Akali Nihang

The Nihang (also spelt as Nihung lit. "Crocodiles") or Akali (lit. "Immortals"), also known as '' Dal Khalsa'', is an armed Sikh warrior order originating in the Indian subcontinent. Nihangs are believed to have originated either from Fateh Singh and the attire he wore or from the "Akal Sena" (lit. Army of the Immortal) started by Guru Hargobind. Early Sikh military history was dominated by the Nihang, known for their victories where they were heavily outnumbered. Traditionally known for their bravery and ruthlessness in the battlefield, the Nihang once formed the irregular guerrilla squads of the armed forces of the Sikh Empire, the Sikh Khalsa Army.

Etymology

The word ''Nihang'' may come from the Persian word for a mythical sea creature (). The term owes its origin to Mughal historians, who compared the ferocity of the Akāli with that of crocodiles. The meaning of Akali in Sikhism however, is the immortal army of Akāl (God). According to Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, tracing the term Nihang to the Persian word for a crocodile is a misinterpretation and instead it refers to a "fearless person". Dilgeer states that the term Nihang is also used in ''gurbani'', where it refers to someone who is carefree.

The ''word Akāli'' means timeless or immortal. Literally, it means one who belongs to ''Akāl'' (beyond time). In other words, an ''Akāli'' is that person who is subject of none but God only. The term Akāli was first used during the time of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib. It became popular in the last decades of the eighteenth century. The term came to be associated with “commitment, fearlessness, boldness, struggle, and justice.”

History

Origins

According to Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech, reiterating the work of Nabha (1999), there exists three main theories regarding the genesis of the ''Nihangs''. These three theories are summarized below:

* Began with the son of Guru Gobind Singh, Fateh Singh with his blue clothing and turban with the Guru prescribing this uniform for his warriors.
* Second hypothesis claims that they originate from the disguise of Guru Gobind Singh when he escaped from Chamkaur in 1704 or 1705.
* Third theory postulates that they can be traced back to the garb of Akali Naina Singh, who according to Kang (1997) was the leader of the Nishanwalia Misl.
Dilgeer on the other hand narrates an entirely different theory of origination apart from the above three theories in his ''Sikh Reference Book''. According to Dilgeer, the Nihangs originate from the period of Guru Gobind Singh, when during the Battle of Anandpur Sahib on 2 December 1703, the standard-bearer of the Sikhs, Bhai Man Singh, became injured and the pole of the flag broke, thus Guru Gobind Singh tore a strip of cloth from his blue-coloured under-turban (known as a ''keski'') and tied it on the top part of his over-turban, creating what is known as a ''farla''. Mimicking him, other Sikhs of the time, such as Uday Singh, Sahib Singh, Mohkam Singh, and Alam Singh, and emulated this manner of stylizing one's turban with a blue-coloured strip of fabric. Guru Gobind Singh is then said to have mandated all Sikh leaders to follow this practice, so that the Sikh flag can never be lowered. Connecting to the theory regarding Fateh Singh, it is then believed Fateh Singh tried to also decorate his turban with a blue ''farla'' in this manner. This change to the Sikh uniform is said to have led to the arising of the Nihangs.

Pre-colonial period

It is claimed that the Nihangs arose as early as the period of the Akal Sena of Guru Hargobind, while other theories trace them to the period of Guru Gobind Singh, yet there are few Nihangs recorded in the history of the 18th and 19th centuries aside from Akali Naina Singh and Akali Phula Singh. Nihangs claim Baba Deep Singh as being a Nihang and also trace their legacy back to the bifurcation of the Dal Khalsa into to groups, the Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal, by Nawab Kapur Singh in the 18th century. Nihangs claim that their modern organizations sharing the same name can be traced back to these historical organizations of the misl-era Sikhs. Akali Phula Singh was the overseer of the Akal Takht in Amritsar during his time and participated in the military conquests of the contemporary Sikh Empire. The deras of the Nihangs during Sikh-rule were kept independent from those of other Sikh groups. According to Dilgeer, the Nihangs reached the zenith of their influence during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. With the oncoming of the mantle of leadership of Akali Phula Singh, the Nihangs also became known by a new term, ''Akali''. During the Sikh Empire and particularly after the death of Phula Singh, the Nihangs became increasingly addicted to cannabis and lost their influence. However, another change marked by the death of Phula Singh is Maharaja Ranjit Singh made an order of Sikhs, namely the ''sarbarahs'' and ''mahants'', the custodians of Sikh shrines, with Nihangs assisting in this management structure.

British-rule

During British rule, the Nihangs faced a decline, with there being fewer Nihangs, as they had lost the former prestige they held during the pre-colonial period. The system of managing Sikh shrines through sarbarahs, mahants, and nihangs introduced during the Sikh Empire was continued by the British colonial administeration. During the Singh Sabha Movement, the Sikh reformers may have adopted the unique markers of Nihangs in-order to formulate and promote a separate Sikh identity, encapsulated as the Tat Khalsa. Aspects of the Nihang dress was adopted by other Sikhs, as it was seen as being "quintessentially" Sikh, alongside the martial aspects of the Nihangs, which was promoted by the British administrators as being ideal Sikh traits. The Akalis of the 20th century cannot be traced back to the historical Nihangs. Since 1920, the term Akali is also used synonymously to refer to members of a Sikh political party called the Shiromani Akali Dal.

Post-independence

After the independence of India, Nihang ''deras'' started thriving. The Nihangs were renowned for their martial qualities but this popular image was damaged in 1978 and there-after. During the Punjab insurgency, the Nihangs tended to not support the Khalistan movement, with there only being a few Nihangs who became militants, such as Avtar Singh Brahma and Pipal Singh (as per Ajit Singh Poohla, former leader of the Taruna Dal), who fought for the movement. On the contrary, there are claims of fighting between the Khalistanis and Nihangs. It is alleged that a Nihang dera, the dera of Ajit Singh Phoola, was involved in the murder of the family of a Sikh militant named Joga Singh of the Khalistan Commando Force in Khanpur, Amritsar district. Similarly, Piara Singh Nihang is suspected of murdering over a dozen family members of the Sikh militant Jagir Singh.

The Nihang leader Santa Singh and Ajit Singh Poohla had ties to the Indian National Congress party. Santa Singh was ex-communicated from the Sikh religion in 1984. In 2001, Baba Santa Singh, the jathedar of Budha Dal, along with 20 Nihang jathadars (leaders), refused to accept the ban on the consumption of bhang by the SGPC. Baba Santa Singh was excommunicated for a different issue, and replaced with Balbir Singh, who agreed to shun the consumption of bhang.

Due to their promotion of the Dasam Granth, the Nihangs have succeeded in preventing, or at-least slowing, the SGPC from censuring and removing the scripture entirely from the confines of modern Sikh spirituality. Many Nihang deras now operate their own Internet websites.

Arms and attire

Traditional Nihang dress is known as ''Khalsa Swarupa'' or ''bana.'' This comprises full attire of navy blue selected by Guru Gobind Singh after conflicts with Wazir Khan, the Mughal Governor of Sirhind, several edged bracelets of iron round on each of their wrists ('' jangi kara'') and quoits of steel (''chakram'') tiered in their lofty conical blue turbans, together with the either a ''dori kirpan'' (an open blade kirpan that is worn with a rope attached and was meant to be used as a quick access weapon) or a pesh kabaz - a predecessor to the modern kirpan. When fully armed a Nihang will also bear one or two swords (either the curved talwar or the straight khanda, or another type of sword like saif or ''sarohi'' on his right hip), a katar (dagger) on his left hip, a buckler made from buffalo-hide (''dhal'') on his back, a large chakram around his neck, and an iron chain. In times of war, arms worn on the Nihang's person would generally be reserved until the warrior lost the weapon he held, often a bow (''kamaan'') or spear (''barcha''). Armour consisted of ''sanjo'' or iron chainmail worn under an iron breastplate ('' char aina''). Nihang war-shoes (''jangi mozeh'') were constructed of iron at the toe, making their pointed toes capable of inflicting cuts and stab wounds. The firearms carried by nihangs are either a '' toradar'' (matchlock) or a musket. In modern times nihangs also carry revolvers, semi-automatic pistols, double-barreled shotguns and bolt-action rifles The Nihangs favour the dark blue colour for their clothing, which they adopted to emulate Guru Gobind Singh's attire when he escaped from Chamkaur through the Machhiwara jungle.

The Nihang were particularly known for their high turbans (''dastar bunga'') and their extensive use of the chakram or war-quoit. Their turbans were often pointed at the top and outfitted with a ''chand torra'' or trident called ''astbhuja'' which could be used for stabbing in close-quarters. Other times, the turbans would be armed with a bagh naka (iron claw) and one or several chakram to slice at an opponent's eyes. These steel-reinforced turbans, it was said, afforded enough protection so that there was no need for any other form of headgear. Today, Nihang still wear miniature versions of five weapons (''pancha shastra'') in their turbans, namely the chakram, the khanda (sword), the ''karud'' (dagger), the kirpan, and the ''tir'' (arrow).

Organization and leadership

There are four main factions amongst the Nihangs of the modern-era, them namely being:

* Budha Dal – Their headquarters are located in Raqba.
* Taruna Dal
* Bidhi Chand Dal – Descend from lineage of Bidhi Chand, a contemporary warrior and companion of the Sikh Gurus. Confined to Sur Singh locality.
* Ranghreta Dal – Prominent amongst Mazhabi Sikhs.

The latter two groups are much less prominent than the former two. Each of the four main faction may have sub-groups representing further divisions. There is no central command within the Nihang dals, although there are Jathedars. There may be more than one jathedar within a Nihang dal who operate independently from one another, for example the Taruna Dal. Once a Nihang is elevated to the jathedar office, they generally keep that position for life. Whilst there may be an individual who is assigned as being second-in-command to the jathedar, this is rarely realized. Each ''Dal'' broadly consists of both a mobile and stationary group. The mobile group of the Budha Dal, for example, is the ''Dalpanth''. There has been incidents of conflict in the past between different groups of ''Akalis'', even within the same faction.

Use of intoxicants

Some Nihang groups consume cannabis or ''shaheedi degh'' (), purportedly to help in meditation.
''Sūkha parshaad'' (), "Comfort-gift", is the term Nihang use to refer to it. It is crushed and taken as a liquid, especially during festivals like Hola Mohalla. It is never smoked, as this practice is forbidden in Sikhism.

In 2001, Jathedar (leader) Santa Singh, the leader of Budha Dal, along with 20 chiefs of Nihang sects, refused to accept the ban on consumption of'' shaheedi degh'' by the apex Sikh clergy - in order to preserve traditional Sikh practices. According to a BBC article, "Traditionally they also drank shaheedi degh, an infusion of cannabis, to become closer with God"

Deras and gurdwaras

The Nihangs operate their own '' deras'' (also known as ''chhaunis'', meaning "cantonment"), which are similar to ''akharas'' and ''taksals'', except that the Nihang deras focus more on martial training and there is a maintenance of warlike qualities. Each Nihang dera has a special area where ''sukha'' is prepared. At Nihang deras, weapons are kept and this is normalized. Nihang deras traditionally kept horses but in the modern-period, automobiles are also kept for transport. Nihangs also operate their own gurdwaras, with groups of Nihang-run gurdwaras being associated with a particular Nihang dera. Nihang deras are under the command of the jathedar of their respective associated dal.

Nishan Sahib

The Nihangs carry a unique Nishan Sahib, being navy/electric blue, and (sometimes) bright yellow or basanti with a tegha, dhal (shield) and katar. Yellow in Punjabi culture signifies sacrifice, revolt and honour while blue signifies courage, bravery and patriotism. In Punjab, Blue is the colour of Khalsa, and yellow the colour of Kshatriyas. Due to various passages from the Dasam Granth, the Nihangs see themselves as Kshatriyas, but believe that the '' varna system'' is not limited to ones heritage.

Scriptures

The Nihang sect equally reveres the Guru Granth Sahib, Dasam Granth, and Sarbloh Granth. They attribute the later two works to Guru Gobind Singh. They consider the Dasam Granth and the Sarbloh Granth as extensions of the Guru Granth Sahib. As such, they refer to these scriptures as ''Sri Dasam Guru Granth Sahib'', and ''Sri Sarbloh Guru Granth Sahib''. They call the Guru Granth Sahib, ''Aad Guru Granth Sahib''. They also sometimes refer to the scriptures as "Durbar", such as ''Aad Guru Durbar''. The Sarbloh Granth has another name, as ''Sri Manglacharan Purana''. They believe that all three of these scriptures are authentic, written by the Gurus and are one and the same. For this reason, they will often place the Dasam and Aad Granths on the same level and on the same throne (also known as the ''palki''). They also sometimes do this for the Sarbloh Granth as well.

Festivals

The Nihangs celebrate Sikh festivals like other Sikhs, with the Dalpanth sub-division (but also other Nihang groups) travelling to Amritsar to celebrate Vaisakhi, Anandpur for Hola Mohalla, Muktsar for Maghi Mela, and Baba Bakala for Rakharh Punnian. The largest Nihang celebration tends to be at Hola Mohalla in Anandpur. Places associated with the Sikh gurus are frequented by Nihang organizations during festivities.

Nihang women

According to a 19th-century account by Giani Gian Singh, a small number of Nihang women also chose to wear turbans. An 1838 watercolour by Emily Eden depicts a Nihang woman with a turban the same size as her husband's.

Dialect

The Nihangs have developed their own coded language, known as ''Khalsa bole''. The Nihangs use certain vocabulary with distinct semantics. They may have developed this unique linguistic quirk due to their relative isolation.

Relationship to other Sikhs

Whilst Nihangs have gained a reputation of being brave and fearless fighters, being remembered for their sacrifices in the form of martyrdom for the Sikh community (''Quom''), they are treated rather indifferently and ambivalently by other Sikhs despite the visible presence (due to their unique clothing and behaviour) and symbolism of the Nihangs. Some Sikhs view Nihangs in a negative-light, marking them as creating mischief and connecting them to murders and land-grabbing. Ordinary Sikhs may view Nihangs as being ''bhang'' (or ''sukha'') consumers but also as trouble-makers who avoid paying for train or bus tickets. The tellings of the Sikh past narrated and performed by '' ragis'' and '' dhadis'' highlight on the sacrifices the Nihangs have made throughout Sikh history.

Thus, Nihangs can be described as being a "neglected" segment of the Sikh community, being subjected to puns, but also being viewed as being particularly orthodox Sikhs. Therefore, the current situation of the Nihangs is one where they have mostly lost their relevance and significance in the Sikh faith in the eyes of other Sikhs. However, their contributions to ''gatka'' and promoting the Dasam Granth keep them relevant in the present-day.

Nihang beliefs and practices differ from those ordained in the ''Sikh Rehat Maryada'' promulgated by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. A key difference is the importance the Nihangs place on the Dasam Granth, meanwhile many other Sikh groups, such as the SGPC, prefer to maintain distance from the work or even deny it outright. Despite these differences, the SGPC and other Sikh bodies generally hold back from criticizing Nihangs on their traditions, with both Nihangs and other Sikhs usually not making critical comments about each-other's differing practices and beliefs. However, there have been times where the Nihang practice of holding '' prakash'' (installation of a Sikh scripture) of the controversial Dasam Granth beside the Guru Granth Sahib at their places of worship have raised criticism from some SGPC representatives, which are met with refutations from the Nihang. Nihangs tend to be sensitive to criticisms of the Dasam Granth.

Popular culture

The Nihang is featured as a unique unit for the city-state Lahore in ''Civilization VI''. The city-state and unit were brought into the game during the New Frontier Pass.

In September 2023, a depiction of a Nihang Sikh was painted on the top-right section of an official illustration of the Dallas Cowboys football team as part of the ''Carpe Omnia'' ('seize everything') theme for the upcoming sports season.

See also

* Amrit Sanskar
* Damdami Taksal
* Dumalla
* Gatka
* Shastar Vidya
* Langar
* Jhatka
* Lohgarh (Bilaspur)
* Misls
* Nishan Sahib
* List of Nihangs

Notes

References

Sources

*
Dasam Granth
', The Dasam Granth website
*

'
* "Tribes and Castes of Punjab and N.W. Frontier Province" by H.A. Rose (1892)


* ttp://www.Budhadal.com/ www.Budhadal.com

External links

Sikh Photography
Images of Nihangs by photographer Charles Meacham







Nihang
SGPC

Photography of the daily lives of the Nihang Singhs of Punjab by photographer Nick Fleming

{{Sikhism

Sikh groups and sects
Punjabi words and phrases