pali word), Ayya'' — commonly used as a veneration in addressing or referring to an ordained Buddhist nun *** in Thailand **** ''Ajahn'' — Thai term which translates as teacher **** ''Luang Por'' — means "venerable father" and is used as a title for respected senior Buddhist monastics *** in Burma **** ''Sayadaw, Sayādaw'' — a Burmese senior monk of a monastery *** in China **** ''和尚，Heshang'' — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general **** ''僧侣，SengLv'' — Monk **** ''住持，ZhuChi'' — Abbot **** ''禅师，ChanShi'' — Chan/Zen Master **** ''法师，FaShi'' — Dharma Master **** ''律师，LvShi'' — Vinaya Master, teacher who focuses on the discipline and precepts **** ''开山祖师，KaiShanZuShi'' — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery **** ''比丘，BiQiu'' — transliteration of Bhikkhu **** ''比丘尼，BiQiuNi'' — transliteration of Bhikkhuni **** ''沙弥，ShaMi'' — transliteration of Samanera **** ''沙弥尼，ShaMiNi'' — transliteration of Samaneri **** ''尼姑，NiGu'' — Nun **** ''论师，LunShi'' — Abhidharma Master, one who is well versed in the psychology, thesis and higher teachings of Buddhism **** ''师兄，ShiXiong'' — dharma brothers, used by laity to address each other, note that all male or female lay disciples are called 'Dharma Brothers' ** in Japan *** ''Ajari'' — a Japanese term that is used in various schools of Buddhism in Japan, specifically

and

, in reference to a "senior monk who teaches students *** ''和尚 Oshō'' — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general ** in

*** in Japan **** ''开山 Kaisan'' — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery **** ''老师 Roshi'' — a Japanese honorific title used in Zen Buddhism that literally means "old teacher" or "elder master" and usually denotes the person who gives spiritual guidance to a Zen sangha **** ''先生 Sensei'' — ordained teacher below the rank of roshi **** Zen master — individual who teaches Zen Buddhism to others *** in Korea **** ''Sunim'' — Korean title for a Buddhist monk or Buddhist nun ** in

*** ''Geshe'' — Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks *** ''Guru'' *** ''Khenpo'' — academic degree similar to that of a doctorate or Geshe. Khenpos often are made abbots of centers and monasteries *** ''Khenchen'' — academic degree similar in depth to post doctorate work. Senior most scholars often manage many Khenpos *** ''Lama'' — Tibetan teacher of the Dharma *** ''Rinpoche'' — an honorific which literally means "precious one" *** ''Tulku'' — an enlightened Tibetan Buddhist lama who has, through phowa and siddhi, consciously determined to take birth, often many times, to continue his or her Bodhisattva vow

Major figures of Buddhism

List of Buddhists

Founder

— The Buddha, ''Siddhattha Gotama'' (Pali), ''Siddhārtha Gautama'' (Sanskrit), ''Śākyamuni'' (Sage of the Sakya clan), The Awakened One, The Enlightened One, The Blessed One, ''Tathāgata'' (Thus Come One, Thus Gone One)

Buddha's disciples and early Buddhists

Chief Disciples

* Sariputta, Sāriputta — Chief disciple, "General of the Dhamma", foremost in wisdom * Maudgalyayana, Mahamoggallāna — Second chief disciple, foremost in psychic powers

Great Disciples

= Monks

= *

— Buddha's cousin and personal attendant * Mahākāśyapa, Maha Kassapa — Convener of First Buddhist Council *

— Half-cousin of the Buddha * Katyayana (Buddhist), Mahakaccana — Foremost in teaching *

— Half-brother of the Buddha * Subhuti * Punna * Upali — Master of the Vinaya

= Nuns

= * Mahapajapati Gotami — Eldest nun, half-mother of Buddha * Khema — First great female disciple in power * Uppalavanna — Second great female disciple * Patacara — Foremost exponent of the Vinaya, the rules of monastic discipline

Laymen

* Anathapindika — Chief lay disciple, foremost disciple in generosity * Hatthaka of Alavi * Jivaka * Citta (disciple), Citta — the foremost householder for explaining the Teaching * Cunda (Buddhism), Cunda

Laywomen

* Khujjuttara * Velukandakiya * Visakha * Rohini (Buddha's disciple), Rohini * Sujata (disambiguation), Sujata

First five disciples of the Buddha

* Kaundinya, Kondañña — the first Arahant * Assaji — converted Sāriputta and Mahamoggallāna * Bhaddiya * Vappa * Mahanama (Buddhist), Mahanama

Two seven-year-old Arahants

* Samanera Sumana * Samanera Pandita

Other disciples

* Channa (Buddhist), Channa — royal servant and head charioteer of Prince Siddhartha * Angulimala — mass murderer turned saint * Kisa Gotami

Later Indian Buddhists (after Gotama Buddha)

* Ashoka – emperor of the Indian subcontinent emperor from 268 to 232 BCE and a convert who facilitated the spread of Buddhism across Asia * Sanghamitta — daughter of Emperor Ashoka * Mahinda (buddhist monk), Mahinda — son of Emperor Ashoka * Nagarjuna — founder of the

school * Aryadeva — disciple of Nagarjuna * Asanga — exponent of the yogācāra school * Vasubandhu * Buddhaghosa — 5th-century Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar, author of the

* Buddhapālita — commentator on the works of Nagarjuna and Aryadeva * Candrakīrti * Dharmakirti * Atisha * B. R. Ambedkar – a Father of modern India, Polymath, Revivalist of Buddhism

Indo-Greek Buddhists

* Dharmaraksita * Nagasena

Chinese Buddhists

* Bodhidharma * Dajian Huineng * Ingen

Tibetan Buddhists

* Je Tsongkhapa * Milarepa * Longchenpa * Marpa Lotsawa * Padmasambhava * Drogmi — founder of the

school of

* Sakya Pandita * Panchen Lama * Karmapa * Dalai Lama ** 1st Dalai Lama ** 2nd Dalai Lama ** 3rd Dalai Lama ** 4th Dalai Lama ** 5th Dalai Lama ** 6th Dalai Lama ** 7th Dalai Lama ** 8th Dalai Lama ** 9th Dalai Lama ** 10th Dalai Lama ** 11th Dalai Lama ** 12th Dalai Lama ** 13th Dalai Lama ** 14th Dalai Lama

Japanese Buddhists

* Saichō * Kūkai * Hōnen * Shinran * Dōgen * Eisai * Nichiren

Vietnamese Buddhists

* Trần Thái Tông * Trần Thánh Tông * Trần Nhân Tông * Trần Anh Tông * Trần Minh Tông * Trần Hiến Tông * Trần Dụ Tông * Trần Nghệ Tông * Trần Duệ Tông * Trần Hưng Đạo * Trần Thuận Tông * Trần Thiếu Đế * Lý Thái Tổ * Lý Thái Tông * Lý Thường Kiệt * Lý Long Tường * Thich Quang Duc * Thích Trí Quang * Thich Nhat Hanh, Thích Nhất Hạnh * Thich Thiên Ân * Thích Quảng Độ * Thích Thanh Từ * Thich Nhat Tu, Thích Nhật Từ * Thich Chan Khong

Burmese Buddhists

* Ledi Sayadaw * Mahasi Sayadaw, Mahāsī Sayādaw * Mother Sayamagyi * S. N. Goenka * U Ba Khin * U Nārada * U Pandita * Webu Sayadaw

Thai Buddhists

* Buddhadasa, Ajahn Buddhadasa *

*Ajahn Lee * Ajahn Maha Bua * Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta * Ajahn Thate

Sri Lankan Buddhists

* Balangoda Ananda Maitreya * Henepola Gunaratana * K. Sri Dhammananda * Piyadassi Maha Thera * Walpola Rahula

American Buddhists

* Ajahn Sumedho * Bhikkhu Bodhi * Thanissaro Bhikkhu

Brazilian Buddhists

* Ajahn Mudito * Monja Coen * Lama Michel Rinpoche

British Buddhists

* Ajahn Amaro * Ajahn Brahm * Ajahn Khemadhammo *Houn Jiyu-Kennett * Nanamoli Bhikkhu, Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu * Nanavira Thera, Ñāṇavīra Thera * Arthur Lillie

German Buddhists

* Ayya Khema * Bhikkhu Analayo * Muho Noelke * Nyanatiloka * Nyanaponika Thera

Irish Buddhists

* U Dhammaloka

Buddhist philosophy

Buddhist philosophy Nagarjuna at Samye Ling Monastery

* Abhidharma (Abhidhamma) * Buddhist anarchism * Buddhist atomism * Buddhism and the body * Buddhology * Engaged Buddhism * Buddhist economics * Buddhist eschatology * Buddhist ethics ** Buddhism and abortion ** Buddhism and euthanasia ** Buddhism and sexuality *** Religious views on masturbation#Buddhism, Buddhist views on masturbation *** LGBT topics and Buddhism * Buddhism and evolution * Acinteyya, Four imponderables * Fourteen unanswerable questions ** Questions referring to the world: concerning the

of the world in time *** Is the world eternal? *** or not? *** or both? *** or neither? ** Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in space *** Is the world finite? *** or not? *** or both? *** or neither? ** Questions referring to personal experience *** Is the self (philosophy), self identical with the body? *** or is it different from the body? ** Questions referring to life after death *** Does the Tathagata exist after death? *** or not? *** or both? *** or neither? * God in Buddhism *

* Buddhist logic * Buddhist mythology * Reality in Buddhism * Buddhist socialism

Buddhist culture

Burning-money-and-yuanbao-at-the-cemetery-3249

* Alms * Ango — three-month-long period of intense training for students of

Buddhism * Buddhist architecture ** Vihara — Buddhist monastery ** Wat — monastery temple in Cambodia, Thailand, Lanna or Laos ** Thai temple art and architecture ** Stupa — mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics ** Pagoda — tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia ** Zendo — meditation hall in Zen Buddhism ** Butsudan — shrine * Buddhist art ** Greco-Buddhist art *** Standing Buddha ** Buddhist poetry ** Buddhist music **

*** Colossal Buddha statues **** Tian Tan Buddha **** Kōtoku-in, Kamakura Great Buddha **** Grand Buddha at Ling Shan **** Leshan Giant Buddha **** Gifu Great Buddha **** Great Buddha (disambiguation), Great Buddha * Buddhist calendar * Buddhist clothes ** Tricivara — Monastic robe *** Antaravasaka — Lower robe *** Uttarasanga — Upper robe *** Sangati — Outer robe * Buddhist cuisine ** Buddhist vegetarianism * Dharani * Drubchen — traditional form of meditation retreat in Tibetan Buddhism * Funeral (Buddhism) * Buddhist holidays ** Vesak — birth, enlightenment (Nirvana), and passing away (Parinirvana) of Gautama Buddha ** Asalha Puja ** Magha Puja ** Uposatha — the Buddhist observance days, falling on the days of the full moon and new moon, when the monks gather to recite the Patimokkha, Pātimokkha and lay people often visit monasteries and temples to undertake the eight precepts ** Kathina — festival which comes at the end of Vassa * Kaicho * Kīla (Buddhism), Kīla — three-sided peg, stake, knife, or nail like ritual implement traditionally associated with Indo-Tibetan Buddhism * Mandala — concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance ** Sand mandala * Buddhist prayer beads — Mala * Mantra ** Om mani padme hum ** Nianfo, Namo Amituofo ** Daimoku, Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō ** Om tare tuttare ture svaha ** Buddho (mantra), Buddho ** Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammāsambuddhassa * Buddhist view of marriage * Mudra — Symbolic or ritual gesture ** Añjali Mudrā — greeting gesture which consists of putting the palms together in front of the chest * Buddhist music * Prayer wheel * Sarira — Buddhist relics * Sesshin — period of intensive Buddhist meditation, meditation (zazen) in a

monastery * Buddhist symbolism ** Dharmacakra — Wheel of Dhamma ** Bhavacakra — Wheel of Becoming ** Buddhist flag ** Ensō — Symbol in Zen symbolizing enlightenment, strength, elegance, the Universe, and the void ** Thangka *** Tree of physiology ** Ashtamangala * Vajra — short metal weapon that has the symbolic nature of a diamond * Vassa — Rains retreat

Buddhist pilgrimage

Buddhist pilgrimage Mahabodhi in Bodhgaya

* The Four Main Sites ** Lumbini — Buddha's birthplace *** Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini, Maya Devi Temple ** Bodh Gaya — Buddha's place of Bodhi, Enlightenment *** Mahabodhi Temple **** Bodhi Tree ** Sarnath — Place of Buddha's first discourse ** Kushinagar — Place of Buddha's Parinirvana, final passing away * Four Additional Sites ** Sravasti ** Rajgir ** Sankassa ** Vaishali (ancient city), Vaishali * Other Sites ** Patna ** Gaya, India, Gaya ** Kosambi ** Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura ** Kapilavastu (ancient city), Kapilavastu ** Devadaha ** Kesariya ** Pava ** Nalanda ** Varanasi * Later Sites ** Sanchi ** Ratnagiri (Orissa), Ratnagiri ** Ellora Caves, Ellora ** Ajanta Caves, Ajantha ** Bharhut

Comparative Buddhism

* Buddhism and science ** Buddhism and psychology * Buddhism and Theosophy * Buddhism and other religions ** Buddhism and Eastern religions *** Buddhism and Hinduism *** Buddhism and Jainism ** Buddhism and Christianity *** Buddhist-Christian Studies *** Parallels between Buddha and Jesus ** Buddhism and Gnosticism ** Gautama Buddha in world religions

Lists

* Glossary of Buddhism * Index of Buddhism-related articles * List of Buddhas ** List of the twenty-eight Buddhas * List of Buddha claimants * List of bodhisattvas * List of Buddhists * List of modern scholars in Buddhist studies * List of suttas ** in

*** List of Digha Nikaya suttas *** List of Majjhima Nikaya suttas *** List of Samyutta Nikaya suttas *** List of Anguttara Nikaya suttas *** List of Khuddaka Nikaya suttas ** in

***

* List of Buddhist temples ** Buddhist temples in Japan *** List of Buddhist temples in Kyoto ** Korean Buddhist temples ** List of Buddhist Architecture in China ** List of Buddhist temples in Thailand * List of writers on Buddhism * Buddha games list

Charts

File:Dhamma_Chart_in_English.gif, Dhamma chart in English File:Dhamma_Chart_in_Pali.gif, Dhamma chart in the Pali language

Notes

References

Sources

* *

Sources

External links

Book 1
an
Book 2
Glossary of Buddhism by Alawwe Anōmadassi Thero {{DEFAULTSORT:Buddhism Outlines of religions Outlines Buddhism, *