2019 in paleontology

Flora

Plants

Fungi

Paleomycological research

* Fossil sporocarps indistinguishable from sporocarps of members of the extant genus ''Stemonitis'' are described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Rikkinen, Grimaldi & Schmidt (2019).
* A study on the impact of major historical events such as the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event on the evolution of two major subclasses of lichen-forming fungi ( Lecanoromycetidae and Ostropomycetidae) is published by Huang ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of crustose lichens from European Paleogene amber is published by Kaasalainen ''et al.'' (2019).
* Fungi belonging to the genera '' Periconia'', ''Penicillium'' and '' Scopulariopsis'', representing the first and the oldest known fossil record of these taxa, are described from the Eocene Baltic amber by Tischer ''et al.'' (2019).

Sponges

Research

* Sponge spicules and spicule-like structures that probably represent sponge fossils are described from four sections of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary interval in the Yangtze Gorges (China) by Chang ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study evaluating how distribution patterns of non-lithistid spiculate sponges changed during the Cambrian explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event is published by Botting & Muir (2019).

New taxa

Cnidarians

Research

* A study on the growth characteristics of three species of Ordovician corals belonging to the genus '' Agetolites'' from the Xiazhen Formation (China), and on their implications for inferring phylogenetic relationships of this genus, is published by Sun, Elias & Lee (2019).
* A study on a large colonial rugose coral from the Ordovician Kope Formation (Kentucky, United States) is published by Harris ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the morphology, growth characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the Silurian tabulate coral ''Halysites catenularius'' is published by Liang, Elias & Lee (2019).
* Fossils of tabulate corals without septa, representing the first evidence that unmetamorphosed, slightly indurated Paleozoic sandstones crop out amidst the deposits of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province of the United States, are reported from South Carolina by Landmeyer ''et al.'' (2019). This finding is strongly disputed because all other rocks of Paleozoic age in the study area are greatly metamorphosed, the rocks where the fossils were found are traditionally mapped as the Cretaceous Middendorf Formation, and it is suggested that the fossils in question are the bark of Cretaceous conifers in Cretaceous sandstone, instead of Paleozoic corals in Paleozoic sandstone.
* A study aiming to determine whether ecological selection based on physiology, behavior, habitat, etc. played a role in the long-term survival of corals during the late Paleocene and early Eocene is published by Weiss & Martindale (2019).
* Fossils of '' Acropora prolifera'' dating back to the Pleistocene are reported by Precht ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the distribution of reef corals during the last interglacial is published by Jones ''et al.'' (2019), who also evaluate the utility of fossil reef coral data for predictions of impact of future climate changes on reef corals.
* A study on a problematic fossil specimen from the Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation (Brazil), assigned by different authors to the species '' Serpulites sica'' or '' Euzebiola clarkei'', is published by Van Iten ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret this fossil as a medusozoan capable of clonal budding, and transfer it to the genus '' Sphenothallus''.
*The oldest mesophotic coral ecosystems, dating back to middle Silurian, from the Lower Visby Beds on Gotland have been described by Zapalski & Berkowski. These communities, dominated by platy corals give also clues about the onset of coral-algal symbiosis.
* Mihaljević (2019) describes new fossil coral collections from the Oligocene and Miocene of Sarawak (Malaysia), Negros Island and Cebu (the Philippines).
* A study on the anatomy, ontogeny and taxonomy of the Norian hydrozoan '' Heterastridium'', based on data from fossil specimens from central Iran and south Turkey, is published by Senowbari-Daryan & Link (2019).

New taxa

Arthropods

Bryozoans

Brachiopods

Molluscs

Echinoderms

Research

* A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the putative stem-echinoderm '' Yanjiahella biscarpa'' is published by Topper ''et al.'' (2019); the study is subsequently criticized by Zamora ''et al.'' (2020).
* Soft tissue traces found in conjunction with skeletal molds are described in stylophorans by Lefebvre ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as supporting echinoderm and not hemichordate-like affinities of stylophorans.
* A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the lepidocystoid echinoderm '' Vyscystis'' is published by Nohejlová ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of diploporitan blastozoans is published by Sheffield & Sumrall (2019).
* A study on the morphology of the feeding ambulacral system in the Ordovician diploporitan '' Eumorphocystis'', as indicated by data from well-preserved specimens from the Bromide Formation (Oklahoma, United States), is published by Sheffield & Sumrall (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that ''Eumorphocystis'' was closely related to crinoids and that crinoids are nested within blastozoans; their conclusions about the relationship between ''Eumorphocystis'' and crinoids are subsequently contested by Guensburg ''et al.'' (2020).
* A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of '' Macurdablastus uniplicatus'' is published by Bauer, Waters & Sumrall (2019).
* A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of '' Hexedriocystis'' is published online by Zamora & Sumrall (2019), who consider this taxon to be a blastozoan.
* A study on the paleoecology of the specimens of the edrioasteroid '' Neoisorophusella lanei'' preserved in limestone slabs from the Carboniferous ( Chesterian) Kinkaid Formation (Illinois, United States) is published by Shroat-Lewis, Greenwood & Sumrall (2019).
* A study on the morphology of '' Cupulocrinus'' and on its implications for inferring the origin of the flexible crinoids is published by Peter (2019).
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of diplobathrid crinoids is published by Cole (2019).
* A study on the biological and ecological controls on duration of diplobathrid crinoid genera is published online by Cole (2019).
* A study on the macro-evolutionary patterns of body-size trends of cyrtocrinid crinoids is published by Brom (2019).
* A study on patterns of paleocommunity structure and niche partitioning in crinoids from the Ordovician ( Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte (Ontario, Canada) is published by Cole, Wright & Ausich (2019).
* A study on the anatomy of the nervous and circulatory systems of the Cretaceous crinoid '' Decameros ricordeanus'' and on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published online by Saulsbury & Zamora (2019).
* A study on the substrate preference in stem group sea urchins during the Carboniferous Period will be published by Thompson & Bottjer (2019).
* A study on Early Triassic recovery of sea urchins after the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Pietsch ''et al.'' (2019).
* A fossil brittle star belonging to the genus '' Ophiopetra'', representing the first record of articulated brittle star from the Mesozoic of South America reported so far, is described from the Lower Cretaceous Agua de la Mula Member of the Agrio Formation (Argentina) by Fernández ''et al.'' (2019), who transfer the genus ''Ophiopetra'' to the family Ophionereididae within the order Amphilepidida.

New taxa

Conodonts

Research

* A study on the feeding habits of conodonts, as indicated by data from calcium stable isotopes, is published by Balter ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the variation of conodont element crystal structure throughout their evolutionary history is published online by Medici ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the evolution of platform-like P₁ elements in conodonts, evaluating its possible link to ecology of conodonts, is published by Ginot & Goudemand (2019).
* A study on the impact of early Paleozoic environmental changes on evolution and paleoecology of conodonts from the Canadian part of Laurentia is published online by Barnes (2019).
* A study on the morphology, occurrences and biostratigraphical value of '' Paroistodus horridus'' is published online by Mestre & Heredia (2019).
* A revision of the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of the Late Ordovician genera '' Tasmanognathus'' and '' Yaoxianognathus'' is published by Yang ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the composition and architecture of the apparatus of '' Erismodus quadridactylus'' is published by Dhanda ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the ontogeny of the Lochkovian conodont species '' Ancyrodelloides carlsi'' is published by Corriga & Corradini (2019).
* A study on fossils of members of the genus '' Alternognathus'' from the Upper Devonian of the Kowala quarry (central Poland), attempting to calibrate the course of their ontogeny in days and documenting cyclic mortality events, is published by Świś (2019).
* The apparatus of '' Vogelgnathus simplicatus'' is reconstructed from discrete elements from a sample of limited diversity from the Carboniferous strata from Ireland by Sanz-López, Blanco-Ferrera & Miller (2019).
* Neospathodid conodont elements with partly preserved basal body (one of two main parts of conodont elements, besides the crown) are reported from the Lower Triassic of Oman by Souquet & Goudemand (2019), who interpret their finding as indicating that the absence of basal bodies in post-Devonian conodonts was due to a preservational bias only.
* Natural assemblages of conodonts, preserving possible impressions of "eyes", are described from the Lower Triassic pelagic black claystones of the North Kitakami Belt (Japan) by Takahashi, Yamakita & Suzuki (2019).
* A study on the composition of the apparatus of '' Nicoraella'', based on data from clusters from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota (Yunnan, China), is published by Huang ''et al.'' (2019).
* The architecture of apparatus of ''Nicoraella kockeli'' is reconstructed by Huang ''et al.'' (2019), who also evaluate proposed functional interpretations of the conodont feeding apparatus.
* A study on Middle Triassic conodont assemblages from Jenzig section of the Jena Formation and Troistedt section of the Meissner Formation (Germany) is published by Chen ''et al.'' (2019), who also study the morphology of the apparatuses of '' Neogondolella haslachensis'' and ''Nicoraella germanica'', and review and revise the species ''Neogondolella mombergensis''.
* A study evaluating the quantitative morphological variation of P₁ conodont elements within and between seven conodont morphospecies from the Pizzo Mondello section (Sicily, Italy) and their evolution within 7 million years around the Carnian/Norian boundary is published by Guenser ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the taphonomy of basal tissue of conodont elements is published online by Suttner & Kido (2019).

New taxa

Fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

Research

* A study on the morphological diversity and morphological changes of the humeri of Paleozoic and Triassic synapsids through time is published by Lungmus & Angielczyk (2019).
* A study on the diversity of patterns of skull shape (focusing on the relative lengths of the face and braincase regions of the skull) in non-mammalian synapsids is published by Krone, Kammerer & Angielczyk (2019).
* Two pathologically fused tail vertebrae of a varanopid, likely affected by a metabolic bone disease closely resembling Paget's disease of bone, are described from the early Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States) by Haridy ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of new skull remains of '' Echinerpeton intermedium'' and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published online by Mann & Paterson (2019).
* Fossil material of a large carnivorous synapsid belonging to the family Sphenacodontidae is described from the Torre del Porticciolo locality (Italy) by Romano ''et al.'' (2019), representing the first carnivorous non- therapsid synapsid from the Permian of Italy reported so far, and one of the few known from Europe.
* Description of the morphology and histology of a small neural spine from the Early Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States) attributable to ''Dimetrodon'' is published by Brink, MacDougall & Reisz (2019), who also report evidence from fossil teeth indicative of presence of a derived species of ''Dimetrodon'' (otherwise typical of later, Kungurian localities of Texas and Oklahoma) at the Richards Spur locality.
* A study on the histology of the skull roof of burnetiamorph biarmosuchians is published by Kulik & Sidor (2019).
* Femur of a specimen of the titanosuchid species '' Jonkeria parva'' affected by osteomyelitis is described from the Permian of Karoo Basin (South Africa) by Shelton, Chinsamy & Rothschild (2019).
* A study on the adaptations to herbivory in the teeth of members of the family Tapinocephalidae is published by Whitney & Sidor (2019).
* An almost complete skeleton of ''Tapinocaninus pamelae'', providing new information on the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton of this species (including the first accurate vertebral count for a dinocephalian), is described from the lowermost Beaufort Group of South Africa by Rubidge, Govender & Romano (2019).
* Romano & Rubidge (2019) present body mass estimates for a well preserved and complete skeleton of ''Tapinocaninus pamelae'' from the lowermost Beaufort Group of South Africa.
* A study on the skull anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of '' Styracocephalus platyrhynchus'' is published by Fraser-King ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the evolution of the sacral vertebrae of dicynodonts is published by Griffin & Angielczyk (2019).
* A study on the diversity of dicynodonts from the Upper Permian Naobaogou Formation (China) is published by Liu (2019).
* A study on skulls of South American dicynodonts, aiming to determine whether the differences in skull morphology were related to differences in feeding function, is published by Ordonez ''et al.'' (2019).
* New fossil material of '' Endothiodon tolani'' is described from the Permian K5 Formation of the Metangula Graben (Mozambique) by Macungo ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of ''Endothiodon bathystoma'', based on data from a new specimen from the uppermost ''Pristerognathus'' Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Supergroup (South Africa), is published online by Maharaj, Chinsamy & Smith (2019).
* Small dicynodont skull assigned to the genus '' Digalodon'' is described from the Lopingian upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia) by Angielczyk (2019), expanding known geographic range of this genus.
* Digital endocast of '' Rastodon procurvidens'' is reconstructed by de Simão-Oliveira, Kerber & Pinheiro (2019), who evaluate biological implications of the endocast morphology of this species.
* Mancuso & Irmis (2019) describe an ulna of a member of the genus '' Stahleckeria'' from the Chañares Formation (Argentina), and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the Triassic Gondwanan biostratigraphy and biogeography.
* A study on the body mass of '' Lisowicia bojani'' is published online by Romano & Manucci (2019).
* A study on fossils of a putative Cretaceous dicynodont from Australia reported by Thulborn & Turner (2003) is published online by Knutsen & Oerlemans (2019), who consider these fossils to be of Pliocene age, and reinterpret it as fossils of a large mammal, probably a diprotodontid.
* A study aiming to determine patterns of morphological and phylogenetic diversity of therocephalians throughout their evolutionary history is published by Grunert, Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2019).
* A study on variation in rates of body size evolution of therocephalians is published by Brocklehurst (2019).
* A study on the morphology of the manus of a new therocephalian specimen referable to the genus '' Tetracynodon'' from the Early Triassic of South Africa, and on the evolution of the manus morphology of therocephalians, is published by Fontanarrosa ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on patterns of nonmammalian cynodont species richness and the quality of their fossil record is published by Lukic-Walther ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the morphology and bone histology of the postcranial skeleton of ''Galesaurus planiceps'' is published by Butler, Abdala & Botha-Brink (2019).
* Redescription of the anatomy of the skull of ''Galesaurus planiceps'' is published by Pusch, Kammerer & Fröbisch (2019).
* Description of teeth of all known diademodontid and trirachodontid cynodont taxa is published by Hendrickx, Abdala & Choiniere (2019), who also propose a standardized list of anatomical terms and abbreviations in the study of gomphodont teeth, assign '' Sinognathus'' and '' Beishanodon'' to the family Trirachodontidae, and consider all specimens previously referred to the species ''Cricodon kannemeyeri'' to be younger individuals of ''Trirachodon berryi''.
* A study on the bone histology of the traversodontid cynodonts '' Protuberum cabralense'' and ''Exaeretodon riograndesis'' is published by Veiga, Botha-Brink & Soares (2019).
* Hypsodont postcanine teeth of '' Menadon besairiei'' are described by Melo ''et al.'' (2019), who also study patterns of dental growth and replacement in this species.
* Digital endocasts of '' Massetognathus ochagaviae'' and '' Probelesodon kitchingi'' are reconstructed by Hoffmann ''et al.'' (2019).
* A skull of a member of the species '' Massetognathus ochagaviae'' is described from the Carnian ''Santacruzodon'' Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Supersequence (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) by Schmitt ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of brain endocasts of '' Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum'' and ''Exaeretodon riograndensis'', using virtual models based on computed tomography scan data, is published by Pavanatto, Kerber & Dias-da-Silva (2019).
* Description of new fossil material of '' Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum'' from the Upper Triassic Caturrita Formation (Brazil) and a study on the age of its fossils is published online by Miron ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the evolution of infraorbital maxillary canal in probainognathian cynodonts and on its implications for the knowledge of evolution of mobile whiskers in non-mammalian synapsids, as indicated by data from skulls of non-mammalian probainognathian cynodonts and early mammaliaforms, is published online by Benoit ''et al.'' (2019).
* Digital skull endocast of a specimen of ''Riograndia guaibensis'' is reconstructed by Rodrigues ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of the anatomy of the first postcranial specimens referable to ''Riograndia guaibensis'' is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2019).
* A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of '' Brasilodon quadrangularis'' is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2019).
* A study on tooth wear patterns of members of the family Tritylodontidae and on their possible diet is published by Kalthoff ''et al.'' (2019).
* Possible cynodont teeth, which might be the most recent non-mammaliaform cynodont fossils from Africa reported so far, are described from the Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous locality of Ksar Metlili (Anoual Syncline, eastern Morocco) by Lasseron (2019).
* A study on the origin of the mammalian middle ear ossicles, as indicated by the anatomy of the jaw-otic complex in 43 synapsid taxa, is published by Navarro-Díaz, Esteve-Altava & Rasskin-Gutman (2019).
* A study on the evolution of the morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column, as indicated by data from mammals and non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Jones, Angielczyk & Pierce (2019).

New taxa

Mammals

Other animals

New taxa

Research

* A study on moulds of animals belonging to the group Proarticulata from the southeastern White Sea area (Russia), and on their implications for the knowledge of the morphology of integuments of members of Proarticulata, is published by Ivantsov, Zakrevskaya & Nagovitsyn (2019).
* A study on accumulations of '' Ernietta'' from the Witputs subbasin (Namibia), and on their implications for the knowledge of ecology of these organisms, is published by Gibson ''et al.'' (2019).
* A diverse assemblage of tubular fossils – dominated by typical Ediacaran organisms such as '' Cloudina'' and '' Sinotubulites'', but also preserving fossils showing similarities to early Cambrian shelly fossils – is described from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China) by Cai ''et al.'' (2019).
* Letsch ''et al.'' (2019) report late Ediacaran discoidal Ediacara-type fossils and latest Ediacaran to early Cambrian microfossils from the Tabia and the Tifnout members of the Adoudou Formation (Morocco), constituting the oldest known direct evidence for presumably animal life from Northwest Africa.
* A study delineating different types of the asexual reproduction for '' Cloudina'' and '' Multiconotubus'' is published by Min ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the anatomy of '' Charnia masoni'' is published by Dunn ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study evaluating whether ''Dickinsonia'' was capable of mobility is published by Evans, Gehling & Droser (2019).
* A study comparing the biomechanical responses of tissues of ''Dickinsonia'' to various forces with those typical of modern organisms is published by Evans ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the anatomy, growth and phylogenetic relationships of '' Arborea arborea'' is published by Dunn, Liu & Gehling (2019).
* Xiao ''et al.'' (2019) describe a new trace fossil from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China), interpreted as produced by a bilaterian animal exploring an oxygen oasis in microbial mats, and name a new ichnotaxon '' Yichnus levis''.
* A study on fossil molds and casts from the Ordovician of Morocco and the Devonian of New York, as well as on Ediacaran mold and cast fossils from South Australia, the White Sea region of Russia, Namibia and Newfoundland, is published by MacGabhann ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate how faithfully the fossils represent the original organisms, and whether the first animals to evolve on Earth could have been fossilized in a way similar to eldoniids from the Tafilalt Lagerstätte of Morocco.
* Exceptionally preserved phosphatized archaeocyaths and small shelly fossils are reported from the Lower Cambrian Salaagol Formation of southwestern Mongolia by Pruss ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the timing of the development of reef biodiversity, based on data from microbial-archaeocyathan reefs of the Salaagol Formation in Mongolia and other early Paleozoic reefs, is published by Cordie ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the morphological diversity of archaeocyaths is published by Cordie & Dornbos (2019).
* Evidence of extensive burrowing in laminated claystone from the Cambrian ( Drumian) Ravens Throat River Lagerstätte in the Rockslide Formation (Canada) is presented by Pratt & Kimmig (2019).
* Description of jaw apparatus of '' Plumulites bengtsoni'' from the Fezouata Formation of Morocco, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of machaeridians, is published by Parry ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of internal anatomical features of '' Canadia spinosa'' identified as remnants of the nervous system is published by Parry & Caron (2019).
* A study on the chemical composition, morphology and phylogeny of fossil (Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic) annelid tubes and tubes formerly thought to have been made by annelids, recovered from hydrothermal vent and cold seep environments, is published by Georgieva ''et al.'' (2019).
* A massive deposit composed of fossil serpulid worm tubes dating to the late Pleistocene is reported from the Santa Monica Basin off the coast of southern California by Georgieva ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the microstructure of hyolith conchs and opercula from the lower Cambrian Xinji Formation of North China, and on its implications for inferring the phylogenetic relationships of Hyolitha, is published by Li ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of soft parts associated with the feeding apparatus of the hyolith '' Triplicatella opimus'' from the Chengjiang biota of South China, and a study on the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the phylogenetic affinities of hyoliths, is published online by Liu ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on changes of conch size in tentaculitoids from the Silurian and Devonian strata is published by Wei (2019).
* A study on the anatomy of '' Amiskwia sagittiformis'' is published by Vinther & Parry (2019), who interpret two reflective patches present in fossils of this species, previously interpreted as paired cerebral ganglia, as a pair of pharyngeal jaws similar to those of gnathiferans.
* A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of ''Amiskwia sagittiformis'' is published by Caron & Cheung (2019).
* The oldest record of acanthocephalan parasite eggs described so far is reported from probable crocodyliform coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation (Brazil) by Cardia ''et al.'' (2019).
* Exceptionally preserved trace and body fossils are described from the Cambrian File Haidar Formation (Sweden) by Kesidis ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these fossils as made by priapulid-like scalidophorans.
* Description of exuviae of microscopic scalidophoran worms from the lowermost Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) is published by Wang ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret this finding as the oldest record of moulting in ecdysozoans reported so far.
* A reassessment of radiodontan fossils known from the Cambrian Kinzers Formation (Pennsylvania, United States) is published by Pates & Daley (2019), who argue that at least four radiodontan taxa are known from this formation, and confirm that ''Anomalocaris pennsylvanica'' is a distinct species from ''A. canadensis''.
* A study on the moulting behaviour of the chengjiangocaridid fuxianhuiid '' Alacaris mirabilis'' is published by Yang ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a stem-arthropod '' Guangweicaris spinatus'' is published by Wu & Liu (2019).
* A fossil interpreted as a partial mold of a specimen of '' Paropsonema cryptophya'' is described from the Middle-Upper Devonian of New York by Hagadorn & Allmon (2019), representing the most recent occurrence of the paropsonemids reported so far.
* A study evaluating the utility of eye melanosomes for determination of the phylogenetic affinities of '' Tullimonstrum'' is published by Rogers ''et al.'' (2019).

Foraminifera

Research

* A study on the morphological complexity of planktic foraminifer tests after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is published by Lowery & Fraass (2019).
* A study on the response of the larger benthic foraminifera from the Tethys Ocean to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, based on fossil evidence from south Tibet, is published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2019).

New taxa

Other organisms

New taxa

Research

* Putative traces of life older than 3.95 Ga, reported from northern Labrador (Canada) by Tashiro ''et al.'' (2017) are reevaluated by Whitehouse ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of cellularly preserved microfossils from ~3.4 Ga-old deposits of the Kromberg Formation (South Africa), providing information on reproduction patterns of these organisms, is published by Kaźmierczak & Kremer (2019).
* El Albani ''et al.'' (2019) describe 2.1 billion-year-old fossils belonging to the Francevillian biota of Gabon, including pyritized string-shaped structures interpreted as produced by a multicellular or syncytial organism able to migrate laterally and vertically to reach food resources.
* A study on ca. 1.9 Ga hairpin-shaped trace fossils and discoid fossils from the Stirling Range Formation (Western Australia) is published by Retallack & Mao (2019), who interpret these fossils as evidence of early life on land.
* A study on organic-walled microfossils from the Cailleach Head Formation ( Torridon Group, Scotland) is published by Wacey ''et al.'' (2019), who report exceptional preservation of sub-cellular detail in selected cells.
* Phosphatized three-dimensional fossil of a putative calcimicrobe ''Epiphyton'' are reported from the Neoproterozoic Dengying Formation (China) by Min ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the affinities of tubular microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China), i.e. '' Crassitubus'', '' Quadratitubus'', '' Ramitubus'' and '' Sinocyclocyclicus'', is published by Sun ''et al.'' (2019), who reject the interpretation of these taxa as early animals.
* Lehn, Horodyski & Paim (2019) report the first known occurrence of Ediacaran organic-walled microfossils preserved in fine-grained siliciclastic strata of the Camaquã Basin (southernmost Brazil).
* A study on the structure, developmental biology and affinities of '' Caveasphaera costata'' from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China) is published by Yin ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on possible cells and their appendages in fossils of ''Epiphyton'' from the Wuliuan of the North China Platform, and on their implications for the classification of this taxon, is published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the morphology and colony organization of '' Rhyniococcus uniformis'' (a Devonian organism resembling extant cyanobacteria in the genus '' Merismopedia''), based on data from new specimens, is published by Krings & Harper (2019).
* A new method of assessing the morphology of fossil radiolarian specimens is presented by Kachovich, Sheng & Aitchison (2019), who apply their method to six specimens from the Cambrian Inca Formation (Australia) and Ordovician Piccadilly Formation (Canada) and evaluate the implications of their method for the studies of radiolarian evolution.

Trace fossils

History of life in general

Research related to paleontology that concerns multiple groups of the organisms listed above.

* Experiments indicating that abiotic chemical gardening can mimic structures interpreted as the oldest known fossil microorganisms in both morphology and composition are conducted by McMahon (2019).
* A study on biomarkers recovered from cap dolomites of the Araras Group (Brazil), interpreted as evidence of the transition from a bacterial to eukaryotic dominated ecosystem after the Marinoan deglaciation, likely caused by massive bacterivorous grazing by ciliates, is published by van Maldegem ''et al.'' (2019).
* Biomarkers thought to be diagnostic for demosponges and cited as evidence of rise of animals to ecological importance prior to the Cambrian radiation are reported to be also synthesized by rhizarians by Nettersheim ''et al.'' (2019), who place the oldest unambiguous evidence for animals closer to the Cambrian Explosion.
* A study on crucial conditions affecting the evolution of a proto-metabolism in early life is published by Goldford ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the age of the Ediacaran fossils from the Podolya Basin (southwestern Ukraine) is published by Soldatenko ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on occurrences of body and trace fossils in Ediacaran and lower Cambrian (Fortunian) rocks around the world is published by Muscente ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence indicative of existence of a global, cosmopolitan assemblage unique to terminal Ediacaran strata, living between two episodes of biotic turnover which might be the earliest mass extinctions of complex life.
* A study on the diversification of animals and their behaviour in the Ediacaran–Cambrian interval, as indicated by fossil and environmental proxy records, is published by Wood ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret the fossil record as indicating that the rise of early animals was more likely a series of successive, transitional radiation events which extended from the Ediacaran to the early Paleozoic, rather than competitive or biotic replacement of the latest Ediacaran biotas by markedly distinct Cambrian ones.
* A study comparing the variability of Ediacaran faunal assemblages to that of more recent fossil and modern benthic assemblages is published by Finnegan, Gehling & Droser (2019).
* A study on the intensity of animal bioturbation and ecosystem engineering in trace fossil assemblages throughout the latest Ediacaran Nama Group (Namibia), evaluating the implications of this data for the knowledge of the causes of the disappearance of the Ediacaran biota, is published by Cribb ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on mechanisms of skeletal biomineralization in early animals (focusing on '' Cloudina'' and Cambrian hyoliths and halkieriids) is published by Gilbert ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the relationship between atmospheric oxygen oscillations, the extent of shallow-ocean oxygenation and the animal biodiversity in the Cambrian period is published by He ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the course of the transition from microbial-dominated reef environments to animal-based reefs in the early Cambrian, as indicated by data from strata in the western Basin and Range of California and Nevada, is published by Cordie, Dornbos & Marenco (2019).
* An assemblage of early Cambrian small carbonaceous fossils and acritarchs, including possible oldest known annelid remains, is described from the siltstones of the Lappajärvi impact structure (Finland) by Slater & Willman (2019).
* A study aiming to explain the occurrence of the variety of trace fossils associated with '' Tuzoia'' carapaces from the Cambrian Burgess Shale (British Columbia, Canada) is published by Mángano, Hawkes & Caron (2019).
* Cambrian Lagerstätte from the Qingjiang biota ( Shuijingtou Formation; Hubei, China), preserving fossils of diverse, ~518 million years old biota, is reported by Fu ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study aiming to infer whether a marked drop in known diversity of marine life during the period between the Cambrian explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (the Furongian Gap) is apparent, due to sampling failure or lack of rock, or real, is published by Harper ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the marine biodiversity changes throughout the first 120 million years of the Phanerozoic is published by Rasmussen ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study aiming to determine factors influencing early Palaeozoic marine biodiversity is published by Penny & Kröger (2019).
* A study on rates of origination and extinction at the genus level throughout early Paleozoic is published by Kröger, Franeck & Rasmussen (2019), who also present estimates of longevity, taxon age and taxon life expectancy of early Paleozoic marine genera.
* A review of biodiversity curves of marine organisms throughout early Paleozoic, indicating the occurrence of a large-scale, long-term radiation of life that started during late Precambrian time and was only finally interrupted in the Devonian Period, is published online by Harper, Cascales-Miñana & Servais (2019).
* A study on processes causing fluctuations of biodiversity of marine invertebrates throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Rominger, Fuentes & Marquet (2019).
* A study on the impact of environmental changes on the biodiversity of North American marine organisms throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Roberts & Mannion (2019).
* A study testing the hypothesis that the influence of ocean chemistry and climate on the ecological success of marine calcifiers decreased throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Eichenseer ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on genus origination and extinction rates in the Ordovician on a global scale, for the paleocontinents Baltica and Laurentia, and for onshore and offshore areas, is published by Franeck & Liow (2019).
* First Middle Ordovician ( Dapingian– Darriwilian) soft-bodied fossils from northern Gondwana (fossils of medusozoan possibly belonging to the genus '' Patanacta'', possible members of the family Wiwaxiidae and an arthropod possibly belonging to the family Pseudoarctolepidae) are described from the Valongo Formation (Portugal) by Kimmig ''et al.'' (2019).
* New Konservat-Lagerstätte containing exceptionally preserved soft-bodied organisms, including the earliest record of Acoelomorpha, Turbellaria, Nemertea and Nematoda reported so far, is described from the Ordovician ( Katian) Vauréal Formation (Canada) by Knaust & Desrochers (2019).
* A review of occurrence data of latest Ordovician benthic marine organisms is published by Wang, Zhan & Percival (2019), who evaluate the implications of the studied data for the knowledge of the course of the end-Ordovician mass extinction.
* A revision of Silurian fauna from the Pentland Hills (Scotland) described by Archibald Lamont in 1978 is published by Candela & Crighton (2019).
* A study on the course of graptolite extinctions during the middle Homerian biotic crisis and on the impact of this crisis on other marine invertebrates, as indicated by data from the Kosov Quarry section of the Prague Synform (Czech Republic), is published by Manda ''et al.'' (2019).
* Well-preserved fossil cryptic biota is reported from the submarine cavities of the Devonian (Emsian to Givetian) mud mounds in the Hamar Laghdad area (Morocco) by Berkowski ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study aiming to test and quantify the classification of Devonian biogeographic areas, based on distributional data of Devonian trilobite, brachiopod and fish taxa, is published by Dowding & Ebach (2019).
* A study on patterns of local richness of terrestrial tetrapods throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Close ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of tetrapod and fish fossils from the coastal locality of Burnmouth, Scotland (Ballagan Formation), associated plant material and sedimentological context of these fossils is published by Clack ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these fossils as evidence of the potential richness of the Tournaisian fauna, running counter to the assumption of a depauperate nonmarine fauna following the end-Devonian Hangenberg event.
* A study on the impact of climate changes during the Carboniferous–Permian transition on the evolution of land-living vertebrates is published by Pardo ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study aiming to test one of the scenarios proposed by Robert L. Carroll in 1970 to explain the origin of the amniotic egg, based on data from Permo-Carboniferous tetrapods, is published by Didier, Chabrol & Laurin (2019).
* An overview of the studies researching biodiversity changes in the Permian and their links to volcanism is published by Chen & Xu (2019).
* Haridy ''et al.'' (2019) report the occurrence of overgrowth of palatal dentition of '' Cacops'' and ''Captorhinus'' by a new layer of bone to which the newest teeth are then attached (the overgrowth pattern also documented in early fishes), and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the origin of teeth.
* A study on the severity of the end-Guadalupian extinction event is published online by Rampino & Shen (2019).
* A study on the ecology of Permian tetrapods from the Abrahamskraal Formation (South Africa), as indicated by stable oxygen isotope compositions of phosphate from teeth and bones used as a proxy for water dependence, is published online by Rey ''et al.'' (2019).
* Two Permian tetrapod assemblages, recovered from the northernmost point at which the lowest Beaufort Group has been targeted for collecting fossils, are reported from the southern Free State (South Africa) by Groenewald, Day & Rubidge (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of faunal provincialism within the Middle to Late Permian Karoo Basin.
* A study aiming to determine which Permian tetrapod assemblage zones are present in the vicinity of Victoria West (Northern Cape, South Africa), and to reassess the biostratigraphic provenance of specimens collected historically in this area (including the holotype of '' Lycaenops ornatus''), is published by Day & Rubidge (2019).
* A study on the course of the turnover from the '' Daptocephalus'' to ''Lystrosaurus'' Assemblage Zones of the Karoo Basin is published by Gastaldo ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the timing of the extinction of latest Permian vertebrates in the Karoo Basin of South Africa is published online by Rampino ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the identification and position of the terrestrial end-Permian mass extinction in southern African sediments, based on data from a new site in the South African Karoo Basin, is published online by Botha ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the functional diversity of middle Permian and Early Triassic marine paleocommunities in the area of present-day western United States, and on its implications for the knowledge of functional re-organization of these communities in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Dineen, Roopnarine & Fraiser (2019).
* A study aiming to explain high biodiversity preserved in the Triassic Cassian Formation (Italy) is published online by Roden ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on shark, sizable carnivorous archosaur, big herbivorous tetrapod and probable turtle bromalites (coprolites and possibly some cololites) from a turtle-dominated fossil assemblage from the Upper Triassic Poręba site (Poland) is published by Bajdek ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for inferring the diet of the Triassic turtle '' Proterochersis porebensis''.
* A study on seawater oxygenation during the Early Jurassic and its impact on the recovery of marine benthos, as indicated by data from Blue Lias Formation (United Kingdom), is published by Atkinson & Wignall (2019).
* A study on the patterns and processes of recovery of marine fauna after the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, as indicated by data from the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire, United Kingdom), is published by Caswell & Dawn (2019).
* A study on changes of land vegetation resulting from the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event is published by Slater ''et al.'' (2019).
* Skeletal elements of Oxfordian ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs are reported from the Kingofjeld mountain (north-east Greenland) by Delsett & Alsen (2019).
* New marine reptile-bearing localities documenting the Tithonian–Berriasian transition at the High Andes (Mendoza Province, Argentina) are reported by Fernández ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on microvertebrate fossils from the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous of Ksar Metlili (Anoual Syncline, Morocco), evaluating their palaeobiogeographical implications, and on the age of this fauna, is published online by Lasseron ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of mid-Cretaceous invertebrate fauna from Batavia Knoll (eastern Indian Ocean), and a study on its similarities to other Cretaceous faunas from around the Indian Ocean, is published by Wild & Stilwell (2019).
* A study on the age of the vertebrate fauna from the Cretaceous Cerro Barcino Formation (Argentina) is published online by Krause ''et al.'' (2019).
* Possible amphibian, gastropod and insect egg masses are described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Xing ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous deposits in the Münster Basin (northwestern Germany), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of Cretaceous trophic structures and predator–prey interactions, is published by Qvarnström ''et al.'' (2019).
* New vertebrate assemblage from the upper Turonian Schönleiten Formation of Gams bei Hieflau (Austria) is described by Ősi ''et al.'' (2019).
* Turonian marine vertebrate fossils from the Huehuetla quarry (Puebla, Mexico) are described by Alvarado-Ortega ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the biogeography of Cretaceous terrestrial tetrapods is published by Kubo (2019).
* A study on the structure and contents of a large piece of amber attached to a jaw of a specimen of ''Prosaurolophus maximus'' from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation (Alberta, Canada), evaluating the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the habitat and taphonomy of the dinosaur, is published by McKellar ''et al.'' (2019).
* An accumulation of fossil eggshells of bird, crocodylomorph and gekkotan eggs is reported from the Late Cretaceous Oarda de Jos locality in the vicinity of the city of Sebeș (Romania) by Fernández ''et al.'' (2019).
* A review of the fossil record of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene vertebrates from the Seymour Island (Antarctica) is published by Reguero (2019).
* A study on the evolutionary history of the family Pospiviroidae, aiming to assess possible impact of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event on the divergence rates in this family, is published by Bajdek (2019).
* A study on calcareous nanoplankton and planktic foraminiferal assemblages in a Cretaceous-Paleogene section from the peak ring of the Chicxulub crater, and on their implications for the knowledge of recovery of plankton after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Jones, Lowery & Bralower (2019).
* A study on the course of recovery of the nanoplankton communities after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is published by Alvarez ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence indicative of 1.8 million years of exceptional volatility of post-extinction communities and indicating that the emergence of a more stable equilibrium-state community coincided with indicators of carbon cycle restoration and a fully functioning biological pump.
* A study on the timing and nature of recovery of benthic marine ecosystems of Antarctica after the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, as indicated by data from fossils of benthic molluscs, is published by Whittle ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the drivers and tempo of biotic recovery after Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, as indicated by data from the Corral Bluffs section of the Denver Basin (Colorado, United States), is published by Lyson ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of the vertebrate assemblage from the Oligocene Shine Us locality in the Khaliun Basin (Mongolia) is published by Daxner-Höck ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of reptile and amphibian fossils from the early Miocene localities of the Kilçak section (Turkey) is published by Syromyatnikova ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of fossil fish, amphibian and reptilian fauna from the middle Miocene locality Gračanica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is published online by Vasilyan (2019).
* A study on the vertebrate fossils from the early Clarendonian localities within the Goliad Formation in Bee and Live Oak Counties in Texas (comprising the Lapara Creek Fauna), and on the stratigraphic context of these localities, is published by May (2019).
* New late Miocene vertebrate assemblage, including turtle, rodent and xenarthran fossils (among which is the oldest record of an armadillo belonging to the genus ''Dasypus'' reported so far), is described from the Los Alisos locality (Guanaco Formation, Argentina) by Ercoli ''et al.'' (2019).
* Description of a diverse late Miocene marine fauna from the Bloomfield Quarry ( Wilson Grove Formation; California, United States), including the most diverse assemblage of fossil walruses yet reported worldwide from a single locality, is published by Powell ''et al.'' (2019).
* Fish, turtle and mammals fossils are described from a locality near Whitehorse (Yukon, Canada), probably of Miocene age, by Eberle ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on microscopic traces of hominin and animal activities in the Denisova Cave (Russia), providing the information on the use of this cave over the last 300,000 years, is published by Morley ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the age of the Pleistocene vertebrate assemblage from the Khok Sung locality (Thailand) is published by Duval ''et al.'' (2019).
* Revision of reptile and amphibian fossils from the late Pleistocene collection of the "Caverne Marie-Jeanne" (Hastière-Lavaux, Namur Province, Belgium) is published by Blain ''et al.'' (2019).
* New late Pleistocene site Tsaramody (Sambaina basin, Madagascar), preserving diverse subfossil remains of vertebrates, is reported by Samonds ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the paleoecology and diet of late Pleistocene terrestrial vertebrates known from an asphalt deposit (Project 23, Deposit 1) at Rancho La Brea (California, United States) is published online by Fuller ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on changes of vegetation in southern Borneo over the past 40,000  calibrated years BP, as indicated by data from Saleh Cave (South Kalimantan, Indonesia), is published by Wurster ''et al.'' (2019).
* Late Quaternary fossils of vertebrates are described from caves in the Manning Karst Region of eastern New South Wales (Australia) by Price ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study aiming to determine the relationships between extinctions of megafauna, climatic changes and patterns of human appearance in south-eastern Australia over the last 120,000 years is published by Saltré ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the causes of Holocene extinction of megafauna of Madagascar is published by Godfrey ''et al.'' (2019).
* A review discussing possible links between the fossil record of marine biodiversity, nutrient availability and primary productivity is published online by Martin & Servais (2019).
* A study on factors which determined the relative intensity of marine extinctions during greenhouse–icehouse transitions in the Late Ordovician and the Cenozoic is published online by Saupe ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the possible relationship between speciation and extinction rates of different groups of organisms and the ages of these groups, as indicated by data from extant and fossil species, is published by Henao Diaz ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the evolution of bite force of amniotes, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Sakamoto, Ruta & Venditti (2019).
* A study on the phylogenetic distribution, morphological variation and functions of apicobasal ridges (elevated ridges of tooth enamel) in aquatic reptiles and mammals, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by McCurry ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the impact of uncertainty of stratigraphic age of fossils on studies estimating species divergence times which incorporate fossil taxa, based on data from the fossil record of North American mammals and from the dataset of extant and fossil cetaceans, is published by Barido-Sottani ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study evaluating the impact of information about stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa on the analyses of timing of evolutionary divergence is published online by Püschel ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on anatomical distribution, abundance, geometry, melanin chemistry and elemental inventory of melanosomes in tissues of extant vertebrates, evaluating their implications for reconstructions of internal soft-tissue anatomy in fossil vertebrates, is published by Rossi ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Cenozoic vertebrate (mostly mammal) fossils from the South Carolina Coastal Plain is published by Albright ''et al.'' (2019).

Other research

Other research related to paleontology, including research related to geology, palaeogeography, paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.

* A study on the biological oxygen production during the Mesoarchean, as indicated by data from Mesoarchean shales of the Mozaan Group (Pongola Supergroup, South Africa) preserving record of a shallow ocean "oxygen oasis", is published by Ossa Ossa ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the extent of the oxygenation of ocean waters over continental shelves before the Great Oxidation Event, as indicated by data from 2.5-billion-year-old Mount McRae Shale (Australia), is published by Ostrander ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the extent of the oxygenation of shallow oceans 2.45 billion years ago is published by Rasmussen ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that oxygen levels both the surface oceans and atmosphere were exceedingly low before the Great Oxidation Event, which the authors interpret as directly caused by evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.
* A study aiming to determine whether the overall size of the biosphere decreased at the end of the Great Oxidation Event, based on data on isotope geochemistry of sulfate minerals from the Belcher Group (subarctic Canada), is published by Hodgskiss ''et al.'' (2019).
* Evidence of a burst of mantle activity at the end of the Archean (around 2.5 billion years ago) is presented by Marty ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as lending credence to models advocating a magmatic origin for environmental changes such as the Great Oxidation Event.
* A study aiming to determine the effects of competition of early anoxygenic phototrophs and primitive oxygenic phototrophs on the Earth system, especially on the large-scale oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere ~2.3 billion years ago, is published by Ozaki ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the geochemistry of mat-related structures and their host sediments from the Francevillian Formation (Gabon) is published by Aubineau ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge whether ancient microbes induced illitisation (conversion of smectite to illite–smectite mixed-layer minerals), and for the knowledge of Earth's climate and ocean chemistry in the Paleoproterozoic.
* A study on the organic geochemical (biomarker) signatures of the 1.38-billion-years-old black siltstones of the Velkerri Formation (Australia), and on their implications for inferring the microbial diversity and palaeoenvironment of the Proterozoic Roper Seaway, is published by Jarrett ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the origins of putative stromatolites and associated carbonate minerals from lacustrine sedimentary rocks of the 1.1-billion-years-old Stoer Group is published by Brasier ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study suggesting a link between early evolution and diversification of animals and high availability of copper in the late Neoproterozoic is published by Parnell & Boyce (2019).
* A study aiming to determine the cause of the uniquely high amplitudes of Neoproterozoic δ¹³C excursions is published by Shields ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study evaluating the possible relationship between the Cryogenian magmatic activity and the evolution of early life, based on data from the Cryogenian Yaolinghe Group (China), is published by Long, Zhang & Luo (2019).
* Evidence for oxygenated waters near ice sheet grounding lines during the Cryogenian is presented by Lechte ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on ocean oxygen levels during the Ediacaran Shuram negative C-isotope Excursion and the middle Ediacaran, and on their implications for the evolution of the Ediacaran biota, is published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the causes of widespread preservation of soft-bodied organisms in sandstones of the Ediacara Member in South Australia is published by Liu ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the seafloor oxygen fugacity in the time of the emergence of the earliest known benthic animals, as inferred from data from the latest Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China), is published by Ding ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the process of fossilization of Ediacaran organisms, and on its impact on the preservation of the external shape of these organisms, is published by Bobrovskiy ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the global extent of the oxygenation of seafloor, surface oceans and atmosphere during early Cambrian is published by Dahl ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence of two major oceanic anoxic events in the early Cambrian.
* A study on nitrogen isotope and organic carbon isotope data from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation (China) is published online by Xu ''et al.'' (2019), who link nitrogen cycle perturbations to animal diversification during the early Cambrian.
* A study on the paleoecological characteristics of Cambrian marine ecosystems of central Sonora (Mexico) is published by Romero ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on seawater temperatures during the Cambrian, as indicated by data from oxygen isotope analyses of Cambrian brachiopod shells, is published by Wotte ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on bottom-water redox conditions in the late Cambrian Alum Shale Sea, as indicated by sedimentary molybdenum contents of the Alum Shale, is published by Dahl ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that anoxic sulfidic bottom waters were an intermittent rather than persistent feature of Cambrian oceans, and that early animals invaded the seafloor during oxygenated periods.
* A study on the paleogeographic position of all major Phanerozoic arc-continent collisions, comparing it with the latitudinal distribution of ice-sheets throughout the Phanerozoic, is published by Macdonald ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study aiming to determine whether the Ordovician meteor event directly affected Earth's climate and biota is published by Schmitz ''et al.'' (2019).
* A review of the evidence of evolutionary radiation of animals throughout the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, and of environmental changes coincident with these biotic changes, is published by Stigall ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on conodont oxygen isotope compositions in Ordovician samples from Argentine Precordillera and Laurentia, and on their implications for the knowledge of palaeothermometry and drift of the Precordillera in the early Paleozoic, is published online by Albanesi ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on carbon isotope data from stratigraphic sections at Germany Valley (West Virginia) and Union Furnace (Pennsylvania) in the Central Appalachian Basin, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of change in atmospheric oxygen levels during the late Ordovician and its possible relationship with early diversification of land plants, is published by Adiatma ''et al.'' (2019).
* Signatures of Devonian (Famennian) forests and soils preserved in black shales in the southernmost Appalachian Basin ( Chattanooga Shale; Alabama, United States) are presented by Lu ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study examining the intensity of explosive volcanism from 400 to 200 million years ago, and evaluating its impact on the late Paleozoic Ice Age, is published by Soreghan, Soreghan & Heavens (2019).
* Description of Cisuralian charcoal from the Barro Branco coal seam (Siderópolis Member of the Rio Bonito Formation, Brazil), and a study on its implications for reconstruction of palaeo-wildfire occurrences in peat-forming vegetation through the Late Palaeozoic in Gondwana, is published by Benicio ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the extent and causes of the end-Capitanian extinction event, based on data from the Middle to Late Permian section of the Sverdrup Basin (Ellesmere Island, Canada), is published online by Bond, Wignall & Grasby (2019).
* A study on the ocean chemistry during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, as indicated by data from a new stratigraphic section in Utah, and on its implications for the knowledge of the causes of this extinction, is published by Burger, Estrada & Gustin (2019).
* A study aiming to determine the stratigraphic position of the end-Permian biotic crisis in the Sydney Basin (Australia) is published by Fielding ''et al.'' (2019), who also attempt to determine the climate changes in this region concurrent with the end-Permian extinction.
* A study on shifts in volcanic activity across the Permian-Triassic boundary, as indicated by measurements of mercury in marine sections across the Northern Hemisphere, is published by Shen ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on mercury enrichments in Permian-Triassic boundary sections from Lubei (South China craton) and Dalongkou (Junggar terrane), and on their implications for the knowledge of volcanic activity during the Permian-Triassic transition, is published by Shen ''et al.'' (2019).
* Evidence of the environmental transition from meandering to braided rivers and of the development of desert-like conditions in the earliest Triassic is reported from Permian-Triassic boundary sections in Shanxi (China) by Zhu ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the nitrogen isotope variations in oceanic waters in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction is published by Sun ''et al.'' (2019), whose conceptual model indicates ammonium intoxication of the oceans during this time period.
* A study on microbially induced sedimentary structures from the Lower Triassic Blind Fiord Formation (Arctic Canada), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the course of biotic recovery in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published online by Wignall ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the oxygen isotope compositions of discrete conodont elements from the Lower Triassic Mianwali Formation (Pakistan), and on their implications for inferring the timing of temperature changes and the interrelationship between climate and biodiversity patterns during the Smithian-Spathian biotic crisis, is published by Goudemand ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on nutrient availability through the Early to Middle Triassic along the northern margin of Pangea is published online by Grasby ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the character and extent of the Triassic Boreal Ocean delta plain across the area of the present-day Barents Sea, interpreted as the largest delta plain reported so far, is published by Klausen, Nyberg & Helland-Hansen (2019).
* A study aiming to determine links between volcanic activity in the Central Atlantic magmatic province, elevated concentrations of mercury in marine and terrestrial sediments and abnormalities of fossil fern spores across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany is published by Lindström ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study aiming to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental changes of the late Pliensbachian outside of Western Tethys Ocean and to test their temporal relation to large igneous province volcanism is published by De Lena ''et al.'' (2019).
* Krencker, Lindström & Bodin (2019) present sedimentological, paleontological and geochemical evidence from the Central High Atlas Basin (Morocco) and Jameson Land (Greenland) indicative of the occurrence of a major sea-level drop prior to the onset of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event.
* A study on the duration of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, as indicated by data from the Talghemt section in the High Atlas (Morocco), is published by Boulila ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the Middle Jurassic palaeoenvironment of La Voulte (France), as indicated by data from exceptionally preserved eyes of the polychelidan lobster '' Voulteryon parvulus'' and from epibiontic brachiopods associated with ''V. parvulus'', is published by Audo ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study comparing the Jurassic floras of the Ayuquila Basin and the Otlaltepec Basin (Mexico) and evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the Jurassic environments of these basins is published by Velasco-de León ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on Jurassic paleomagnetism, based on an updated set of Jurassic paleopoles from Adria (Italy), is published by Muttoni & Kent (2019).
* A study on the chronostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation is published by Maidment & Muxworthy (2019).
* Evidence of repeated significant oceanic and biotic turnovers in the area of the present-day Gulf of Mexico at the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition is presented by Zell ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the age of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sediments of western Maestrazgo Basin and South-Iberian Basin (eastern Spain), aiming to also reconstruct the palaeoenvironments of this area on the basis of data from these sediments, is published by Campos-Soto ''et al.'' (2019).
* A review of data on the Jurassic and Cretaceous climates of Siberia is published by Rogov ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on global climatic changes during the Early Cretaceous, focusing on the duration and magnitude of Early Cretaceous cold episodes, is published by Vickers ''et al.'' (2019).
* Evidence from the Lower Cretaceous strata around the southern margin of the Eromanga Basin (Australia) indicative of cold (limited glacial and/or seasonal freezing) conditions persisting in Southern Australia through the Hauterivian and the Aptian is presented by Alley, Hore & Frakes (2019).
* A study on phototropism in extant trees from Beijing and Jilin Provinces and fossil tree trunks from the Jurassic Tiaojishan and Tuchengzi formations in Liaoning and Beijing regions (China), and on its implications for inferring the history of the rotation of the North China Block, is published by Jiang ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the age of the Cretaceous Cloverly Formation is published by D'Emic ''et al.'' (2019).
* Evidence from the chronostratigraphy, fossil content, bracketing facies and ages of the Cretaceous Wayan Formation of Idaho and Vaughn Member of the Blackleaf Formation of Montana, indicating that they represent the same depositional system prior to disruption by subsequent tectonic and volcanic events, is presented by Krumenacker (2019).
* A study on Cenomanian plants from the Redmond no.1 mine near Schefferville ( Redmond Formation; Labrador Peninsula, Canada) and on their implications for the knowledge of paleoclimate of this site is published by Demers-Potvin & Larsson (2019).
* The first high-resolution record of Cenomanian–Turonian paleotemperatures from the Southern Hemisphere, as indicated by data from the Ocean Drilling Program Site 1138 on the Kerguelen Plateau, is presented by Robinson ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the impact of marine biogeochemical processes on the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum is published by Wallmann ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the age of the Upper Cretaceous Wadi Milk Formation (Sudan) is published by Owusu Agyemang ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on Cenomanian to Coniacian polar environmental conditions at eight locations in northeast Russia and northern Alaska is published online by Spicer ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on variability of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in multiple tissues from a wide array of extant vertebrate taxa from the Atchafalaya River Basin in Louisiana (inferred to be an environmental analogue to the Late Cretaceous coastal floodplains of North America), and on its implications for formulating and testing predictions about ancient ecological communities based on stable isotope data from fossil specimens, is published by Cullen ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the general distribution and stratigraphy of the lower shale member of the Campanian Aguja Formation (Texas, United States), and a revision of all significant larger vertebrate fossil specimens from these strata, is published by Lehman ''et al.'' (2019).
* High-precision dating for the Battle Formation (Alberta, Canada) is presented by Eberth & Kamo (2019).
* High-precision dating and the first calibrated chronostratigraphy for the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Alberta, Canada) is presented by Eberth & Kamo (2019).
* A study on the Maastrichtian climate of Arctic Alaska, based on data from the Prince Creek Formation, is published by Salazar-Jaramillo ''et al.'' (2019).
* Studies on the timing of the Deccan Traps volcanism close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary are published by Schoene ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of four high-volume eruptive periods close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, the first of which occurred tens of thousands of years prior to both the Chicxulub bolide impact and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and by Sprain ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that a steady eruption of the flood basalts mostly occurred in the earliest Paleogene.
* A study on the environmental variability before and across the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, as inferred from data on the calcium isotope ratios of aragonitic mollusc shells from the Lopez de Bertodano Formation (Antarctica), is published online by Linzmeier ''et al.'' (2019).
* A turbulently deposited sediment package directly overlain by the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary tonstein is reported from the Tanis site (Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota, United States) by DePalma ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that deposition occurred shortly after a major bolide impact, and might have been caused by the Chicxulub impact.
* A study on the immediate aftermath of the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, based on data from the Chicxulub crater, is published by Gulick ''et al.'' (2019).
* Evidence of rapid ocean acidification in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact and of the protracted Earth system recovery after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is presented by Henehan ''et al.'' (2019).
* The longest, highest resolution, stratigraphically continuous, single-species benthic foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotope records for the Late Maastrichtian to Early Eocene from a single site in the South Atlantic Ocean, providing information on the evolution of climate and carbon-cycling during this time period, are presented by Barnet ''et al.'' (2019).
* O'Leary ''et al.'' (2019) publish a monograph on the sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the part of Mali which was covered by an ancient epeiric sea known as the Trans-Saharan Seaway during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene, provide the first formal description of and nomenclature for the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene geological formations of this region, and revise fossil flora and fauna of this region.
* Zeebe & Lourens (2019) provide a new absolute astrochronology up to 58 Ma and a new Paleocene–Eocene boundary age.
* A study on stomata of fossil specimens of members of the family Lauraceae from the Eocene of Australia and New Zealand, evaluating their implications for reconstructions of Eocene ''p''CO₂ levels, is published by Steinthorsdottir ''et al.'' (2019).
* Climate simulations capturing major climatic features of the Early Eocene and the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in a state-of-the-art Earth system model are presented by Zhu, Poulsen & Tierney (2019).
* A study evaluating the utility of membrane lipids of members of Thaumarchaeota (now Nitrososphaerota) as proxies for the carbon isotope excursion and surface ocean warming, and assessing their implications for the knowledge of the source and size of carbon emissions during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is published by Elling ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on abundant black charcoal shards from Paleogene sites of Wilson Lake B (New Jersey) and Randall's Farm (Maryland) is published by Fung ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these shards as most likely to be evidence of widespread wildfires at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary caused by extraterrestrial impact.
* A study on the impact of carbon-based greenhouse gas fluxes associated with the North Atlantic Igneous Province on the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Jones ''et al.'' (2019).
* Evidence from the Deep Ivorian Basin offshore West Africa (equatorial Atlantic Ocean), indicating that peak warming during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum was associated with upper-ocean stratification, decreased export production, and possibly harmful algal blooms, is presented by Cramwinckel ''et al.'' (2019).
* New stable isotopes record of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum event is reported from eastern Turkey by Giorgioni ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on variations of ocean circulation and marine bioproductivity related to the beginnings of the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, based on data from Eocene and Oligocene sedimentary drift deposits east of New Zealand, is published by Sarkar ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on changes in surface water temperature in the eastern North Sea Basin during the late Priabonian to earliest Rupelian is published by Śliwińska ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study linking the onset or strengthening of an Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to the closure of the Arctic–Atlantic gateway at the Eocene–Oligocene transition is published by Hutchinson ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the timing of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, as indicated by the discovery of the Oligocene palm fossils in the Lunpola Basin in Tibet, is published by Su ''et al.'' (2019).
* A review of vertebrate fossils from the Tibetan Plateau, evaluating their implications for inferring the course of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, is published by Deng ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the impact of changing Eocene paleogeography and climate on the utility of stable isotope paleoaltimetry methods in the studies aiming to reconstruct the elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau is published by Botsyun ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the causes of the long-term climate cooling during the Neogene is published by Rugenstein, Ibarra & von Blanckenburg (2019).
* A study on the climatic and environmental conditions in the Loperot site (Kenya) in the early Miocene is published by Liutkus-Pierce ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the timing and course of the separation of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the Miocene is published by Bialik ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study comparing changes of the export of intermediate-depth Pacific waters to the western North Atlantic prior to the closure of the Central American Seaway with records of strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the late Miocene is published by Carrapa, Clementz & Feng (2019).
* A study on the exact age of the marine fauna from the Miocene Chilcatay and Pisco Formation">Pisco formations (Peru">Pisco_Formation.html" ;"title="Chilcatay Formation">Chilcatay and Pisco Formation">Pisco formations (Peru), and on its implications for reconstructions of local paleoenvironment, is published online by Bosio ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the origin of the African C₄ savannah grasslands is published by Polissar ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the anatomical traits of teeth and inferred diet of bovids, Suidae">suids and Rhinoceros">rhinocerotids from Kanapoi, and on their implications for reconstructing the environments of this site, is published online by Dumouchel & Bobe (2019).
* New spatial data on the Plio-Pleistocene Bolt's Farm pits from the Cradle of Humankind site (South Africa) is presented by Edwards ''et al.'' (2019), who also attempt to provide key biochronological ages for the Bolt's Farm deposits.
* A study on the global mean sea level during the Pliocene mid-Piacenzian Warm Period is published by Dumitru ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the amplitude of sea-level variations during the Pliocene is published by Grant ''et al.'' (2019).
* Simulations of coevolution of climate, ice sheets and carbon cycle over the past 3 million years are presented by Willeit ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the age of the Sahara, as indicated by data from Pliocene and Pleistocene paleosols from the Canary Islands, is published by Muhs ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the latest Villafranchian climate and environment of the area of southern Italy, as indicated by amphibian and reptile fossil record from the Pirro Nord karstic complex, is published by Blain ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on atmospheric gas levels before and after the shift from glacial cycles of 100 thousand years to 40-thousand-year cycles around one million years ago, as inferred from data from ice core samples from the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area (East Antarctica), is published by Yan ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on pCO₂ levels from 2.6 to 0.8 Ma is published by Da ''et al.'' (2019), who find no evidence indicating that the Mid-Pleistocene Transition was caused by the decline of pCO₂.
* A study on changes in winter rainfall in the Mediterranean over the past 1.36 million years is published by Wagner ''et al.'' (2019).
* Results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of tooth enamel samples from Pleistocene mammals from the Yugong Cave and Baxian Cave (China) are presented by Sun ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of Pleistocene climatic and environmental changes in South China.
* A study on Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Yai Ruak Cave ( Krabi Province, Thailand), including the southernmost known record of ''Spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta ultima'', is published by Suraprasit ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for reconstructions of the environment in the area of the Malay Peninsula in the Pleistocene.
* A study on Acheulean and Middle Stone Age sites from the Eastern Desert (Sudan), preserving stone artifacts, is published by Masojć ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these sites as evidence of green corridor or corridors across Sahara which made early hominin dispersal possible.
* Evidence from oxygen isotope data from Soreq Cave speleothems (Israel), indicative of the occurrence of summer monsoon rainfall in the Middle East during recurrent intervals of the Eemian, last interglacial period (overlapping with archeological indicators of human migration), is presented by Orland ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the spatial and temporal distribution of ancient peatlands in the past 130,000 years is published by Treat ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the size of fossil rabbits from 14 late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites in Portugal, and on its implications for the knowledge of temperatures and environment in the area of Portugal during the last glaciation, is published by Davis (2019).
* A study on Pleistocene small mammal remains from Stratigraphic Unit V from El Salt site (Alcoy, Spain), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of climatic conditions in the eastern Iberian Peninsula at the time of the disappearance of local Neanderthal populations during Marine isotope stage, Marine Isotope Stage 3, is published by Fagoaga ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the sedimentary sequence from the Pilauco Bajo, Pilauco site in Chile, evaluating whether evidence from this site is consistent with the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, is published by Mario Pino Quivira, Pino ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on variations of size of fossil Murinae, murine rodents from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) through time, and on their implications for reconstructions of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Flores, is published by Veatch ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on human land use worldwide from 10,000 years before the present to 1850 CE, indicating that Earth was to a large extent transformed by human activity by 3000 years ago, is published by Stephens ''et al.'' (2019).
* Evidence for synchronous cyclical changes in monsoon climate, human activity and prehistoric cultural development in the area of northeast China throughout the Holocene is presented by Xu ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on Andean plate tectonics since the late Mesozoic is published by Chen, Wu & Suppe (2019).
* A study on the course of the Continental collision, collision of India and Asia, as indicated by Paleomagnetism, palaeomagnetic data from the Burma Terrane, is published by Westerweel ''et al.'' (2019).
* A scenario for the genesis of tropical cyclones throughout the Cenozoic is presented by Yan ''et al.'' (2019).
* A study on the extent of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere throughout the Quaternary is published by Batchelor ''et al.'' (2019).
* A new method of concentration of proteins from fossil specimens with high humic content and of removal of humic substances is presented by Schroeter ''et al.'' (2019).

References

*
{{reflist

2019 in paleontology,